IV.

VERB PHRASE
VERBS / VERBS PHRASES (VP)
INTRANSITIVE (intrans)
Phil sunbathed.
The ball rolled.
The door won’t open.
Lightning flashed.
The Bengal tiger died.
AdvP – Optional Adverbial Adjuncts (opA)
Phil sunbathed beside a stream.
A tourist suddenly collapsed.
Movement AdvP - Obligatory Adverbial Adjuncts (obA)
A veiled moon rode in the high heavens (Location).
A large policeman was walking round the corner (Path).
Position or Existence AdvP - Obligatory Adverbial Adjuncts (obA)
The National Theater stands near the river (Location).
Your rain coat is hanging in the hall (Location).
Occurrence AdvP - Obligatory Adverbial Adjuncts (obA)
The market picks up in the spring (Point of Time).
A desperate hope arose somewhere deep inside her (Location).
AdvP (obA) + AdvP (obA)
The diver plunged down (Direction) to the bottom of the sea
(Terminus).
The frightened villagers ran out (Direction) into the field
(Terminus).
INTENSIVE (intens) SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (sC) / SUBJECT PREDICATIVE
(sP)
to be (the copula), Adjective Phrase
become, seem, appear, Ed is rather extravagant. (Attributive)
prove, turn, get, She is twenty-two years old. (Attributive)
remain, look, taste, Noun Phrase
feel, smell, sound, etc. John is a very lucky man. (Attributive)
Tom was an auctioneer. (Identifying)
Finite clause
Ken’s belief is that things can’t get any worse.
He has become what he always wanted to be.
Non-finite clause
The only thing I did was tell him to go away.
My advice is to withdraw.
Prepositional Phrase (PP)
 Oscar should be in the engine room.
The manager is in a good mood.
Adverb Phrase (AdvP)
The amusement park is over there.
MONO NP – DIRECT OBJECT (PP – ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT
TRANSITIVE (dO) OF AGENT) (opA)
(monotrans)
The police have identified the victim.
I used to spend all my money.
NP – DIRECT OBJECT PP – ADVERBIAL ADJUNCT
(dO) (obA)
He jumped the horse over the fence (obA of Path).
The sergeant marched the soldiers along the road (obA of Path).
Relational Verbs NP – PREDICATOR COMPLEMENT (predC)
have, possess, lack, We have plenty of time.
suit, contain and fit I don’t possess any valuables.
Verbs of NP
Measurement
have, possess, lack, The window measured 1m by 2m.
suit, contain and fit Each ticket costs two dollars.
Verbs of Equal NP – (predC)
Reciprocity
marry and resemble Sam married Susan last May.
Joe resembles his father.
Verbs Finite or Non-finite clause – (predC)
He complains that he is never consulted about anything.
I wonder if you would like to join us for tea.
COMPLEX DIRECT OBJECT PREDICATIVE (oP)
TRANSITIVE OBJECT
(complex) (dO)

NP – dO Adjective Phrase
The teacher made the lesson extremely interesting. (Attributive)
She dyed her hair blond. (Attributive)
NP – dO Noun Phrase
Beth is making Stella her spokesperson.
Does he consider himself a genius? (Attributive)
NP – dO Preposition Phrase
Party members regarded him as the only possible candidate.
They don’t accept him as honest. (Attributive)
 NP – dO Non-Finite Clause
The policeman got the traffic moving. (Attributive)
An official has declared the place to be free from infection.
(Attributive)
NP – dO Finite Clause
Dye your hair whatever color you like. (Attributive)
Our supporters’ enthusiasm has made the club what it is today.
(Identifying)
DITRANSITIVE NP – iO NP – dO
(ditrans)
They gave Steven a prize.
I’ll buy you some toys.
NP – dO Preposition Phrase – iO
They gave a prize to Steven. (Recipient)
A prize was given to Steven.
NP – dO Predicator Complement (predC)
We’ll allow everybody a ten minute break.
The shop assistant charged me too much for the toothpaste.
PREPOSITIONAL PP – PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT (prepO)
(prep)
Monotransitive
Prepositional PP – prepO
(monotrans-prep)
glance, reply, refer, Max glanced at the falling acrobat.
look, etc. He would never resort to cheating.

Ditransitive NP – dO PP – prepO
Prepositional
(ditrans-prep)
They blamed the fire on the gardener.
They blamed the gardener for fire.
TROUBLESOME VERBS
1. The trumpet sounded.
The doctor sounded the patient’s chest.
She sounded just the person we need for the job.
2. The water feels warm.
I could feel the tension in the room.
3. The long summer holiday stretched ahead of them.
The pullover stretched after I had worn it a few times.
4. Violence has erupted on the street.
 The demonstration erupted into violence.
5. I have to appear in court on a charge of drunken driving.
The street appeared deserted.
6. The doctor can only stay the progress of this disease.
They stayed friends for years. (stayed = remained)
7. I’ll make some tea.
I’ll make a pizza for you.
I’ll make the question easy.
They make a good couple.

PRACTICE:
Draw the tree diagrams for the following structures.
1. A tourist collapsed.
2. One of the tires exploded.
3. We’re going to eat out.
4. Phil has shown off.
5. My children have grown up.
6. That old man does carry on.
7. Her father passed away.
8. Nobody turned up.
9. A tourist fell down.
10. An old man strolled towards the bar.
11. We stole out of the lecture-room.
12. The students raced across the campus.
13. The boys trudged up the steep path.
14. The ship sailed out of the harbor.
15. I’ll slip into something more comfortable.
16. One of the tires blew out.
17. Her paintings hang in the National Gallery.
18. A vast plain stretches below the castle.
19. The book is still sitting on my shelf.
20. There exists a king in Sweden.
21. One of the biggest men I’d ever seen was lying on the beach.
22. The baby was lying on his front.
23. No new evidence emerged during the enquiry.
24. The funeral took place on 24 April at 3pm.
25. The mist ascended from the valley below.
26. Rioting broke up between rival groups of fans.
27. He emerged as leader at the age of thirty.
28. [I don’t see] how that follows.
29. The fully recovered whale swam out (Direction) to the open sea (Terminus).
30. The Thames flows through London (Path) to the North Sea (Terminus).
31. The Robinsons are our next-door neighbors. (Identifying)
32. Mountaineering can prove very dangerous indeed. (Attributive)
33. The reason was simple.
34. Two brothers are pilots.
35. The exam is next Tuesday.
36. Mary is the most beautiful girl.
37. This is how you should do it.
38. The best plan is for you to go by train.
39. What I don’t enjoy is standing in queues.
40. What most people prefer is others doing the work.
41. The truck drivers are on strike.
42. The frost has killed off the bud.
43. The victim has been identified by the police.
44. All my money used to be spent (by me).
45. The bud has been killed off (by the frost).
46. I ran across a former school friend.
47. I’ll walk you home (obA of Terminus).
48. You could bring it to the kitchen (obA of Terminus).
49. I always get off / leave the bus at 42nd street (obA of Location).
50. Liza has been putting the liquor under the bed (obA of Location).
51. She placed the baby on the blanket (obA of Location).
52. He put his arms around me (obA of Location) and walked me away (obA of Direction)
53. You could bring it to the kitchen.
54. His argument lacks force.
55. Will 5 o’clock suit you?
56. This jar contains nails.
57. These gloves don’t fit me.
58. This suitcase weighs 20 kilos.
59. The flight to Tokyo took 21 hours.
60. Don’t bother to clear away the dishes.
61. Fancy getting into a panic over a silly thing like that.
62. Hold your hand tight.
63. The government’s imports policy has made the farmers furious.
64. I imagined him a bit older/much taller than that.
65. The lesson was made extremely interesting (by the teacher).
66. Fellow sportsmen regard him a world class player. (Attributive)
67. Can you imagine yourself the owner of a luxury yacht. (Identifying)
68. They elected her Miss Universe. (Identifying)
69. We declare Frank Wilson the winner.
70. The club elected Mr. Jones membership secretary.
71. Stella is being made Beth’s spokesperson.
72. He called her an angel.
73. They previously considered this painting as worthless. (Attributive)
74. The police didn’t accept the story as genuine. (Identifying)
75. I regard your suggestion as worthy of consideration. (Identifying)
76. Doctors recognise Johnson as a leading authority. (Identifying)
77. I consider you as my best friend. (Identifying)
78. The burglar left the house in a mess. (Circumstantial)
79. We found the Dean in a good mood. (Circumstantial)
80. I consider yourself under arrest. (Circumstantial)
81. The club won’t appoint a teenager as the committee treasurer.
82. We regard your action as criminal.
83. He was regarded as the only possible candidate (by party members).
84. I prefer it with water.
85. We believed him to be honest. (Attributive)
86. We consider this to be very important. (Attributive)
87. He kept us waiting. (Circumstantial)
88. I regard that as asking for the impossible. (Circumstantial)
89. She left me stunned. (Circumstantial)
90. The authorities ordered hundreds of demonstrators placed under house arrest.
(Circumstantial)
91. The court considered Smith to be a trustworthy witness.
92. The extra money helped John to be independent.
93. The traffic was got moving (by the policeman).
94. The place has been declared to be free from infection (by an official).
95. He made the team what it is today.
96. Ed has saved me a place.
97. I’ll buy some toys for you. (Beneficiary) – No passive
98. Ed has saved a place for me.
99. We are offering our clients a unique opportunity. (… to our clients)
100. He owes several people money. (…to several people)
101. I handed Jennifer the pile of letters. (…to Jennifer)
102. He teaches medical students English. (…to medical students)
103. Do you send your neighbours Christmas cards? (…to your neighbours)
104. Book me a seat on the night train. (… for me)
105. Would you cash me these traveler checks? (…for me)
106. She cut the boy some slices of ham. (…for the boy)
107. I’ve kept you a place in the front row. (…for you)
108. He got us a very good discount. (…for us)
109. She made all the family a good paella. (…for all the family)
110. Everybody will be allowed a ten minute break.
111. I was charged too much for the toothpaste.
112. He wished me a happy day.
113. He gave the door a push.
114. [Let’s] ask someone the way.
115. The bank has refused me a loan.
116. They grudged him his pocket money.
117. It cost John an effort.
118. You are hinting at me?
119. I don’t’ believe in him.
120. Linda is thinking of/about changing her job.
121. She has disposed of her art treasures.
122. You can’t rely on Kevin.
123. The minister referred to the importance of exports.
124. The organizers hadn’t reckoned with a strike.
125. The manager is dealing with a critical client.
126. The Prime Minister can’t account for the loss of votes.
127. Her art treasures have been disposed of.
128. Kevin can’t be relied on.
129. The importance of exports was refered to.
130. A strike hadn’t been reckoned with.
131. A critical client is being dealt with.
132. The loss of votes can’t be accounted for.
133. That firm supplies the university with paper.
134. He convinced the jury of his innocence.
135. The government should inform the public of the consequences.
136. I will introduce you to my friends.
137. I congratulated Janet on her success.
138. It reminds me of Italy.
139. They robbed her of her watch and jewels.
140. Why don’t you help yourself to wine?
141. He convinced himself of the rightness of his actions.
142. The fire was blamed on the gardener.
143. The gardener was blamed for fire.
144. The university is supplied with paper.
145. The jury was convinced of his innocence.
146. She was robbed of her watch and jewels.
147. The public should be informed of the consequences.
148. You will be introduced to my friends.
149. Janet was congratulated on her success.
150. I am reminded of Italy.