Supplementary problems 1 for Hydraulics & Hydrology.

NOMENCLATURE

𝐴, 𝐴! cross section area of pipes (for whole pipe or local position i-i)
𝐷, 𝐷! diameter of circular pipes (for whole pipe or local position i-i)
𝑓 Darcy factor in the Darcy formula
𝑔 gravity acceleration
𝐻! hydraulic head for a specific cross section i-i
𝐻" major loss or friction loss
ℎ" minor loss
𝐾! local minor loss factor
𝐿 length of a pipe or a part of a pipe
𝑝! position for a specific cross section i-i
𝑄 discharge of water
𝑈, 𝑈! mean velocity (for whole pipe or local position i-i)
𝑧! pressure on a specific cross section i-i
∆𝐻 total energy loss (change)
𝛾 unit weight of water defined as 𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔
𝜌 density of water

Problem 1-1
We choose here the water level of the downstream as the reference 0 level, the free surface of
the upstream as section 1-1 with a hydraulic head of 𝐻# , and the free surface of the downstream
as section 2-2 with a hydraulic head of 𝐻$ .

The energy conservation equation can be written as:

𝐻$ = 𝐻# + ∆𝐻.
%! '! "
By using the Bernoulli equation, i.e., 𝐻! = 𝑧! + &
+ $(
, and the Darcy formula, i.e., ∆𝐻 =
) '"
− * $( 𝐿, the equation can be reformulated as

𝑝$ 𝑈$ $ 𝑝# 𝑈# $ 𝑓 𝑈 $
𝑧$ + + = 𝑧# + + − 𝐿,
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔
which according to the knowns can be simplified as

26/01/2024, by Qianyue Chen, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Supplementary problems 1 for Hydraulics & Hydrology.

𝑓 𝑈$
𝑧= 𝐿.
𝐷 2𝑔
+* "
By applying the continuity equation, i.e. 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈! 𝐴! = 𝑈! ,
, and the given equation 𝑓 =
#$..(/"
* #/%
, the above equation can be rewritten as

12.7𝑔𝑛$
#/1 𝑄$
𝑧= 𝐷 $ 𝐿,
𝐷 𝜋𝐷$
2𝑔 : 4 =

which is the same as

#2 12.7𝑛$ 𝑄$ 𝐿
𝐷1 = .
𝜋 $
2> ? 𝑧
4
𝐷 can then be solved by
1 1
#2 #2
12.7𝑛$ 𝑄$ 𝐿 12.7 × 0.013$ × 4.3$ × 10
𝐷=@ A =@ A = 0.71 (𝑚)
𝜋 $ 𝜋 $
2> ? 𝑧 2×> ? ×2
4 4

Problem 1-2
We choose here the water level of the downstream as the reference 0 level, the free surface of
the upstream as section 1-1 with a hydraulic head of 𝐻# , and the free surface of the downstream
as section 2-2 with a hydraulic head of 𝐻$ .
The energy conservation equation can be written as:

𝐻$ = 𝐻# + ∆𝐻.
%! '! " ) '" '! "
By using the Bernoulli equation, i.e., 𝐻! = 𝑧! + &
+ $(
, and ∆𝐻 = − * $( 𝐿 − ∑!34,6,7,* 𝐾! $(
,
the equation can be reformulated as

𝑝$ 𝑈$ $ 𝑝# 𝑈# $ 𝑓 𝑈 $ 𝑈$
𝑧$ + + = 𝑧# + + − 𝐿−I J 𝐾! K ,
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔 𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔
!34,6,7,*

which according to the knowns can be simplified as

𝑓𝐿 𝑈 $ 1.8𝑈 $
+ = 𝐻.
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔

26/01/2024, by Qianyue Chen, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

Supplementary problems 1 for Hydraulics & Hydrology.

+* "
By applying the continuity equation, i.e. 𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴 = 𝑈 , the above equation can be rewritten
,
as

𝑓𝐿 𝑄$ 1.8𝑄$
𝐷 $+ $ = 𝐻,
𝜋𝐷$ 𝜋𝐷$
2𝑔 : 4 = 2𝑔 : 4 =

which is the same as

𝑄$ 𝑓𝐿
𝐷, = $ : + 1.8=.
𝜋 𝐷
2𝑔 > ? 𝐻
4
The above equation can be utilized as our iteration formula, as
#
,
$
𝑄 𝑓𝐿
𝐷(9:#) = M $ : (9) + 1.8=N ,
𝜋
2𝑔 > ? 𝐻 𝐷
4
where the (𝑚) and (𝑚 + 1) note the time of iteration.

Let’s choose 𝐷 (<) = 1 (𝑚) (this could be arbitrary and chosen by yourself), then
# #
, ,
$ $
𝑄 𝑓𝐿 3 0.023 × 50
𝐷 (#) = M $ : (<) + 1.8=N = M $ : + 1.8=N = 0.72,
𝜋 𝐷 𝜋 1
2𝑔 > ? 𝐻 2 × 10 × > ? × 8
4 4
# #
, ,
𝑄$ 𝑓𝐿 3$ 0.023 × 50
𝐷 ($) = M $ : + 1.8=N = M $ : + 1.8=N = 0.75,
𝜋 𝐷 (#) 𝜋 0.72
2𝑔 > ? 𝐻 2 × 10 × > ? × 8
4 4
# #
, ,
$ $
𝑄 𝑓𝐿 3 0.023 × 50
𝐷 (1) = M $ : ($) + 1.8=N = M $ : + 1.8=N = 0.74,
𝜋 𝐷 𝜋 0.75
2𝑔 > ? 𝐻 2 × 10 × > ? × 8
4 4
# #
, ,
𝑄$ 𝑓𝐿 3$ 0.023 × 50
𝐷 (,) = M $ : + 1.8=N = M $ : + 1.8=N = 0.74,
𝜋 𝐷 (1) 𝜋 0.74
2𝑔 > ? 𝐻 2 × 10 × > ? × 8
4 4
here we have 𝐷(,) ≅ 𝐷(1) , so 𝐷 is determined here as 0.74m.

26/01/2024, by Qianyue Chen, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University.