Statistics II Spring 2023

Assignment (1)
Due: March. 16th 9:10am
Name: Student ID:
Name: Student ID:

1. (20%) In random samples of 25 from each of two normal populations we found the following
statistics：
̅̅̅1 = 524; 𝑠1 = 129
𝑥
𝑥2 = 469; 𝑠2 = 141
̅̅̅
a. (4%) Estimate the difference between the two population means with 95% confidence.
b. (4%) Repeat part(a) increasing the standard deviations to 𝑠1 = 255 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠2 = 260.
c. (4%) Describe what happens when the sample standard deviations get larger.
d. (4%) Repeat part(a) with sampling of size 100.
e. (4%) Discuss the effects of increasing the sample size.

a Equal-variances estimator
1 1  (25−1)1292 +(25−1)1412 1 1
( x1 − x 2 )  t  / 2 s 2p  +  = (524 – 469)  2.009√( )( + )
25+25−2 25 25
 1
n n 2

= 55  76.79

b Equal-variances estimator

1 1   (25 − 1)255 2 + (25 − 1)260 2  1

( x1 − x 2 )  t  / 2 s 2p  +  = (524 – 469)  2.009   + 1 
 25 + 25 − 2  25 25 
 n1 n 2   

= 55  146.33

c The interval widens.

d Equal-variances estimator
1 1  (100−1)1292 +(100−1)1412 1 1
( x1 − x 2 )  t  / 2 s 2p  +  = (524 – 469)  1.972√( )( + )
100+100−2 100 100
 1
n n 2

= 55  37.69

e The interval narrows.

2. (15%) Random samples from two normal populations produced the following statistics:
 𝑠12 = 28; 𝑛1 = 10
= 19; 𝑛2 = 10 𝑠22
a. (5%) Estimate with 95% confidence the ratio of the two population variances.
b. (5%) Repeat part(a) changing the sample sizes to 𝑛1 = 25 and 𝑛2 = 25.
c. (5%) Describe what happens to the width of the confidence interval estimate when the sample sizes
increase.

 2   s12 
=   F / 2, , =  28 4.03 = 5.939
s 1 28 1
a. LCL =  12  = .366, UCL = 
 s2 
 s 2  F / 2,1 , 2  19  4.03  2 
2 1
 19 
 2   s2 
=   = .649, UCL =  12 F / 2, 2 ,1 =  2.27 = 3.345
s 1 28 1 28
b. LCL =  12 
 s 2  F / 2,1 , 2  19  2.27  s2   19 

c. The interval narrows.

3. (10%) A food processor wants to compare two antioxidants for their effects on retarding spoilage.
Suppose 16 cuts of fresh meat are treated with antioxidant A and 16 are treated with antioxidant B, and
the number of hours until spoilage begins is recorded for each of the 32 cuts of meat. The results are
summarized in the table below.
Antioxidant A Antioxidant B
Sample Mean 108.7 hours 98.7 hours
Sample Standard Deviation 10.5 hours 13.6 hours

a. (5%) Perform the test for determining if the population variances differ for Antioxidants A and B at
α = .05.
b. (5%) Develop the 95% confidence interval estimate of the ratio of the two population variances.

c. Perform the test for determining if the population variances differ for Antioxidants A and B at
α = .05.
d. Develop the 95% confidence interval estimate of the ratio of the two population variances.
Step 1(檢驗變異數)
假設 𝜎12
𝐻0 : =1
𝜎22

𝜎12
𝐻1 : ≠1
𝜎22

標準 α = 0.05
比較 𝑆 2 10.5 ^2
F= 12= = 0.596
𝑆2 13.6 ^2

Reject region(查表)
𝐹 > 𝐹0.025,15,15 =2.8621
𝐹 < 𝐹0.975,15,15 =0.35
結論 沒有足夠的證據推翻虛無假設(𝜎12 = 𝜎22 )
(b)
𝑆12 1 1
LCL= ∗ =0.596* =0.20824
𝑆22 𝐹0.025,15,15 2.8621

𝑆12
UCL= ∗ 𝐹0.025,15,15 =0.596*2.8621=1.7058
𝑆22

4. (10%) Every month a clothing store conducts am inventory and calculates losses from theft. The store
would like to reduce these losses and is considering two methods. The first is to hire a security guard,
and the second is to install cameras. To help decide which method to choose, the manager hired a
security guard for 6 months. During the next 6 months period, the store installed cameras. The monthly
losses recorded and are listed here. The manager decided that because the cameras were cheaper than
guard, he would install the cameras unless there was enough evidence to infer that the guard was
better. What should the manager do?

Security Guard 355 284 401 398 477 254

Cameras 486 303 270 386 411 435

H 0 : ( 1 −  2 ) = 0

H 1 : ( 1 −  2 ) < 0

Two-tail F test: F = 1.02, p-value = .9856; use equal-variances test statistic

Rejection region: t  − t , = − t .10,10 = −1.372

( x 1 − x 2 ) − ( 1 −  2 ) (361.50 − 381.83) − 0
t= = = −.43, p-value = .3382. The manager should
 1 1   (6 − 1)6767.5 + (6 − 1)6653.4  1 1 
s 2p  +    + 
 n1 n 2   6+6−2  6 6 

choose to use cameras.

5. (10%) (Assignment 1 -excel) Between Wendy’s and McDonald’s, which fast-food drive-through window
 is faster? To answer the question, a random sample of service times for each restaurant was measured.
Can we infer from these data that there are differences in service times between the two chains?

H 0 : ( 1 −  2 )
=0

H 1 : ( 1 −  2 ) 
0

Two-tail F test: F = .85, p-value = .2494; use equal-variances test statistic

t  − t  / 2, = − t .025, 413  −1.960 t  t  / 2, = t .025, 413  1.960

Rejection region: or
( x 1 − x 2 ) − ( 1 −  2 ) (149.85 − 154.43) − 0
t= = = –2.05, p-value = .0412. There is
 1 1   (213 − 1)21.82 2 + (202 − 1)23.64 2  1 1 
s 2p  +    +
 n1 n 2   213 + 202 − 2  213 202 
 

enough evidence to conclude that there are differences in service times between the two chains.

6. (10%) (Assignment 1 -excel) An insurance company is thinking about offering discounts on its life
insurance policies to nonsmokers. As part of its analysis, the company randomly selects 200 men who
are 60 years old and asks them whether they smoke at least one pack of cigarettes per day and if they
have ever suffered from heart disease. (2= Suffer from heart disease, 1= Do not Suffer from heart
disease)

a. (5%) Can the company conclude at the 10% significance level that smokers have a higher incidence
of heart disease than nonsmokers?
b. (5%) Estimate with 90% confidence the difference in the proportions of men suffering from heart
disease between smokers and nonsmokers.

H 0 : (p1 − p 2 ) = 0

H 1 : (p1 − p 2 )
>0

Rejection region: z  z  = z .10 = 1.28

(p̂ 1 − p̂ 2 ) (.2632 − .0741)
z= = = 3.35, p-value = 0. There is enough evidence to
 1 1   1 1 
p̂(1 − p̂) +  .11(1 − .11) + 
 n1 n 2   38 162 

conclude that smokers have a higher incidence of heart diseases than nonsmokers.
p̂1 (1 − p̂1 ) p̂ 2 (1 − p̂ 2 )
b (p̂1 − p̂ 2 )  z  / 2 +
n1 n2

.2632(1 − .2632) .0741(1 − .0741)

= (.2632–0741)  1.645 + =.1891  .1223; LCL = .0668, UCL = .3114
38 162
7. (15%) The authors surveyed an introductory statistics courses and asked students to rate (anonymously)
how well they liked statistics. The results for the twelve males were: 𝑋̅𝑚 = 5.25 and 𝑆𝑚2
= 6.57; for
the thirty-one females: 𝑋̅𝑓 = 4.37 and 𝑆𝑓 = 7.55.
2

a. (5%) Is there a statistically significant (α = .10) difference in means?

b. (5%) Set a 0.90 confidence interval about each mean (not about the difference in means)?
c. (5%) If 𝑆𝑚2
, 𝑆𝑓2 , 𝑋̅𝑚 , and 𝑋̅𝑓 remained constant but the sample quadrupled, would 𝐻0 have
remained tenable (α = .10)? Compare this result with that in question (a).

(a) 假設兩母體為常態分配且變異數相同
𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑚 = 𝜇𝑓
𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑚 ≠ 𝜇𝑓
α = .10
𝑋̅𝑚 −𝑋̅𝑓 −0
T= 1 1
√𝑆𝑝2 ( + )
12 31

(12−1)∗6.57+(31−1)∗7.55
𝑆𝑝2 = = 7.287
12+31−2

𝑋̅𝑚 −𝑋̅𝑓 −0 5.25−6.57−0

T= 1 1
= 1 1
= 0.9588
√𝑆𝑝2 ( + ) √7.287∗( + )
12 31 12 31

Reject Region = 𝑡0.05 (41) ≈ 1.684

T < Reject Region
We do not have enough evidence to reject 𝐻0 ,男女統計評比並未存在顯著的差距

(b) 𝜇𝑚 之 90% C.I.為

𝑆𝑝2 7.287
𝑋̅𝑚 ± 𝑡0.05 (41)√ = 5.25 ± 1.684 ∗ √ => [3.9377,6.5623]
12 12

𝜇𝑓 之 90% C.I.為

𝑆𝑝2 7.287
𝑋̅𝑓 ± 𝑡0.05 (41)√ = 4.37 ± 1.684 ∗ √ => [3.5535, 5.1865]
12 31

(c) 𝐻0 : 𝜇𝑚 = 𝜇𝑓
𝐻1 : 𝜇𝑚 ≠ 𝜇𝑓
α = .10
𝑋̅𝑚 −𝑋̅𝑓 −0
T=
2 𝑆 2
√𝑆𝑚 + 𝑓
48 124
 𝑋̅𝑚 −𝑋̅𝑓 −0
T= = 1.9788
2 𝑆2
√𝑆𝑚 + 𝑓
48 124

6.57 7.55
( + 124 ) 0.1978
degree of freedom= 6.57482 7.55 2 ≅ ≅ 220
( 48 ) ( ) 0.0004+0.0005
47
+ 124
123

Reject Region = 𝑡0.05 (220) ≈ 1.65

T > Reject Region
We have enough evidence to reject 𝐻0 ,男女統計評比存在顯著的差距

8. (10%) To assess the effectiveness of a new diet formulation, a sample of eight steers is fed a regular diet
and another sample of ten steers is fed a new diet. The weights of the steers at 1 year are given in the
following table. Do these results imply that the new diet results in higher weights? (α = 0.05)

Regular diet New diet

831 870
858 882
833 896
860 925
922 842
875 908
797 944
788 927
965
887
Average=845.5 Average=904.6
2
𝑆 = 1873 𝑆 2 = 1349
First step: F-test
𝐻0 : 𝜎12 = 𝜎22
𝐻1 : 𝜎12 ≠ 𝜎22
𝑆12
𝐹= = 1.3844
𝑆22

𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = {F ≤ F0.975 (7,9) 𝑜𝑟 F ≥ F0.025 (7,9)} = {F ≤ 0.2073 or F ≥ 4.197}

We do not have enough evidence to reject 𝐻0

Second step: T- test

𝐻0 : 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2
𝐻1 : 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
 (8−1)∗1873+(10−1)∗1349
𝑆𝑝2 = = 1578.25
8+10−2

𝑋̅𝑚 −𝑋̅𝑓 −0 904.6−845.5−0

T= 1 1
= 1 1
= 3.1362
√𝑆𝑝2 ( + ) √1578.25∗( + )
12 31 10 8

𝑅𝑒𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = {𝑇 ≥ 𝑡0.05 (16) = 1.746}

We have enough evidence to reject 𝐻0 . 使用 New diet 的牛體重相對於使用 Regular diet 的牛顯著
較高