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One-way Analysis of Variance

Comparing the means of two populations would entail us to use the t test for two independent samples,
provided that the assumptions for this parametric test are not violated. If three or more means are
being compared, the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) may be used. For the ANOVA, it is
assumed that the t populations are independent and normally distributed with means 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 , … , 𝜇𝑡 and
common variance 𝜎 2 .

The steps of the hypotheses testing process are shown below:

1. 𝐻𝑂 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = ⋯ = 𝜇𝑡 (no significant differences among the means)

𝐻1 : 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 (at least two means are not equal)

2. At 𝛼 = ______, do an F test (One-way ANOVA).

𝑴𝑺𝑻𝒓
3. Test Statistic: 𝑭𝒄 =
𝑴𝑺𝑬
4. Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻𝑂 if 𝑭𝒄 > 𝑭𝜶,𝒖,𝒗. Fail to reject 𝐻𝑂 otherwise.

Note: 𝑢 = 𝑡 − 1 is the numerator degrees of freedom;

𝑣 = 𝑡(𝑟 − 1) is the denominator degrees of freedom;
𝑡 = the number of treatments/groups being compared;
𝑟 = number of replications per treatment/group; and
𝛼 = level of significance
5. Computation:
𝑇𝑟𝑡 1 𝑇𝑟𝑡 2 …. 𝑇𝑟𝑡 t
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
𝑇1 𝑇2 … 𝑇𝑡

𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (𝐺𝑇) = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠

(𝐺𝑇)2
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝐶𝐹) = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐺𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑛

𝑟𝑡

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑇𝑆𝑆) = ∑ 𝑥𝑖2 − 𝐶𝐹

𝑖=1
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𝑡
𝑇𝑖2
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑇𝑟𝑆𝑆) = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹
𝑟
𝑖=1

𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝐸𝑆𝑆) = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑇𝑟𝑠𝑠

Set up the ANOVA table:

Sources of Sum of Degrees of

Mean Square (𝑴𝑺) 𝑭𝒄
Variation (𝑺𝑽) Squares (𝑺𝑺) Freedom (𝑫𝑭)
𝑇𝑟𝑆𝑆
𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑆𝑆 𝑢 = 𝑡−1 𝑀𝑆𝑇𝑟 =
𝑢 𝑀𝑆𝑇𝑟
𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑆𝑆 𝑣 = 𝑡(𝑟 − 1) 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
𝑣
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑆𝑆 𝑡𝑟 − 1

6. Decision:

7. Conclusion: At 𝛼 = __________ ,-

Example
MRSA, or Staphylococcus aureus, can cause a serious bacterial infection in hospital patients. Table 1
shows various colony counts from different patients who may or may not have MRSA.

Table 1. Colony counts for five concentrations

At the 5% level of significance, test whether the mean number of colonies are the same or are different.

Solution:

Given: 𝑡 = 5, 𝑟 = 3, 𝛼 = 0.05

1. 𝐻𝑂 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 = ⋯ = 𝜇5
𝐻1 : 𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙
2. At 𝛼 = 0.05, do an F test.
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𝑀𝑆𝑇𝑟
3. Test Statistic: 𝐹𝑐 =
𝑀𝑆𝐸
4. Decision Rule: Reject 𝐻𝑂 if 𝐹𝑐 > 𝐹𝛼,𝑢,𝑣 . Fail to reject 𝐻𝑂 otherwise.
Rewrite: Reject 𝐻𝑂 if 𝐹𝑐 > 𝐹0.05,4,10 . Fail to reject 𝐻𝑂 otherwise
Reject 𝐻𝑂 if 𝐹𝑐 > 3.48. Fail to reject 𝐻𝑂 otherwise.
5. Computation:

Conc=0.6 Conc=0.8 Conc=1.0 Conc=1.2 Conc=1.4

9 16 22 30 27
66 93 147 199 168
98 83 120 148 132
Total 173 192 289 377 327
Mean 57.67 64.00 96.33 125.67 109.00

GT = 173 + 192 + 289 + 377 + 327 = 1358

(GT)2 (1358)2
CF = = = 122944.266666667
n 15
TSS = 92 + 662 + 982 + ⋯ + 1682 + 1322 − CF = 175110 − 122944.266666667
= 52165.7333333333

(173)2 (192)2 (289)2 (377)2 (327)2

TrSS = + + + + − 𝐶𝐹
3 3 3 3 3
399372
= − 122944.266666667 = 133,124 − 122944.266666667
3
= 10179.7333333333
ESS = TSS − TrSS = 52165.7333333333 − 10179.7333333333 = 41986
Set up the ANOVA table.

Sources of Degrees of
Variation Sum of Squares (𝑺𝑺) Freedom Mean Square (𝑴𝑺) 𝐅𝐜 F tab
(𝑺𝑽) (𝑫𝑭)
Conc 10179.7333333333 4 2544.933333
0.606 3.48
Error 41986 10 4198.6
Total 52165.7333333333 14

6. Decision: Fail to reject 𝐻𝑂 .

7. Conclusion: At 𝛼 = 0.05, there is insufficient evidence to prove that the mean number of colonies
are significantly different among concentrations.