Quantum physics, also known as quantum mechanics, is a fundamental theory in physics that

describes the behavior of matter and energy on the smallest scales, such as atoms and
subatomic particles. It provides a mathematical framework for understanding the behavior of
particles at the quantum level, where classical physics principles no longer apply.

Key concepts in quantum physics include:

1. Wave-Particle Duality: One of the most fundamental principles of quantum

mechanics is the concept of wave-particle duality, which suggests that particles such
as electrons and photons can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. This
duality is described by mathematical equations such as the Schrödinger equation.
2. Quantization: Quantum physics introduces the idea of quantization, which means that
certain physical properties, such as energy, angular momentum, and electric charge,
are quantized, or come in discrete units. For example, electrons in an atom can only
occupy certain energy levels, known as quantized energy levels.
3. Uncertainty Principle: Proposed by Werner Heisenberg, the uncertainty principle
states that it is impossible to simultaneously know both the exact position and
momentum of a particle with absolute certainty. This principle imposes fundamental
limits on our ability to measure certain properties of particles accurately.
4. Quantum Superposition: According to quantum mechanics, particles such as
electrons can exist in multiple states simultaneously, a phenomenon known as
quantum superposition. This concept is exemplified by the famous Schrödinger's cat
thought experiment, where a cat in a closed box can be considered both alive and dead
until observed.
5. Quantum Entanglement: Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where the
quantum states of two or more particles become correlated in such a way that the state
of one particle is dependent on the state of the others, even when they are separated by
large distances. This phenomenon has profound implications for quantum computing
and communication.
6. Quantum Tunneling: Quantum tunneling is the phenomenon where particles can pass
through potential energy barriers that would be classically forbidden. This effect is
essential in various applications, including semiconductor devices and nuclear fusion
reactions.

Quantum physics has led to numerous technological advancements, such as the development
of semiconductor electronics, lasers, and atomic clocks. It also plays a crucial role in
understanding the behavior of fundamental particles in the universe and has implications for
fields ranging from chemistry and biology to information theory and cosmology.