@JDCP

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 

Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
LAB NOTES  Digestive System

DAY 1: Integumentary System

Course Outline  Barrier to invading organisms and
1. Introduction to Comparative Systemic chemicals
2. Axial bone  Temperature control
3. Appendicular bones and joints Contains:
4. Muscular system  Skin
5. Digestive system  Hair
6. Digestive system (accessory structures)  Subcutaneous Tissue
7. Respiratory system  Horns, Claws, Hooves from specialized
8. Cardiovascular system dermis and consists of cornified epidermal
9. Urinary System cells
10. Reproductive system
11. Endocrine and Integumentary system Skeletal System
12. Nervous system and special sense organs  Supports and moves body
 Protects internal organ
Expectations:  Mineral Storage
 Lab exercises every meeting  Blood Formation
 Handwritten and to be passed within the Contains:
day  Bones= arthr/o, oss/e, oss/l
Things to prepare fore online class:  Joints= arthr/o
 Notebook/sketchpad and pen  Cartilage= chondr/o
 Laptop/cellphone Divisions of the Skeletal System:
 Attention and respect  Axial= Bones found on the midline (sternum,
 Label Notebook “Comparative Veterinary lumbar)
Anatomy” and put your name under  Appendicular= Bones composed of limbs
(Scapula, Patella)
 Class start: 8am  Splanchnic=Bone that develops in a soft
 Quiz: 1-10 (10 min) organ
 Discussion (30 min to 1hr)
 Recitation (Open cam) and Presentation Muscular System
(tiktok)  Locomotion
 Lab Exercise submission: Within the day  Heat Production
until 11:59 pm NOTE: When we shiver, our muscular helps us
 Tiktok intro(name, age, location, hobbies, by producting heat. It maintains posture.
15-30sec) Produces movement of entire body parts.
Contains:
Different Studies:  Muscles= my/o
1. Dermatology- Study of skin  Fascia= fasc/I, fasci/o
2. Osteology- Study of bones  Tendons= ten/o, tend/o
3. Arthrology/ Syndesmology- study of joint & NOTE:
articulation Ligament= bone to bone attachment
4. Myology- Study of Muscles Tendon= Bone to muscle attachment
5. Angiology- Study of the circulatory system
6. Splanchnology- Study of visceral organs in Bone Tendon
digestive, urinary, reproductive and Perimysium
respiratory sytems
Epimysium
7. Neurology- Study of nervous system
8. Ethesiology- Study of sense organs and
sensations Fascicle
Endomysium
9. Endocrinology- Study of endocrine glands
Muscle Cell

Introduction to Comparative Systemic

Epimysium-covers the whole bundle
Perimysium- covers the whole fascicle
Body Systems
Endomysium- covers muscle cell
 Reproductive System
Muscle cell- unit of muscle
 Endocrine System
 Nervous System
Types of Muscle Tissue:
 Integumentary System
 Urinary System
 @JDCP

Smooth- Spindle shaped, non- striated, and Ruminants- Lobulated ang kidney meaning hindi
involuntary smooth or bean shaped ang kidney.
Cardiac- Branchy, striated, and involuntary Dog- Bean shaped
Skeletal- elongated, striated, and voluntary Horse- isang kidney ay heart shaped

Cardiovascular System Nervous System and special senses

 Transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues  Coordinates activities of other organ
 Removes waste products systems
Contains:  Responds to sensations
 Heart= cardi/o Contains:
 Arteries= arteri/o  Nerves= neur/o, neur/i
 Veins= ven/o, phleb/o  Brain= encephal/o
 Blood= hem/o, hemat/o  Spinal cord= myel/o
 Eyes= opthalm/o, ocul/o, opt/o, opt/I
Lymphatic System  Sight= optic/o
 Returns tissue fluid to blood  Ears= ot/o, aur/I, aur/o
 Defends against foreign organisms  External ear= acoust/o, acous/o
Contains: NOTE:
 Lymph vessel, fluid, nodes= lymph/o Nerve cells do not regenerate
 Tonsils= tonsil/o
 Spleen= spleen/o Endocrine System
 Thymus= thym/o  Regulates body functions by chemicals
(hormones)
Respiratory System  Ductless organs (through the blood
 Oxygen/ carbon dioxide exchange nagttransmit)
Contains:  Produces hormones that have a specific
 Nose/nares= nas/o, rhin/o effect on a target area
 Pharynx= pharyng/o Contains:
 Trachea= trache/o  Adrenals= adren/o
 Larynx= laryng/o  Gonads= gonad/o
 Lungs= pneum/o, pneumon/o  Pineal= pineal/o
 Pituitary= pituit/o
Digestive System  Thyroid= thyroid/o, thyr/o
 Processes foods NOTE:
 Absorption of nutrients into the body Hormones- secreted directly into blood stream
Contains: kaya tinatawag na ductless
 Mouth= or/o, stomat/o
 Esophagus= esophag/o
 Stomach= gastr/o Reproductive System
 Small intestine= enter/o  Produces germ cells (egg and sperm)
 Large intestine= col/o, colon/o  Environment for growth and fetus (female)
 Liver= hepat/o Contains:
 Pancreas= pancreat/o  Testes= orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, testicul/o
Process:  Ovaries= ovari/o, oophor/o
1. Ingestion of food  Uterus= hyster/o, metr/o, ,etr/I, metri/o,
2. Peristalsis uter/o
3. Mechanical and Chemical digestion
4. Absorption ANATOMICAL
5. Defecation TOPOGRAPHY AND PLANE SECTIONS
NOTE:
Ruminant- has 4 compartments in stomach
(Rumen, omasum, abomasum, rerticulum)

Urinary System
 Elimination of wastes
 Regulates pH and volume of blood
Contains:
 Kidneys= ren/o, nephr/o
 Ureters= ureter/o
 Urinary bladder= cyst/o
 Urethra= urethr/o
NOTE:
Kidneys- extracts/removes metabolic waste
from blood. Provides force on blood pressure
 @JDCP

 Transverse  Ribs
Other term: Axial/ horizontal/ cross sectional
 Separates cranial and caudal parts 2. Appendicular- composed of bones of both
 Perpendicular to long median plane fore limbs and hind limbs
 Divides the body from upper and lower Composed of:
part FORE LIMB HIND LIMB
Scapula Pelvis
 Dorsal Humerus Femur
Other term: coronal/ frontal Ulna Tibia
 Perpendicular to longitudinal, median, Radius Fibula
sagittal, transverse Carpals Patella
Metacarpals Tarsals
Phalanges Metatarsals
 Mid sagittal
Phalanges
Other term: longitudinal median
 divide equal along longitudinal axis
3. Splanchnic- Bones found inside the organ
 divides body into left and right equally
Examples:
a. Os penis (penis of dog)
b. Os cordis (heart of cattle)
 Sagittal
c. Os rostri (snout of pig)
 Parallel to long median plane
d. Os clitoridis (clitoris of wild cats)
 Divides body from left to right
unequally
Classification of bones according to shapes
 Cranial- Towards the head
 Caudal- Towards the tail
 Proximal- Point closest to the back
backbone
 Distal- Point away from back backbone
 Dorsal- Towards or beyond backbone of
vertebral column
 Ventral- Away from the vertebral column
or toward the mid- abdominal region
 Medial- Close to or toward median plane
 Lateral- Away from median plane
 Palmar/Volar- bottom of front foot  Long bones- Acts as a lever. Each long
 Plantar- bottom of rear foot bone has a shaft and two epiphysis. (Ex.
radius, femur, tibia, fibual, radius-ulna)
________________END OF DAY 1____________________  Short bones- Diffuses concussion such as
carpals (Ex. carpus, tarsus)
DAY 2  Flat bone- Protective and afford large area
for muscular attachment (Ex. pelvis,
Skeletal System
scapula, ribs, many bones of skull)
 Serves as the framework of the body.  Irregular bone - Has varied functions such
 It is comprised of the TOOOT (bones??) di ko as flat support and ligament attachment.
sure napaka choppy ni dooc which are hard (Ex. vertebra, some skull bones)
and rigid structures.
 Mainly made up of minerals , especially SKULL
calcium.
 Provides protection and support in different IMPORTANT PARTS OF SKULL
structures and organs that are found in the  Incisive
body  Nasal bone
Divisions of the Skeletal System  Maxilla
1. Axial- found in the midline attached to it.  Lacrimal
Comprised of:  Zygomatic
 Skull- which is made up of several  Frontal
paired bones which protects the brain,  Parital
provides structure of face  Temporal
 Vertebral Column- houses spinal cord.
Together with ribs and strernum,
forms thoracic cavity which houses
the vital organs ( heart, lungs)
 Sternum
 Hyoid
 @JDCP

Ox Skull
 Frontal bone roofs cranium
 Has facial tuber in maxilla
 Complete orbit
 For horned animals, they have cornual
process

Pig Skull
 Frontal bone forms roof of cranium
 Has unique bone called os rostri (sa ilong)

Sheep Skull
 Complete orbit
 Parietal bone forms roof of cranium

COMPARING SKULLS

Horse Skull
 Has facial crest in the maxilla
 Orbit is complete
 Parietal bone forms roof oc cranium
COMPARING MANDIBLE
Note: Diastema- Physiologic gap between
incisors and cheek teeth

Dog Mandible
 Deep masseteric fossa with angular
process
 Short diastemaand wide coronoid process
 @JDCP

Pig Mandible
 Has short coronoid process
 Has tusk that is continuously growing

Cattle Mandible
 Wide and long diastema
 Long and narrow coronoid process
 Concave head of condyloid process
 Cervical= neck vertebrae
 Thoracic = back vertebrae
 Lumbar= loin vertebrae
 Sacral= croup vertebrae
 Caudal= coccygeal= tail vertebrae

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE

Atlas (C1)
 First cervical vertebrae
 Spinous process is absent
 Occipital bone rests upon atlas
 The atlas is named after the Greek God
Horse Mandible Atlas, who held up the world on his
 Wide and long diastema shoulders
 Head of condyloid process is convex
CANINE
 Alar foramen is absent
 Instead there is alar
notch

CATTLE
 Transverse
VERTEBRAL COLUMN foramen is absent

1 6
5
PIG
a) Transverse foramen is
2 situated in posterior
border of wing

4
3
HORSE
 Three foramina
present:
1. Thoracic a) Transverse foramen
2. Caudal b) Alar foramen
3. C1- Atlas c) Intervertebral
4. Sacral foramen
5. Lumbar
6. Cervical
 @JDCP

Axis (C2/ Epistropheus/ Dentata)

 Second vertebral formula
 Dens (odontoid process) cranial projection,
which articulates with atlas in a pivot joint

CANINE
 Toothlike dens
NOTE: Notarium- It is a bone consisting of fused
vertebra of shoulder of birds

Lumbar (loin vertebrae)

 Flat or plate like transverse process
 Lack of costal facet
CATTLE
 Spout shaped dens

PIG
 Short dens
Sacrum (Croup vertebrae)
 High spine directed
 Fused to form wedge shaped bone
posteriorly

HORSE
 Spinous process if bifid

Thoracic (back vertebrae) Caudal (Coccygeal/ Tail vertebrae)

 Normally 13 in number
 Tall spinous process and short bodies
RIBS (Costae)

* T11 is the anticlinal in the image above

NOTE: Anticlinal- most vertically oriented spine

All spines cranial to this vertebra are inclined
caudally, all spines caudal to it inclined crainially
 Sternal/ True ribs- immobile ribs
 Asternal/ False ribs- mobile, also called as
respiratory rib
Floating ribs
 no connection with sternum
 Usually last rib
 Only found in dog and man
 @JDCP

NOTE: pag inadd mo sternal and asternal equal

dapat sya sa ribs

Dog  Manubrium
 Cylindrical Shaft  1st segment of sternum
 Body
 Middle portion
 Xiphoid process
 Last segment

HYOID BONE
U- Shaped bone in the neck which supports the
tongue

Pig Cat
 Narrow shaft
 Distinct angle

Horse
 Narrow shaft

Cattle

Cattle
 Wide
 Flat shaft
 Long neck

Horse
STERNUM

 Bone located in the middle of the chest

 Also sometimes referred to as the
breastbone

________________END OF DAY 2___________________

 @JDCP

DAY 3
Appendicular Skeleton Dog
 Spine bisects laterally
 Distinct acromion
Forelimb:  No coracoid
1. Shoulder  No glenoid notch
2. Upper arm  Narrow scapular
3. Forearm cartilage
4. Manus

Hindlimb: Goat
1. Hip  Triangular
2. Thigh  Unequal fossa
3. Leg
4. Pes

Thoracic Limb
 Has no bony connection to trunk
 Synsarcosis- Only attached by muscle
Pig
Pelvic limb  Rhopmboid Shape
 Connected by bony articulation or pelvic  No acromion
girdle  Prominent trapezius
tubercle overhanging
ANTERIOR LIMB infraspinous fossa
 Narrow scapular Cartilage

Horse
 Spine fades distally
 Unequal fossae (supra is
smaller than infra)
 No acromion
 Trapezius tubercle is
present

SCAPULA
 Has prominent spine
 Spine divides infraspinous and
supraspinous Cattle
 Glenoid cavity articulates humerus head  Distinctively triangular
 Unequal fossae (supraspinous fossa
smaller than infra) (infraspinous fossa
is broader than supra)
 No notch in glenoid cavity
 Broad scapular cartilage acromion
present at distal spine

HUMERUS
 Long bone
 Upper arm/ brachium

Cat
 Has suprahamate
process (caudal
projection only
found in cat)
 Triangular
 @JDCP

Dog
 Single Lateral Dog
tuberosity  Ulna not fused with radius
 Supratrochlear  Distinct interosseous space
foramen

Cat
 Distinct interosseous
Cat space
 Supracondylar foramen

Pig
 Ulna is massive
 Long interosseous space
 U is not fused in R
Cattle
 Massive lateral
tuberosity Cattle
overhangs  U is fused with R
bicipital groove  Proximal and distal
interosseous space

Horse
 Bicipital groove divided by a ridge
Horse
 Ulna fused almost two-
thirds way down the shaft
of redius
 Only proximal interosseous
space
 U is shorter than R

Pig
 Lateral tuberosity
almost converts CARPALS
bicipital groove into
foramen

RADIUS AND ULNA

Dog
 Fused radial and carpal bone
 7 carpal bones

Horse
 7 or 8 carpal bones
 1st carpal can be present or absent
 @JDCP

Cattle Comparison of Os coxae with each animal

 6 carpal bones
 All proximal row are present but walang 1
sa distal the 2 and 3 are fused present din
4

Pig
 8 carpal bones

CARPALS, METACARPALS, AND DIGITAL BONES

FEMUR

Cattle

CARPALS, METACARPALS, AND DIGITAL BONES

OF HORSE

Horse
 3rd trochanter is present
POSTERIOR LIMBS

Cat
 Shaft is
cylindrical and
curved

Dog

Parts of Os Coxae

Pig
 Shaft is distinctly
quadrilateral

Obturator foramen
 @JDCP

TIBIA AND FIBULA TARSALS

Dog Splanchnic
 Not fused e. Os penis (penis of dog)
f. Os cordis (heart of cattle)
g. Os rostri (snout of pig)
h. Os clitoridis (clitoris of wild cats)

Cat
 Not fused
 Tibial crest is long and distinct
________________END OF DAY 3___________________

Pig DAY 4
 Fibula reduced to the
head and proximal shaft Arthrology (Syndesmology)- A branch of
only anatomy which deals with the study of joints and
 Lateral maleolus fused related structures

Horse
 Fibula reduced to the head and
proximal shaft only
 Lateral maleolus fused
Articulation or joint
 Site where two bones or cartilages meet
 Bones are held together by any one or a
combination of fibrous, elastic or
cartilaginous joints
Joints are classified by number of bones
articulating with each other

Simple Joints
 Articulations with 2
articulating bone

Cattle
 Fibula is vestigial
 No interosseous Compound Joints
space  Articulations with more
 Lateral malleolus than 2 articulating bone
articulates
separately Arthrology Structural Classification
Classified by the uniting medium:
 Synarthoses ( Fibrous joint)
 Suture
 Symphysis
 Gomphosis
 Amphiartoses (Cartilaginous joint)

 Articulation united by the
Fibrocartilagenous joint or the Hyaline
cartilage joint or both
 Can be slightly movable or immovable
 Diarthoses (Synovial joint)
 Articulation united by a synovial joint
capsule
 Freely movable
 Hinge joint
 Gliding joint
 Pivot joint
 Ball and socket joint
SYNARTHROSES (Fibrous joint)
 Articulation united by fibrous tissue
allowing little or no movement
 Often temporary joints that later ossify
(synotosis)
 Capable of minimal to no movement
 Main function is to hold bones together
3 TYPES OF SYNARTHROSES
Suture
 Joint between skull bones
 Can be found in flat bones of cranium
 Particular fibrous joint between bones of
skull
 Often completely ossify in maturity
Syndesmosis
 Mandibular and pelvic symphysis
 Can be found in between two bones
Gomphosis
 Teetch articulation on alveoli of mandible
and maxilla
AMPHIARTROSES (Cartilaginous joint)
 Articulation united by fibrocartilage, hyaline
cartilage or both
 Also can be slightly movable or immovable
 Permits only limited motion
 Mainly for stretching or compression
2 TYPES OF AMPHIARTHROSES
@JDCP
Hyaline Cartilage Joint (Synchondroses)
 Characteristic of growing bone and are lost
as the animal matures
 Ex: union of diaphysis and epiphysis of an
immature bone. Its physis or rope plate is
an example of synchondroses
Fibrocartilaginous Joint (symphyses)
 Features of mature skeleton and
occasionally ossify with age
 United by flattened disc of fibrocartilages
as found between adjacent of pelvic bones
and between the bodies of adjacent
vertebrae and sternebrae
DIARTHROSES (Synovial joint)
 Articulation united by a synovial joint
capsule
 These are freely movable
 Motions: flexion, extension, hyperextension,
etc
MOVEMENT OF SYNOVIAL JOINT
Saddle Joint
 Biaxial joint with articular surface of the
two bones concave in one direction and
convex in another
 Allows same movement as an ellipsoid
joint
 Permits all type of movement except
rotation
 Ex: Carpo metacarpal joint of human thumb,
interphalangeal joint of dog
Ball and Socket or Spheroid Joint
 It permits any movement in any direction
 A spherical head in one bone fixed into a
plopped shaped depression in the other
 Ex: Coxofemoral joint
Plane Joint
 Slight gliding movement between relatively
flat opposed surface. These surface are
called FACETS.
 Ex: Carpal, small tarsal bones, cranial and
caudal articulation between vertebrae
Trochoid (Pivot) Joint
 One in which rotary movement occurs
around one axis
 Ex: atlantoaxial joint
 @JDCP

Condylar Joint
 Convex articular condyle that articulates
with somewhat concave articular surface
 They resemble with ginglymus joint but
permit more movement
 Ex: Temporal mandibular and fomoro tibial
or stifle joint
 Flexion, extension, little roatation are
permitted
Ginglymus (Hinge) Joint
 Move only in sagittal plane
 Movement are flexion, extension, and in
some hyperextension
 Ex: Elbow joint

Ellipsoidal (Ginglymus) Joint

 Has articular surface that is expanded
more in one direction than the other
forming an ellipse
 Ex: Joint between the distal end of radius
and proximal row of carpal bones in
domestic animals