RDBMS

Module :I
Topics :Data Abstraction,
Data Independence,
Database system architecture.
Faculty : Dr.S.Deepa Kanmani, IT

Database Management Systems

1
Database Management Systems 2
 TOPIC OBJECTIVE

• At the end of this presentation students should be

able to:

✔ Understand the database application

architecture,system architecture and
components.

Database Management Systems 3

LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION

Database Management Systems 4

 LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION
• Views describe how users
see the data.
View 1 View 2 View 3

• Conceptual schema
Conceptual Schema
defines logical structure
Physical Schema

• Physical schema
describes the files and DB
indexes used.
LEVELS OF ABSTRACTION

VIEW

CONCEPTUAL

PHYSICAL

Database Management Systems 6

Database Management Systems 7
 SCHEMA VS INSTANCE

• The collection of database at a particular

moment is called the instance of the database

• The overall design of the database is called

the database schema

Database Management Systems 8

SCHEMA VS INSTANCE-EXAMPLE

Database Management Systems 9

 TYPES OF DATABASE SCHEMA

–Physical Schema
• Describes the database design at the physical level.
• Pertains to the actual storage of the data.

–Logical Schema
• Describes the database design at the logical level
• Defines all the logical constraints required to be applied to store data.

–View Schema
• Describes the database design at the view level.
• Describes end user interaction.

Database Management Systems 10

 DATA INDEPENDENCE

“Ability to modify schema definition in

one level without affecting a scheme
definition in next higher level”

Database Management Systems 11

 PHYSICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE

✔ Physical data independence helps you to separate

conceptual levels from the internal/physical levels.
✔ It allows you to provide a logical description of the
database without the need to specify physical
structures.

Database Management Systems 12

 LOGICAL DATA INDEPENDENCE

✔ Logical Data Independence is the ability to change the

conceptual scheme without changing
✔ External views
✔ External API or programs

Database Management Systems 13

DATABASE APPLICATION ARCHITECTURE

Database Management Systems 14

 TWO TIER ARCHITECTURE

• The application is partitioned into

components that resides at the client
machine,which invokes database system
functionality at the server machine through
query language statement.

Database Management Systems 15

 THREE TIER ARCHITECTURE

• The client machine acts as a front end and

does not contain any direct database call,
instead, the client communicates with an
application server, usually through a form of
interface, application server intern
communicates with the database system to
access data.

Database Management Systems 16

DATABASE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Database Management Systems 17

 VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF DBMS

✔ Database Users

✔ Database Administrator

✔ Query processor

✔ Storage Manager

✔ Data structure

Database Management Systems 18

 DATABASE USERS
• NAIVE USERS :
– Naive users are unsophisticated users who interact with the system by
using predefined
• user interfaces, such as web or mobile applications.
• APPLICATION PROGRAMMERS :
– Application programmers are computer professionals who write
application programs.
– Application programmers can choose from many tools to develop user
interfaces.
• SOPHISTICATED USERS:
– Sophisticated users interact with the system without writing programs.
– Instead, they form their requests either using a database query
language or by using tools such as data analysis software.

Database Management Systems 19

 DATABASE ADMINISTARTOR

• A person who has central control over the system.

• The functions of DBA Include:
Schema definition
Schema and physical organization modification
Granting user authority to access the database
Specifying integrity constraints
Routine maintenance includes
– Periodically backing up the database onto remote servers, to prevent loss of data in
case of disasters such as flooding.
– Ensuring that enough free disk space is available for normal operations, and upgrading
disk space as required.
– Monitoring jobs running on the database and ensuring that performance is not
degraded by very expensive tasks submitted by some users.

Database Management Systems 20

 QUERY PROCESSOR

• DDL interpreter which interprets DDL statements and records the

definitions in the data dictionary.

• DML compiler which translates DML statements in a query language into

an evaluation plan consisting of low-level instructions that the
query-evaluation engine understands.

• Query evaluation engine which executes low-level instructions generated

by the DML compiler.

Database Management Systems 21

 STORAGE MANAGER

• The storage manager is the component of a

database system that provides the interface
between the low-level data stored in the
database and the application programs and
queries submitted to the system.

• The storage manager is responsible for the

interaction with the file manager.

Database Management Systems 22

 STORAGE MANAGER

• Authorization and integrity manager, which tests for the satisfaction of

integrity constraints and checks the authority of users to access data.

• Transaction manager, which ensures that the database remains in a

consistent (correct) state despite system failures, and that concurrent
transaction executions proceed without conflicts.

• File manager, which manages the allocation of space on disk storage and
the data structures used to represent information stored on disk.

• Buffer manager, which is responsible for fetching data from disk storage
into main memory, and deciding what data to cache in main memory.

Database Management Systems 23

 DATA STRUCTURES

• Data files which store the database itself.

• Data dictionary which stores metadata about

the structure of the database, in particular the
schema of the database.

• Indices which can provide fast access to data

items

Database Management Systems 24

Database Management Systems 25