Questions:

1. How long can information stay in the Short Term Memory?

a. 1-3 seconds
b. 1 minute
c. 6-12 seconds x
d. 5 min

2. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive process:

a. Trust x
b. Thinking
c. Decision-making
d. Memory

3. Which is true about the Short Term Memory:

a. It is unlimited in capacity
b. It is unlimited in duration
c. It is limited in both capacity and duration x
d. None of them

4. Which feeling is the most important in creation of flashbulb memories?

a. Anger
b. Happiness
c. Surprise x
d. Grief

5. According to prospect theory, which of the following options is the most likely?
a. expected outcome: success
choice: possible win
b. expected outcome: failure
choice: possible loss
c. expected outcome: failure
choice: definite loss
d. expected outcome: success x
choice: definite win
6. What is displacement?
a. transition of memories from Short Term Memory to Long Term Memory
b. loss of information from Short Term Memory due to them being replaced by other data x
c. a memory error producing fabricated, distorted or misinterpreted memories
d. a systematic error in thinking that impacts one's choices and judgements
7. What does it mean that people are 'cognitive misers'?
a. their skills regress if they don't rehearse them
b. they make errors while reconstructing their memories
c. they tend to solve problems in a way requiring less time and effort x
d. they have to repeat information to encode it in LTM

8. Which memory model does the following statement most accurately describe:
memory consisted of three stores: a sensory register, short- term memory (STM) and long-
term memory (LTM)
a. dual process model
b. multistore model x
c. working memory model
d. reconstructive memory

9. What is an anchoring bias?

a. when misleading information is incorporated into one's memory after an event.
b. when people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is
presented.
c. a memory error which produces fabricated, distorted, or misinterpreted memories about
oneself or the world.
d. when an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered when making
decisions x

10. What type of memory stores the ability to ride a bike or tie a shoe?
a. Schematic memory
b. Transactive memory
c. Episodic memory
d. Procedural memory x

11. Prospective research relies on:

a. researching over period of time x
b. data from early life
c. thinking aloud while performing task
d. all answers are correct

12. Initial piece of information is crucial in development of:

a. flashbulb memory
b. heuristic decision making
c. semantic memories
d. anchoring bias x
13. The term "cognitive misery" is directly connected to:
a. Heuristic thinking x
b. Anchoring bias
c. Peak-end Rule
d. Framing effect

14. MSM model does NOT mention:

a) Short-term memory
b) Long-term memory
c) Sensory trigger
d) Reconstructive memory x

15.Lightbulb memories are formed by:

a. schemas
b. particularly surprising strong emotions x
c. heuristics

d. there is no such thing

16. System that actively holds multiple pieces of transitory information is called:
a. short-term memory
b. working memory x
c. both
d. neither

17. Prospect theory brings into human thinking:

a. schemas
b. risk where probabilities are known x
c. rational way of thinking
d. reconstructive nature of memory
18. Memories provided at the beginning are better remembered due to:
a. primacy effect x
b. phonological loop
c. long-term memory
d. system 2

19. Systematic error in thinking impacting choices and judgements is called:

a. displacement
b. confabulation
c. cognitive bias x
d. misinformation effect
20.Which part of long-term memory is responsible for the memory of personal experiences
and events?
a. episodic memory x
b. procedural memory
c. emotional memory
d. semantic memory
21. Which two parts of the brain are believed to be involved in flashbulb memories?
a. Wernicke's area and Broca's area
b. the amygdala and the hippocampus x
c. the frontal lobes and the corpus callosum
d. the hypothalamus and the amygdala
22. What is NOT an example of a cognitive bias?
a. confirmation bias
b. self-serving bias x
c. the framing effect
d. sampling bias
23. Who proposed a theory of flashbulb memory?
a. Ebbinghaus
b. Brown & Kulik x
d. Loftus & Pickrell
e. Loftus & Palmer
24. What are heuristics?
a. slow and logical decisions
b. study of decision-making
c. mental shortcuts used for fast decision-making x
d. study of social interactions
25. Which of the following is an example of anchoring bias?
a. dressing warmer in the morning because yesterday it was cold outside x
b. dressing warmer after analysing the weather over the past week
c. dressing warmer because someone told you to do so
d. dressing warmer because it is inside
26. You are studing for a test and you realise that issues covered in the first and last chapter
of your textbook are the ones you remember the best. What’s the name of this effect?
a. primacy/recency effect x
b. misinformation effect
c. framing effect
d. anchoring effect
27. What is cognitive bias?
a. the correct way of approaching cognition
b. a mental shortcut
c. a systematic error in thinking that impacts ones choices and judgements x
d. a mechanism of cognition
28. Encoding means:
a. the component of judgements and experiences
b. the ability to access memory and solve problems
c. the initial learning of information by placing informations into memory storage x
d. when misleading information is accessed
29. Anderson and Pitchert (1978) study regards:
a. cognitive bias
b. flashbulb memory
c. schema x
d. multistore model
30. Sharot et al (2007) used in their study a research method:
a. experiment
b. quasi-experiment x
c. survey
d. semi-structured interview
31. The aim of the Neisser & Harsch (1992) study was:
a. to determine whether flashbulb memories are susceptible to distortion x
b. to prove that flashbulb memories are accurate and vivid
c. to show dependence between emotion and memories
d. to examine whether flashbulb memories are black and white
32. Why is HM Milner study a longitudinal study?
a. because it lasted two days
b. because the researcher thought about this study for a long time
c. because it lasted over 50 years
d. because evaluation of this study required over 50 years to collect all results and
conclusions x
33. Interview and questionnaire as a research method were NOT used in:
a. Neisser & Harsch study
b. Brown & Kulik (1977) study
c. Tversky & Kahneman (1986) study
d. answers a. and b. are correct x
34. The influence of positive and negative frames on decision making was examined by:
a. Cox and Griggs (1982)
b. Sharot et al. (2007)
c. Tversky and Kahnemann (1974)
d. Tversky and Kahnemann (1986) x
35. Loftus & Palmer (1974) wanted to study:
a. reconstructive memory x
b. System 1 and System 2 as thinking proces
c. procedural memory
d. false memories
36. Repeated reproduction and serial reproduction as two conditions were used in:
a. Anderson and Pitchert (1978) study
b. Bahrick study et al. (1975) study
c. Bartlet study (1932) study x
d. Loftus and Pickrell (1995) study
37. The aim of Bahrick study et al. (1975) study was:
a. to investigate the reliability of autobiographical memory over time x
b. to explaine how the LTM works
c. to investigate reliabilty of flashbulb memories
d. to examine thinking and decision making processes
38. Research over a period of time using observations, interviews or psychometric testing is:
A) cross-sectional design
B) longitudinal study
C) prospective research x
D) retrospektywe research
39. A mechanism through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge is:
A) sematic memory
B) episodic memory
C) procedural memory
D) transactive memory x
40. The unconscious memory of skills and how to do things is:
A) procedural memory x
B) episodic memory
C) declarative memory
D) semantic memory