The Birth of the Egyptian Alphabet

-The Etymology of Plato's Word “Theuth”-

Joannes Richter

Fig. 1: Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY) – Theuth

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Transcription of the
Ugaritic alphabet ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2

Hebrew alphabet ‫גב א‬ ‫מ ל כ י טח ז ו הד‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרקצ פעס‬ ‫ת‬

Theuth / Thot-Hermes (ẓ
(Djehuty, ṢḪWTY)
ʾa b g Ḥ d h Wz ḥ ṭ Yk š l m ḏ n
)
s ʿ p Ṣ q r ṯ ġ T ʾi ʾu s2

Table 1 Theuth (Djehuty, ḎḤWTY , ṢḪWTY)) in the Ugaritic alphabet

Abstract
When the army of the Egyptian founder Ahmose I (Amosis, meaning "Iah (the Moon) is
born"[24]) of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's
city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new
dynasty. The local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important. As
Zeus Ammon and Jupiter Ammon, Amun came to be identified with Zeus in Greece and
Jupiter in Rome.
In the dialogue Phaedrus the author Plato describes (~370 BC) the gift of writing from the Egyptian
inventor Theuth (original: “Djehuty”) to the divine king Thamus (Amun), who was to disperse
Theuth's gifts to the people of Egypt.
Shortly before the reign of the pharaoh Thutmose (“Thot is born” or "Born of the god Thoth")
around 1500 BCE a revolutionary Egyptian alphabet may have been founded on the 5 Places of
articulation (tongue, lips, palate, glottis, teeth).
This inventive alphabet may have been structured as the Ugaritic alphabet (30 letters, dated ~1400
BCE), in which the inventor's name Djehuty (ḎḤWTJ) may be displayed as a pentagrammaton
“ṢḪWTY” at the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional array of the alphabetical letters.
This essay investigates the correlation between the Egyptian name Djehuty (ḎḤWTJ) and the
Ugaritic theonym ṢḪWTY of the 2-dimensional table of the Ugaritic alphabet.
A Pentagrammaton for the word Theuth
An analysis of the composition of the 5 different categories for the 5 letters in the name Theut may
be documented in this chapter.

Analysis of the hieroglyphic name Theuth or Thoth

In Greek language the name Theuth or Thoth is documented as the following Egyptian hieroglyph,
which in their origin is transliterated as ḎḤWTY (Djehuti):

Fig. 2: Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY) – Theuth

The symbols of the pentagrammaton are defined (from the left to the right) as follows:

Hieroglyphic Letter Category Symbol Pronunciation1

symbol
Ugaritic Hebrew Latin
1 Snake dental Cobra J or Dj
Ṣ ‫ צ‬Dj
2 Knotted cord guttural Twisted flax wick Emphatic H
Ḫ --- eH
3 Chick labial Quail chick U or W
W or U ‫ו‬ U
4 Semicircle lingual Broad loaf T
T ‫ ת‬T
5 Parallele palatal Two strokes I or Y
Y or I ‫י‬ Y
6 Flag Ideogram Staff wrapped with Flag as a determination
“nṯr” “god” a strip of cloth for the names of gods

Table 2 Interpretation of the hieroglyph symbols in the word Djehuti (ḎḪWTJ) – Theuth
The analysis of the Egyptian word Djehuti (ḎḪWTJ) – Theuth suggests that the Ugaritic alphabet
may be derived from an Egyptian alphabet, in which the phonetic units already had been
categorized in 5 classes: dental, guttural, labial, lingual and palatal.
The words may be 5 symbols which represent these 5 categories, which may refer to the inventor
Theut, but may also may refer to the set of the points of articulations.
The Flag represents a determination for the names of gods and is not included in the
pentagrammaton.

1 Discovering Egyptian Hieroglyphs – A practical Guide; Karl-Theodor Zauzich, translated by Ann Macy Roth (1992)
The Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet
The 5 letters (Djehuti, spelled ḎḤWTY) may be identified as parallels (Y), chick(W), knotted cord
(Ḥ), semicircle (T), and snake (Ḏ) in the Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet of Isaac Taylor (1883).
The letter Ḥ is found in the Ugaritic alphabet, but is missing in the Hebrew alphabet. In the Hebrew
etymology the Ugaritic letter Ḥ may be replaced by the E.

Fig. 3: Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet with the 5 letters

for Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (ṢḪWTY) – Theuth
The hieroglyphic Egyptian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew Alphabet
The following table lists the hieroglyphic Egyptian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew Alphabet.
The 5 letters (Djehuti, spelled ḎḤWTY) may be identified as parallels (Y), chick(W), knotted cord
(Ḥ), semicircle (T), and snake (Ḏ) in the Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet of Isaac Taylor (1883).
The letter Ḥ is found in the Ugaritic alphabet, but is missing in the Hebrew alphabet. The
categorization of the Hebrew alphabetic letters is defined in the Sefer Yetzirah.

Fig. 4 The hieroglyphic Egyptian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew Alphabet

Source: Table from The Story of the Alphabet , Edward Clodd ,1900) - [Pg 143]
( based on data from: www.gutenberg.org )
Plato's description (~370 BC) of the gift of writing
The Greek theonym Z(i)ÉUS and the Latin theonym DIÉUS-PITER may have been inherited from
the Egyptian god Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY), who according to Plato's Phaedrus 274e–275b
was known as the inventor for the alphabet.
Socrates tells a brief legend, critically commenting on the gift of writing from the Egyptian inventor
Theuth (ḎjḤUT) to divine king Thamus (ThAMYS), who was to disperse Theuth's gifts to the people
of Egypt:
There is an old Egyptian tale of Theuth, the inventor of writing, showing his invention
to the god Thamus, who told him that he would only spoil men’s memories and take
away their understandings2.

The name Thutmose I in hieroglyphs

The name of the god Thoth is an ancient Greek transcription of the original name Djehuty (ḎjḤΩT
or ḎjḤΩTY) and is a compromise between the Greek transcription Thutmosis and the modern
Djehutimes (ḎjḤΩTY-mes).
Thutmose (also rendered Thutmoses, Thutmosis, Tuthmose, Tutmosis, Thothmes,
Tuthmosis, Thutmes, Dhutmose, Djhutmose, Djehutymes, etc.) is an anglicization of the
ancient Egyptian personal name dhwty-ms, usually translated as "Born of the god
Thoth".3

The name was common among royals of the Eighteenth Dynasty, which is thus sometimes called
the "Thutmosid" Dynasty from the reign of Thutmose I onward:
• Thutmose I (16th-century–c. 1490 BC), third pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty
• Thutmose II (fl. 1493–1479 BC), fourth pharaoh
• Thutmose III (fl. 1479–1425 BC), "the Conqueror" or "the Great", sixth pharaoh
• Thutmose IV (died 14th-century BC), eighth pharaoh
• Crown Prince Thutmose, the elder brother of Pharaoh Akhenaten
Other names “Thutmose (given name)” may be found in the neighborhood of Amarna:
"The King's Favourite and Master of Works, the Sculptor Thutmose" (also spelled
Djhutmose and Thutmosis) is thought to have been the official court sculptor of the
Egyptian Pharaoh Akhenaten in the latter part of his reign. A German archaeological
expedition digging in Akhenaten's deserted city of Akhetaton, at Amarna, found a ruined
house and studio complex (labeled P47.1-3) during its 1912 excavations.4

• Thutmose (Prince) (9 D)
• Thutmose (sculptor) (4 K, 11 D)
• Thutmosis II (4 K, 16 D)
• Thutmosis III (17 K, 53 D)
• Thutmosis IV (13 K, 37 D)
• Tomb of Thutmose5

2 Phaedrus, trans. by Benjamin Jowett (1892)

3 Thutmose
4 Commons: Thutmosis
5 The Tomb of Thutmose is a small, decorated rock-cut tomb in Saqqara in Egypt that dates to the time shortly after
the Amarna Period (about 1350–1330 BC).[1] The tomb is of special importance as one of the tomb owners was the
sculptor Thutmose, often presumed to be the person who made the famous Nefertiti Bust.
Hermopolis at the center of the Old Kingdom of Egypt
As a provincial capital since the Old Kingdom of Egypt Hermopolis is located at the border between
the boundary between Lower and Upper Egypt.
Khemenu (Ḫmnw), the Egyptian language name of the city,[5] means "Eight-Town", after the
Ogdoad, a group of eight "primordial" deities whose cult was situated there.
In Koine Greek, the city was called "The City of Hermes" since the Greeks identified Hermes with
Thoth, because the city was the main cult centre of Thoth, the Pharaonic god of magic, healing, and
wisdom and the patron of scribes.
In the neighborhood of Hermopolis some “royal” names are based on the root Djehuti ("Thoth”):
• Djehutihotep ("Thoth is satisfied") was an ancient Egyptian nomarch of the fifteenth nomos
of Upper Egypt ("the Hare") during the twelfth dynasty, c. 1900 BC.
• Djehutynakht (translated as: ḏḥwty-nḫt, “Thoth is victorious”) was a nomarch during the
Middle Kingdom era of Egypt, an ancient Egyptian "Overlord of the Hare nome" (the 15th
nome of Upper Egypt) during the very end of the 11th Dynasty or the early 12th Dynasty
(21st-20th century BCE).
These names are based on the “Thot”-pentagrammaton ḏḥwty “ ḎjḤΩTY” (Djehuty).
The origin of the name Thot

The role of Ahmose and Thutmose

After defeating the Hyksos, Ahmose („IAH6 is born“) began campaigning in Syria and
Nubia. A campaign during his 22nd year reached Djahy in the Levant and perhaps as far as
the Euphrates, although the later Pharaoh Thutmose I is usually credited with being the first
to campaign that far.
Other forms of the name ḏḥwty using older transcriptions include Jehuti, Jehuty, Tahuti, Tehuti,
Zehuti, Techu, or Tetu.
Multiple titles for Thoth, similar to the pharaonic titulary, are also known, including A, Sheps, Lord
of Khemennu, Asten, Khenti, Mehi, Hab, and A'an.[12]

The Egyptian expansion and prosperity

The name Thot is concentrated in the Eighteenth Dynasty or the "Thutmosid" Dynasty, in which the
Egyptian expansion and prosperity of the population reached their summit.

Fig. 5: Djehuty, ḎḤWTY (or ṢḪUTY) – Theuth

Gardiner
Trans-
's Description Phonetic Notes
literation
Unicode
I10 to speak
1
U+13193 cobra Ḏj Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Nun and its descendants
Uniliteral ḥ; eternity, or a long time period, (also variations of time
V28 a twisted wick periods, with tweaks of the seated man holding renpet-constructs)
2
U+1339B
Ḥ
God Huh?. Possibly ancestral to Proto-Sinaitic Heth and its
descendants
W 1. Unil. w, or u
G43
3 quail chick U w, Id. w 2. Either "quail chick" or equivalent coil (hieroglyph),
U+13171
Gardiner Z7, , used also for the plural at word endings
4 X1 T
a U+133CF
loaf of bread Uniliteral for "t" ; t feminine
4 Z4 for j (y) (only if ending sounds like a dual ending). Can be used as a
b U+133ED
Dual stroke J (Y) plural
replacement for signs perceived to be dangerous to actually write.
R8
5
U+132B9
Cloth on pole nṯr logogram of god; Phonogram nṯr
Table 3 The letters of Djehuti (ḎḤWTY or ṢḪUTY) in the List of Egyptian hieroglyphs

The terminal section (the “Cloth on pole”: nṯr) defines the word as a god. There was also an Egyptian
pharaoh of the Sixteenth dynasty named DjeHUTY (ḎḤWTY, respectively ΘΩΤ) after him, and
who reigned for three years7.
6 Iah is a Egyptian god (Coptic ⲟⲟϩ), a lunar deity in ancient Egyptian religion. The word jꜥḥ simply means "Moon".
It is also transcribed as Yah, Jah, Aa, or Aah.[2][3] (Source: Iah)
7 Source: Sekhemre-sementawi Djehuti (1648–1645 BCE) - DjeHUTY is thought to be listed in the first entry of the
The "Thrice great" character of Thoth-Hermes
The threefold character of Egyptian Thoth-Hermes is distributed in the Greek, Roman and
Germanic peoples:
Day of the week Planet Germanic Name Virtues Egypt: 3-fold Thoth
Tuesday Thing's day Mars Tiwes TIW(ES) Justice God of the Moon,
(Ares) Wisdom, Knowledge,
Judgment,
Wednesday MARKeT- Mercury Witan, WIT(ES) Wisdom Writing, Hieroglyphs,
day (Hermes) (W)Odin including Writing Science,
Thursday Thor's day Jupiter Thour ΘYR king of Magic, Art.
(Thunderday) (Zeus) (sky-god) the gods
Table 4 The threefold character of Thoth-Hermes

The third Germanic theonym Thoor

The inventor Theuth was the god of the Moon, wisdom, knowledge, writing, hieroglyphs, science,
magic, art and judgment8.
The Egyptian pronunciation of ḏḥwty is not fully known, but may be reconstructed as *ḏiḥautī
(*ḎiḤaUTĪ), perhaps pronounced *[ttʃʼi.ˈħau.tʰiː] or *[ci.ˈħau.tʰiː]. This reconstruction is based
on the Ancient Greek borrowing Thōth ([tʰɔːtʰ]) or Theut and the fact that the name was
transliterated into Sahidic Coptic variously as ⲑⲟⲟⲩⲧ Thoout, ⲑⲱⲑ Thōth, ⲑⲟⲟⲧ Thoot, ⲑⲁⲩⲧ
Thaut, Taautos (Τααυτος), Thoor (ΘΩΡ), as well as Bohairic Coptic ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout. These
spellings reflect known sound changes from earlier Egyptian such as the loss of ḏ palatalization
and merger of ḥ with h i.e. initial ḏḥ > th > tʰ.[8] The loss of pre-Coptic final y/j is also
common.[9] Following Egyptological convention, which eschews vowel reconstruction, the
consonant skeleton ḏḥwty would be rendered "ḎḤUTY" and the god is sometimes found under
this name. However, the Greek form "Thoth" (ΘΩΘ) is more common.

In Germanic days of the week the day:

1. “Tuesday is honored by the virtue judment (TIW),
2. “Wednesday” honored by the virtue wisdom (WIT)
3. “Thursday” (Thor's day), 'ÞUNOR's day', may also be honored by the theonym and virtue writing:
Thoor (ΘΩΡ).
Thoth (from Koinē Greek: Θώθ Thṓth, borrowed from Coptic: Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout, Egyptian: Ḏḥwtj, the
reflex of ḏḥwtj "[he] is like the ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity. In art, he was often depicted as a
man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him. His feminine counterpart was
Seshat, and his wife was Ma'at.[2] He was the god of the Moon, wisdom, knowledge, writing,
hieroglyphs, science, magic, art and judgment.

11th column of the Turin canon, credited with a reign of 3 years.

8 Source: Thoth
The relation to Hermes as an inventor of writing
In addition, Thoth was also known by specific aspects of himself, for instance the Moon god Iah-
Djehuty (j3ḥ-ḏḥw.ty),[13] representing the Moon for the entire month.[14][15]
The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions.[16] One
of Thoth's titles, "Thrice great", was translated to the Greek τρισμέγιστος (trismégistos), making
Hermes Trismegistus.[17][18]
In the Germanic pantheon however the Futhark signaries were invented by Woden.
Thoth became credited by the ancient Egyptians as the inventor of writing (hieroglyphs),[32] and
was also considered to have been the scribe of the underworld. For this reason, Thoth was
universally worshipped by ancient Egyptian scribes. Many scribes had a painting or a picture of
Thoth in their "office". Likewise, one of the symbols for scribes was that of the ibis.
In art, Thoth was usually depicted with the head of an ibis, possibly because the Egyptians saw the
curve of the ibis' beak as a symbol of the crescent moon.[33] Sometimes, he was depicted as a
baboon holding up a crescent moon.

The market (Dutch: MARKT)

Thoth had been interpreted as their god Hermes. In Roman mythology and religion many of
Hermes' characteristics belong to Mercury,[11] a name derived from the Latin merx, meaning
"merchandise," and the origin of the words “market” "merchant" and "commerce."[3]: 178
The creators of the writing were Germanic (W)Odin and Mercury (Hermes), who were honored at
Wednesday (French: Mercredi).

The threefold deity

Plato mentions Thoth (as Theuth) in his dialogue Phaedrus. He uses the myth of Thoth to
demonstrate that writing leads to laziness and forgetfulness. In the story, Thoth remarks to King
Thamus of Egypt that writing is a wonderful substitute for memory. Thamus remarks that it is a
remedy for reminding, not remembering, with the appearance but not the reality of wisdom. Future
generations will hear much without being properly taught and will appear wise but not be so.[38]
Artapanus of Alexandria, an Egyptian Jew who lived in the third or second century BC,
euhemerized Thoth-Hermes as a historical human being and claimed he was the same person as
Moses, based primarily on their shared roles as authors of texts and creators of laws. Artapanus's
biography of Moses conflates traditions about Moses and Thoth and invents many details.[39]
Many later authors, from late antiquity to the Renaissance, either identified Hermes Trismegistus
with Moses or regarded them as contemporaries who expounded similar beliefs.[40] 9

9 Source: Thoth
The derivatives of the Ugaritic alphabet

Djehuti (Thoth) as a master for various pentagrammatons

Most of the derived European alphabets (Greek, Latin, French, Germanic, etc....) adapted
their theonym (and their virtues) at the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
The names ZIEUS, Metis (METIS) and Themis (ΘEMIS) and the Germanic triads TEIWS,
WITÆS, WIT or WITES (for wisdom) and TIWÆS, TIW or TIWES (for justice) often share
the same letters for the points of articulation.
The theonym for the Ugaritic alphabet may be *ŠḪWTY (or: *ḎiḤaUTĪ).
The T may be replaced by a Theta Θ, which would allow to display the theonyms *ŠḪWΘY (or:
*ḎIḤAUΘĪ) on the second row.
Some letters such as the Θ were inherited to the Greek, but not to Latin and Provencal. For the
theonyms these words may still be valid for the composition of the theonyms.
The following mapping table symbolizes the transit of the letters G and Z from the Latin 1 → Latin
2 alphabets, which had been planned by freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga.
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30
ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
*ḎiḤaUTY W Y Š
*ŠjḪWTY Ḫ (Θ) T
U I Ḏ
Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫גב א‬ ‫כ י ט ח ז ו הד‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שר ק צ פ ע ס‬ ‫ת‬
YHV ‫ו ה‬ ‫י‬
Alphabēton
ἀλφάβητον
23 A B Γ ΔΕ F Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π S K Ρ Σ Τ Y

ΘIEUΞ E U Θ I Ξ
Old-Greek 21
A B Γ ΔΕ Υ Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν (s) Ο Π (s) q Ρ Σ Τ
Classic Greek 21
A B Γ ΔΕ Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν (s) Ο Π (s) Ρ Σ Τ Y X Ω

Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21-26

(c) Ϝ I V,U,W,
Latin 1 26 A BG DE Z H (Þ) K L M N (s) O P (s) Q R S T X,Y
V J
ÞIEUS E U (Þ) I S
Ϝ G I V,U,W,
Latin 2 26 A BC DE H (Þ) K L M N O P Q R S T X,Y, Z
V (Z) J
GUÞES E U G (Þ) S
V,U,W,
French 26 A BC DE F GH IJ K L M N O P Q R S T X,Y, Z
ÞIEU E U (Þ) I
Table 5 Ugaritic abecedaria (1) of the "Northern Semitic order" (27-30 letters)
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)
The Ugaritic (27-30 letters) and Hebrew alphabet (22 letters)
The theonym for the Ugaritic alphabet may be *ŠḪWTY (or: *ḎiḤaUTĪ).
The T may be replaced by a Theta Θ, which would allow to display the theonyms *ŠḪWΘY (or:
*ḎIḤAUΘĪ) on the second row.
The Ugaritic and Hebrew alphabets may be transformed into 2-dimensional tables as follows:
Ugaritic Alphabet (27 letters) Hebrew Alphabet (22 letters)
# dental guttural labial lingual palata Σ # lingual palatal guttural labial dental Σ
l
7 t→ 1 7 -
T27
6 r→ ṯ→ 2 6 -
R24 Θ 25
5 ṣ→ ʿ→ n→ ġ→ 4 5 Taw Shin 2
Ṣ22 O20 N17 Gh26 T22 S21
4 s→ ḥ→ p→ ḏ→ q→ 5 4 Nun Qoph Ayin Pe Resh 5
S19 H9 P,Φ21 Z16 Q23 N14 K19 Gh16 Ph17 R20
3 ẓ→ h(e) → m → l→ k→ 5 3 Lamedh Kaph Heth Mem Tsade 5
Ẓ18 E6 M15 L14 K12 L12 Ch11 H8 M13 Ts18

2 Ḏj → ḫ→ w→ ṭ→ y→ 5 2 Teth Yodh He Waw Samekh 5

Ś13 h4 W7 Th10 (Θ,Þ) Y11 Th9 I10 Ε5 V6 S15

1 z→ ʾa → b→ d→ g→ 5 1 Dalet Gimel Aleph Bet Zayin 5

Z8 A1 B2 D5 G3 D4 G3 Æ1 B2 Z7
# 6 5 4 7 5 27 Σ 5 4 4 4 5 22

Table 6 Theonyms (in Ugaritic) *ŠḪWThY (or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ) and in Hebrew IHV, resp. ΘYHVS.
are displayed at the 2nd row of the Ugaritic alphabet (resp. Hebrew and Latin transliteration)

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30
ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
Theonyms
*ḎiḤaUṬY W ṬY Š
*ŠjḪWṬY Ḫ (T)
U Θ I Ḏ
Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫גב א‬ ‫כ י טחז ו הד‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ עס‬ ‫ת‬
‫ו ה‬ ‫י ט‬ ‫ס‬
ΘYHVS
H V Θ Y S

Table 7 The 2nd row displays the theonyms in the Ugaritic respectively Hebrew alphabets
The 2-dimensional Hebrew alphabet
The original 2-dimensional Hebrew alphabet may be listed as follows with the Hebrew symbols:

row lingual palatal guttural labial dental

5 Taw ‫ת‬ Shin ‫ש‬
4 Nun ‫נ‬ Qoph ‫ק‬ Ayin ‫ע‬ Pe ‫פ‬ Resh ‫ר‬
3 Lamedh ‫ל‬ Kaph ‫כ‬ Heth ‫ח‬ Mem ‫מ‬ Tsade ‫צ‬
2 Teth ‫ט‬ Yodh ‫י‬ He ‫ה‬ Waw ‫ו‬ Samekh ‫ס‬
1 Dalet ‫ד‬ Gimel ‫ג‬ Aleph ‫א‬ Bet ‫ב‬ Zayin ‫ז‬

Table 8 The display of the theonyms I10-Ε5-V6 and T9-I10-Ε5-V6-S15 in the Hebrew alphabet
Notes to the Sefer Yetzirah
As far as my memory reaches I remembered to have interpreted the EΓΩ-pronoun as a core of a
name for the PIE-sky-god DYAUS. In the Provencal language the personal pronoun of the first
person singular is IÉU, which may be located inside the sky-god's word DIÉUS.
The Provencal language may have inherited this concept from a common idea, which is found in
Saadia Gaon's detailed comments on the Sefer Yetzirah, which describes the 5 categories in the
alphabetic structures.
Four versions (“Saadia”, “short”, “long”, “Gra”) of the Sepher Yetzirah are translated in English in
Sefer Yetzirah: The Book of Creation in Theory and Practice by the author: Aryeh Kaplan, whose
detailed interpretations explain various linguistic mechanisms10.

The estimated date for the versions of the Sefer Yetzirah11

The earliest version (Saadia) of the Sefer Yetzirah represents the best-fit alphabetical order.
1. A commentary on the Sefer Yetzirah was produced by Saadia Gaon in the 10th century, and
in the process of reordering the text, he created a version that is now known as the Saadia
Version.
2. The existence of both of the long and short versions was noted by Abraham Abulafia in the
13th century.
3. In the 16th century, the great Kabbalist Rabbi Isaac Luria, the Ari (“the Lion”), redacted the
text to bring it in agreement with the Zohar.
4. In the 18th century Rabbi Eliahu the Vilna of Gaon, the Gra12, made further modifications to
the text to produce what is now known as the Gra Version.

A B G D Z words dated Mentioned

Version Guttural Labial Palatal Lingual Dental century
Saadia A,H,Ch,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Tz,R,Sh 10th c. Saadia Gaon
Short A,Ch,H,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Sh,R,Tz 1300 13th c. Abraham
Long A,Ch,H,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Tz,R,Sh ~2500 13 c. th Abulafia

Gra A,Ch,H,O B,V,M,P G,Y,K,Q D,T,L,N,Th Z,S,Sh,R,Tz 18th c. Rabbi Isaac

Luria
Table 9 The four (Saadia, short, long, Gra) categories of the Sepher Yetzirah
Source: An introduction to the sefer yetzirah by Christopher P. Benton

10 Source: Notes to the Sefer Yetzirah

11 Source: An introduction to the sefer yetzirah by Christopher P. Benton
12 GRA = "Gaon Rabbenu Eliyahu": "Our great teacher Elijah"
The theonym and pantheon for the inventor's name Thoth
Most of the derived European alphabets (Greek, Latin, French, Germanic, etc....) adapted their
theonym (and their virtues) at the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
In Egyptian mythology Thoth & Ma'at represent both wisdom and justice.
Triad 1 2 3 1 2 (virtue) 3 (virtue)
Egypt Thoth & Ma'at *ŠḪWThY (or: ˈMUƦʕAT
*ḎiḤaUThĪ
Sanskrit Dyaus & Prithvi DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ & PṚiTHVĪ MĀTĀ
Greek Zeus Metis Themis DI-WE (S) ΜΗΗΤΙΣ ΘEMIΣ
primary trinity *Dii ēus (wisdom) justice DIEUS (wisdom) (justice)
Etruscan Tinua Uni Cel (T)InUAs UNIas CEL
primary trinity Tinia Uni Menrva TINIA UNIas MEN(i)RVA
Concept trinity 1 Janus Junos JANUS JUNO(S)
Concept trinity 2 Dīs DIVES PATER
Concept trinity 3 Fides FIDĒS
Archaic Triad Jupiter Mars Quirinus *DJOUS PITĒR MAR(i)T QUIRINUS
Capitoline Triad Jupiter Juno Minerva *DJOUS PITĒR JUNO(s) MINERVA
Plebeian or Ceres Liber Libera CERES LIBER PATER LIBERA
Aventine Triad
Indo-Iranian Mithra MIThRA(S)
Germanic trinity Tuisco WIT TIW TUIsco or WITaz TIWaz
Twisco Witaz Tiwaz TWIsco (wisdom) (justice)

Table 10 Triads in the Egyptian, Sanskrit, Greek, Etruscan and Roman pantheon
From: The Primary Pantheons of the Greek, Etruscan, Roman and Germanic Deities

The letters for the name Theuth or Djehuti (*ŠḪWThY (or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ) are shared with the letters
for Sanskrit sky-god: DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ, respectively Jupiter: *DJOUS PITĒR.
The name PṚiTHVĪ Mātā ('Mother Earth') is complementary to Dyaus Pita ('Father Sky').

Switching Dj↔Th (Th↔Dj) in Theut (Djehuty, *ŠḪWThY or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ)

If in analogy to the Sanskrit theonym DYÁUṢ and Ugaritic *ḎiḤaUThĪ language the initial dental
Dj trailing and lingual Th letters are oppositely categorized as in Theut ↔ Teuth (Djehuty,
*ŠḪWThY (or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ) the Germanic theonyms DIEUS, DIVES, *DJOUS PITĒR are
composed with lingual Th- or D-leading and dental S- or R-trailing letters.
The Sanskrit alphabet
The Sanskrit alphabet was sorted according to the points of articulation (lingual, palatal, guttural,
labial, dental), but the 14 vowels (A, Ā, I, Ī, U, Ū, Ṛ, Ṝ, Ḷ, Ḹ, E, AI, O, AU) was more abundant
than the Latin A-E-I-O-U set, and are distributed over all 5 categories (and points of articulation).13
The 14 vowels are identified in the second column.
In the Sanskrit alphabet the categorization of the cerebral and dental letters is defined as follows:
• the cerebrals (today: Retroflex) are (Ṭ, Ḍ, Ṇ,...)
• and the dentals (T, D, N, ….).

Fig. 6 The Sanskrit alphabet

(Source: Practical grammar of the Sanskrit language (1864.), by Monier Williams, M.A.)

Dyaus (or Dyauspitar (Devanagari द ष त, DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ), is the Ṛigvedic sky deity. His consort
is Prithvi, the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the Rigveda.[1]
Obviously the Sanskrit DYÁUṢ PIT(A)ṚṚ stems from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dyāā wš, from the Proto-
Indo-European (PIE) daylight-sky god *Dyēus (DYĒUS), and is cognate with the Greek Διας -
Zeus Patēr, Illyrian Dei-pátrous, or Latin Jupiter (from an earlier *DJOUS PITĒR), stemming from
the PIE Dyḗus ph₂tḗr ("Daylight-sky Father").[2] 14
The name PṚiTHVĪ Mātā ('Mother Earth') is complementary to Dyaus Pita ('Father Sky').[1] In the
Rigveda, the earth and the sky are primarily addressed dually as Dyavapṛthivi.[2] She is associated
with the cow; Prithu, an incarnation of Vishnu, milked her in the form of a cow.
In Sanskrit both the linguals and dentals in the 5 Places of articulation (tongue, lips, palate, glottis,
teeth) are redefined to (tongue, lips, palate, glottis, teeth).

13 The Architecture and History of the Eurasian Alphabets

14 Source: Dyaus
The links between Z(i)EUṢ, Djehuty (ḎiḤWTY) and DYÁUṢ
Especially I found some difficult structures in Sanskrit, in which the archaic words “Dyaus Pita
(Sanskrit द षष पपतत dyauṣ pitā)” clearly represents two pentagrammatons: Dyaus and Pita(r).
In contrast to European alphabets Sanskrit contains vowels in all categories. In Sanskrit several
categories D-/Ḏ-/Ḍ- and T-/Ṯ-/Ṭ-consonants also represented a mixture of lingual and dental
categories, which could not been understood.
The study of the Egyptian word “Theut” helped to identify the etymology for Djehuty (ḎḤWTY,
ṢḪWTY) as a pentagrammaton. This identification also delivers evidence for the existence of the 5
categories in the ancient Egyptian language. Even the name of the pharaohs Thutmose carries the
evidence of the “Theut”-label. A third deviation may be Z(ii )ĒUṢ, in which the Z might be a dental
category and the Ṣ the antipodal lingual letter. Zeus is the Greek continuation of *Dii ēus.
It may be possible to proof how the Indian language introduced the pentagrammatons “Dyaus Pitar”
and inherited from or to other languages. The usage of the D-/Ḏ-/Ḍ- and T-/Ṯ-/Ṭ-consonants may
help to discover the source, where the points of articulation had been introduced for the definitions
of the 5 categories and the compositions of the alphabets.
The Sanskrit DYÁUṢ and Greek Z(ii )ĒUṢ words may directly be derived from Djehuty
(ḎiḤWTY). All of these 3 words may be equally archaic compositions, in which the first letter are
dental. Even a more modern theonym such as DIOUṢ (Jupiter) may also be archaic.

Language Sky-god Pentagrammatons

Egypt Thoth *ŠḪWThY (or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ)
Sanskrit Dyaus Pita DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ
Greek Zeus ΖΕΎΣ (Zeús) is derived from *Dii ēus or Z(ii )ĒUṢ
Latin (1) (D)IU(S)-Piter DYÁUṢ- or ḎIOUS-PITEṚṚ
15
Latin (2) GUÞ GUÞES
Provencal DIÉU DIÉU

Table 11 Triads in the Egyptian, Greek and Sanskrit pantheon

From: The Primary Pantheons of the Greek, Etruscan, Roman and Germanic Deities

Any modification in the categorization or reordering of the alphabets may disturb the keywords in
the alphabets.
One of these reordering is the transit of the letters G and Z from the Latin 1 → Latin 2
alphabets, which had been planned and executed by freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga.
The transit of the letters G and Z from the Latin 1 → Latin 2 may have caused the transformation of
the theonym ÞIEUS (Latin 1) to the theonym GUÞES (Latin 2):
Ugaritic ṬYḪWŠ Ḫ W Ṭ Y Š
Greek ΘIEUS E U Θ I S
Latin 1 ÞIEUS E U Þ I S
Latin 2 GUÞES E U G Þ S
Table 12 Ugaritic abecedara (1) and the Greek & Latin derivatives
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)

15 God - “Invoked One” (PIE/ǵʰutós ; Prot.-Germ.; GUÐ “the God”; Etymology is uncertain.
The patterns of categories in the pentagrammatons Z(ii )ĒUṢ, DYÁUṢ and ḎiḤWT(y) correlate
intensively, which suggests a direct contact between Egyptian and Sanskrit etymological bases16.

Fig. 7 The Sanskrit alphabet

(Source: Practical grammar of the Sanskrit language (1864.), by Monier Williams, M.A.)

I remembered the deviations in the classification of the Sanskrit alphabet, which categorized the set
(T, D, N, ….) as the dentals and the set (Ṭ, Ḍ, Ṇ,...) as cerebrals (today: Retroflex).
Obviously there may have been two transformation Ḏ → D and Ṣ → S from the archaic Z(i)EUṢ,
Djehuty (ḎiḤWTY) and DYÁUṢ to the (relatively) modern theonyms, such as for instance DIOUS,
DIEUS ....

16 Source: Keywords in the Alphabets

The evolutionary stages of the 5-letter theonyms
Back to the Egyptian composition of the Theut-words I thought to have passed several stages,
which represent the key-words or theonyms in religious philosophies.
The most archaic definition may be the letters, which each one of the 5 categories. In
communication technology each category might 3 or 4 symbolic phonemic element, such as
follows:
Level Sound Guttural Labial palatal Lingual Dental
3 Hard O P K T S
2 Medium E F, V, U I Θ R
1 Soft A B C D Z
Table 13 Imaginary Alphabet with 3 or 4 symbolic phonemic elements

• The first theonym (or Theut-word) may have been designed as a 5-letter word, in which
each category is represented, such as E-U-I-Θ-R.
• The second theonym is the name “Theut” of the inventor of the alphabet, which is composed
in a easily reordered form ΘEUIR of the letters E-U-I-Θ-R.
• The third theonym (such as the pentagrammaton *ŠḪWThY or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ) may be
composed to represent the sky-god.
1. The expansion of the alphabets in Sanskrit “DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ”,
2. in Greek “Z(ii )ĒUṢ”,
3. in Latin “DYÁUṢ”- or “ḎIOUS-”, which deteriorated to IU-PITEṚṚ,
4. and in Provencal and French “DIÉU”.
5. …
6. ..
These stages may be extended by the manipulations, modifications and deterioration of the
alphabets. The order of the expansion seems to be unknown and uncertain.
The shifts of the phonemes inside the categories
The shifts between phonemes (consonants or vowels) of a category may vary relatively ad lib.
Several shifts have been analyzed and documented.
Grimm's law was the first discovered systematic sound change, creating historical phonology as a
historical linguistics discipline. Friedrich von Schlegel first noted the correspondence between Latin
p and Germanic f in 1806. In 1818, Rasmus Rask extended the correspondences to other Indo-
European languages like Sanskrit and Greek and to the full range of consonants involved. In 1822,
Jacob Grimm put forth the rule in his book Deutsche Grammatik and extended it to include standard
German. 17
This chain shift (in the order 3, 2,1) can be abstractly represented as:
• bʰ → b → p → f
• dʰ → d → t → θ
• gʰ → g → k → x
• gʷʰ → gʷ → kʷ → xʷ
Usually these shifts are restricted to one of the categories (such as labial, lingual, respectively
palatal in Grimm's sample).

British phonetic shifts

Geoff Lindsey is a British linguist, writer and director. He has argued that the phonetic transcription
systems for Received Pronunciation that are used in many dictionaries are outdated, as the upper-
class accent of the 20th century has died out18.
Lindsey runs a YouTube channel focusing on linguistics19. In one of Geoff Lindsey's videos he
describes the differences between the phonemes in New Zealand and England20
Another standpoint of sound shifts is found in: What Was the Great Vowel Shift? By Simon Roper.

17 Grimm's law
18 Geoff Lindsey - Official website
19 Geoff Lindsey's channel on YouTube
20 Do New Zealand and Northern England have the same vowels?!
The ternary character of the Trismegistus Theuth

Function Egypt Greek Latin Germanic

1 sky-god Thot, Moon Zeus Jupiter Thor (Thursday)
2 wisdom Metis → Athena Minerva
3 writing Hermes Mercurius-Teuth Wit,
Thot (Theyt) Trismegistus Wodan (Wednesday)
4 science Mercurius Termaximus
5 judgment Themis → Athene Minerva Tiw (Tuesday)
Table 14 The heritage of the Egyptian deity Thoth to Greek, Latin and Germanic deities

Introduction21
A number of Asian, African and European languages and alphabets may have been founded on a
common source, which is characterized by a structurally Trismegistus or ternary structure.
The Egyptians credited Thoth as the author of all works of science, religion, philosophy,
and magic.[27]. The Greeks further declared him the inventor of astronomy, astrology,
the science of numbers, mathematics, geometry, surveying, medicine, botany, theology,
civilized government, the alphabet, reading, writing, and oratory. They further claimed
he was the true author of every work of every branch of knowledge, human and divine.
[23] 22

A few of these topics may be structured and categorized in divine attributes and correlations
between theonyms. The Hellenic triad started as Zeus, Metis and Themis, to be followed Zeus,
Pallas Athena and Hermes.
• Initial Hellenic structures are documented in Zeus, Metis (wisdom) and Themis (judgment).
in the common Hermes Trismegistus (writing and science). A few initial triads (Thriae or
Corycian nymphs23 and the Moirai24) may have introduced the Hellenic legends of Hermes
Trismegistus, which partially are inherited to the Latin mythology (Mercurius Termaximus).
• The terminal Hellenic triad is defined as Zeus (sky-father-god), Pallas Athena (wisdom,
judgment) and Hermes (Trismegistus) (writing and science).
• The ultimate Latin triad may be defined as Jupiter (sky-father-god), Minerva (wisdom,
judgment) and Mercury (for writing and science).
• The ultimate Germanic triad may be defined as Thor (sky-father-god), Wodan (wisdom and
writing) and Tiw (judgment).

21 This essay is designed as a chapter in The Birth of the Egyptian Alphabet - The Etymology of Plato's Word Theut
22 Source: Thoth
23 three sisters, named Melaina ("The Black"), Kleodora ("Famed for her Gift"), and Daphnis ("Laurel") or Corycia.
24 three sisters: Clotho (the spinner), Lachesis (the allotter), and Atropos (the inevitable, a metaphor for death) . Their
Roman equivalent is the Parcae.[1]
Definitions of the mythological structures

Function Egypt Greek Latin Germanic

1 sky-god Thot, Moon Z(I)EUS Jupiter DIOUS-PITAR ÞUR (Thursday)
2 wisdom Thot (Theyt) METIS → Athina MINERVA
Theuth Wit WIT(ES)
3 writing Hermes Mercurius-Theuth
Wodan (Wednesday)
4 science (Djehuty) Trismegistus Mercurius Termaximus
5 judgment ḎḤWTY ΘEMIS → Athene MINERVA TIW(ES) (Tuesday)
Table 15 The heritage of the Egyptian deity Thoth to Greek, Latin and Germanic deities

Thoth in the Egyptian mythology

Thoth (from Koinē Greek: Θώθ Thṓth, borrowed from Coptic: Ⲑⲱⲟⲩⲧ Thōout, Egyptian: Ḏḥwtj
(ḎḤWTY) , the reflex of ḏḥwtj "[he] is like the ibis") is an ancient Egyptian deity.
The ternary structure of Thoth may be understood as the diversification of Thoth in the sky-god and
three secondary virtues “wisdom”, “judgment”, “science”, including “language”. The language may
have been included as an additional topic of science.
The Egyptian Thoth was25:
1. the sky-god of the Moon,
2. wisdom, knowledge,
3. writing, hieroglyphs, and additionally:
4. science, magic, art and
5. judgment.
The 5 Egyptian virtues had been distributed in the Hellenic, Latin and Germanic mythologies.

Thoth in the Hellenic mythology

In the archaic Hellenic mythology the sky-god Zeus ( Z(I)EUS) was born as a helpless child and
needed the help of the goddesses Metis (METIS, wisdom) and Themis (ΘEMIS, judgment).
The triads of 3 nymphs (Thriae or Corycian nymphs and the Moirai) seemed to have helped in the
art of writing. The Moirai26 may have been integrated in the legend of the introduction of the
alphabet in Thebae. The Thriae or Corycian nymphs27 are included in the introduction of writing at
the Parnassos mountains.
The ultimate Hellenic master-god for writing and science was the Trismegistus Theuth (ḎḤWTY).
Later Zeus inherited the responsibility for the virtues wisdom and judgment to his daughter Pallas
Athena.
The Greeks related Thoth to their god Hermes due to his similar attributes and functions.[16] One
of Thoth's titles, "Thrice great", was translated to the Greek τρισμέγιστος (trismégistos), making
Hermes Trismegistus.[17][18]

25 Source: Thoth
26 three sisters: Clotho (the spinner), Lachesis (the allotter), and Atropos (the inevitable, a metaphor for death) . Their
Roman equivalent is the Parcae.[1]
27 three sisters, named Melaina ("The Black"), Kleodora ("Famed for her Gift"), and Daphnis ("Laurel") or Corycia.
Thoth in the Latin mythology
In Latin the sky-god Jupiter (DIOUS-PITAR) delegated the responsibility wisdom and judgment
in his daughter Minerva (MINERVA). Minerva (Etruscan: Menrva) is the Roman goddess of (1)
wisdom, (2) justice, law, (3) victory, and the sponsor of arts, trade, and strategy.
Wisdom is a bundled version of all virtues, which is found in Cicero's Tusculan Disputations.
According to Cicero28 the most excellent of all virtues is justice. Both wisdom and justice seemed to
be the most important virtues. Wisdom is the bundled all-in virtue and justice is the most excellent
of all virtues.
In Latin the inventor of writing was Mercurius-Teuth, who as Hermes Trismegistus was also labeled
as Mercurius Termaximus .

Thoth in the Germanic mythology

In Germanic mythology the triad was ÞUR, WIT(ES) and TIW(ES). Thor delegated the virtues
wisdom and judgment to the deities Wit (Wodan, comparable to METIS), respectively Tiw
(comparable to ΘEMIS). The art of writing and runes had been inherited to Wit (Wodan).

Interpretation of the triads

Most terminal compositions of the theonyms result in triads of pentagrammatons or abbreviated
words, such as:
• The ternary structure of Thoth may be understood as the diversification of Thoth in the sky-
god and the following three secondary virtues “wisdom”, “judgment” and “science &
language”.
• In the archaic Hellenic mythology the sky-god Zeus ( Z(I)EUS) was born as a helpless child
and needed the help of the goddesses Metis (METIS, wisdom) and Themis (ΘEMIS,
judgment).
• The ultimate Hellenic master-god for writing was the Trismegistus Hermes -Theuth
(ḎḤWTY). Later Zeus inherited the responsibility for the virtues wisdom and judgment to his
daughter Pallas Athena.
• In Latin the sky-god Jupiter (DIOUS-PITAR) delegated the responsibility wisdom and
judgment in his daughter Minerva (MINERVA) and writing and science to Mercurius-Teuth
(ḎḤWTY).
• In Germanic mythology the triad was ÞUR, WIT(ES) and TIW(ES).

28 On the Nature of the Gods; Author: Marcus Tullius Cicero, (1877), Translated, chiefly By C. D. Yonge
Overview of the keywords
The alphabets in most European languages has been founded on the Thoth-concept, which is based
on the original word ḎḤWTY (“Djehuty” for“Thot” or “Theuth”, resp. Theyt).
The 5-letter word ḎḤWTY represents the 5 categories for the 5 (independent) Places of articulation.
Of course the word “Djehuty” for “Thot” may also be interpret a theonym or divine inventor's
name.
In the legends and name-giving of the theonyms most languages seem to be based on the Egyptian
alphabet, which is discovered in Ugarit (modern Ras Al Shamra), Syria, in 1928. This Cuneiform
Ugaritic alphabet is an Abjad (consonantal alphabet) with syllabic elements used from around either
1400 BCE or 1300 BCE. In a 2-dimensional table the second row displays a theonym, which may
be interpreted as ḎḤWTY (“Djehuty”)29.

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Transcription
of the Ugaritic 30
ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t ʾi ʾu s2
alphabet
Theonyms
*ḎiḤaUṬY W ṬY Š
*ŠjḪWṬY Ḫ (T)
U Θ I Ḏ
Numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Hebrew 22
‫גב א‬ ‫כ י טחז ו הד‬ ‫מ ל‬ ‫נ‬ ‫שרק צ פ עס‬ ‫ת‬
‫ו ה‬ ‫י ט‬ ‫ס‬
ΘYHVS
H V Θ Y S

Table 16 The 2nd row displays the theonyms in the Ugaritic respectively Hebrew alphabets

Any modification in the categorization or reordering of the alphabets may disturb the keywords in
the alphabets.
One of these reordering is the transit of the letters G and Z from the Latin 1 → Latin 2
alphabets, which had been planned and executed by freedman Spurius Carvilius Ruga.
The transit of the letters G and Z from the Latin 1 → Latin 2 may have caused the transformation of
the theonym ÞIEUS (Latin 1) to the theonym GUÞES (Latin 2):
Ugaritic 1 ṬYḪWŠ Ḫ W Ṭ Y Š
*ḎiḤaUṬY W ṬY Š
Ugaritic 2
*ŠjḪWṬY Ḫ
U Θ I Ḏ
Greek ΘIEUS E U Θ I S
Latin 1 ÞIEUS E U Þ I S
Latin 2 GUÞES E U G Þ S
Table 17 Ugaritic abecedara (1) and the Greek & Latin derivatives
(categorized according to the comments of Rabbi Saadia Gaon's commentary)

29 The Birth of the Egyptian Alphabet - The Etymology of Plato's Word Theut
The theonym and pantheon for the inventor's name Thoth
Most of the derived European alphabets (Greek, Latin, French, Germanic, etc....) adapted their
theonym (and their virtues) at the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional alphabet.
Triad 1 2 3 1 (theonym) 2 (virtue) 3 (virtue)
Egypt Thoth & Ma'at ↔ Isfet *ŠḪWThY (or: *ḎiḤaUThĪ ˈMUƦʕAT ↔ ISFET
Sanskrit Dyaus & Prithvi DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ & PṚiTHVĪ MĀTĀ
Greek Zeus Metis Themis DI-WE (S) ΜΗΗΤΙΣ ΘEMIΣ
primary trinity *Dii ēus (wisdom) (justice) DIEUS (wisdom) (justice)
Capitoline Triad Jupiter Juno Minerva *DJOUS PITĒR JUNO(s) MINERVA
Germanic trinity Tuisco WIT TIW TUIsco or WITaz TIWaz
Twisco Witaz Tiwaz TWIsco (wisdom) (justice)
Table 18 Triads in the Egyptian, Sanskrit, Greek, Roman and Germanic pantheon
From: The Primary Pantheons of the Greek, Etruscan, Roman and Germanic Deities

The antipodes WITaz-ΜΗΗΤΙΣ (for Wisdom) & TIWaz–ΘEMIΣ (for justice)

The Germanic runes-signaries also displays theonyms WITaz (for Wisdom) and TIWaz (for
judgment) in various rows. The Germanic theonyms directly correlate with the Greek theonems
ΜΗΗΤΙΣ (wisdom), respectively ΘEMIΣ (justice).

The couple Thoth & Ma'at

In Egyptian mythology Thoth & Ma'at represent both wisdom and justice.
Maat or Maʽat (Egyptian: mꜣꜥt /ˈmuʀʕat/, Coptic: ⲙⲉⲓ)[1] comprised the ancient
Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality, and justice. Ma'at
was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars, seasons,
and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the
moment of creation. Her ideological opposite was Isfet (Egyptian jzft), meaning
injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil.

The antipodes in balance (Ma'at ↔ Isfet)

The ancient Egyptian word Isfet (ISFET is the counter to the order, represented by
Maat) is also a pentagrammaton. Isfet was personified in the form of Apep. Isfet was
important in Egyptian culture as Isfet showed that there is balance in the world.

Isfet is thought to be the product of an individual's free will rather than a primordial
state of chaos. In mythology, this is represented by Apep being born from Ra's umbilical
cord relatively late.[12] 30

30 Source: Isfet
The motivation of this study
My analysis of the linguistic architecture of Indo-European languages is a curiosity, which started
by the discovery of the 5 phonetic categories. Several words had been identified as genuine
pentagrammatons, such as Dyaus, Dieus, Dious, piter, faðir, móðir, Mitra, Vidar, Dyaus Pita, etc.
Additional large and magnificent animals such as the mighty NZOKU Nzɔku - Loxodonta (African
elephants) and SP'ILO სპილო - Elephas (Asian elephants), the Bison, the tigers and the cat Felis,
the Mongolian horse Morin, the mouflon Urial, the wolf Lúkos, the swine Bjorn, ...
The master pentagram is the word “BESTIae” for the wild animal, which is defined by “Adam”.
So God creates all the animals and the birds and brings them to Adam to see what he
will call them and “whatever the man called every living creature, that was its name”
(Gen. 2.19). Adam named all the birds and BESTIae, but no partner was found for him.

The birds and BESTIae had to be named by Adam31, who may have built a temple to regularly
repeat (without another metaphor) the name-giving of the “beasts”.
The overview of the pentagrams in the overview are:
BEIST,FELIS,CATUS,BJORN,LÚKOS,WISEN(t),BISON,AUROChS,LÚKOS,SWINE,
BJORN,URIAL,ASINU,MORIN,OIŌNOS,GRIFfON,GRYPOS,BETIR,,MITES,MENSCh32.
The list might be completed if the other 95% of the site Göbekli Tepe is to be excavated. These are
only a few samples. The Vocabulary of the 5 Letter Words contains around 440 pentagramatons.

31 Adam's List of the Created Animals (24.07.2023)

32 A Name-giving for the Beasts of Göbekli Tepe
Summary
When the army of the Egyptian founder Ahmose I (Amosis, meaning "Iah (the Moon) is
born"[24]) of the Eighteenth Dynasty expelled the Hyksos rulers from Egypt, the victor's
city of origin, Thebes, became the most important city in Egypt, the capital of a new
dynasty. The local patron deity of Thebes, Amun, therefore became nationally important. As
Zeus Ammon and Jupiter Ammon, Amun came to be identified with Zeus in Greece and
Jupiter in Rome.
In the dialogue Phaedrus the author Plato describes (~370 BC) the gift of writing from the Egyptian
inventor Theuth (original: “Djehuty”) to the divine king Thamus (Amun), who was to disperse
Theuth's gifts to the people of Egypt.
Shortly before the reign of the pharaoh Thutmose (“Thot is born” or "Born of the god Thoth")
around 1500 BCE a revolutionary Egyptian alphabet may have been founded on the 5 Places of
articulation (tongue, lips, palate, glottis, teeth).
This inventive alphabet may have been structured as the Ugaritic alphabet (30 letters, dated ~1400
BCE), in which the inventor's name Djehuty (ḎḤWTJ) may be displayed as a pentagrammaton
“ṢḪWTY” at the 2nd row of the 2-dimensional array of the alphabetical letters.
This essay investigates the correlation between the Egyptian name Djehuty (ḎḤWTJ) and the
Ugaritic theonym ṢḪWTY of the 2-dimensional table of the Ugaritic alphabet.

Dyaus (or Dyauspitar (Devanagari द ष त, DYÁUṢ PITaṚṚ), is the Ṛigvedic sky deity. His consort
is Prithvi (PṚiTHVĪ), the earth goddess, and together they are the archetypal parents in the Rigveda.
[1]
If the thesis of the Ugaritic reference of the theonym ḎḤWTJ or “ṢḪWTY” to the Egyptian
inventor Theut of writing is true we also may interpret Thoth as the "Thrice great" European god of
(1) writing, (2) wisdom and (3) judgment, with correlations to the Greek triad ZIEUS, Metis
(METIS) and Themis (ΘEMIS) and the Germanic triads TEIWS, WITÆS, WIT or WITES (for
wisdom) and TIWÆS, TIW or TIWES (for justice).
The Ugaritic alphabet seems to be founded on the 5 Places of articulation, which may are defined in
the theonym ṢḪWTY and the Egyptian inventor Djehuty (ḎḤWTJ). Each derived alphabet seems
to generate its own “theonym”, which often (originally) may be based on 5 letters.
Contents
Abstract.................................................................................................................................................1
A Pentagrammaton for the word Theuth..............................................................................................2
Analysis of the hieroglyphic name Theuth or Thoth.......................................................................2
The Egyptian Hieroglyphic Alphabet..............................................................................................3
The hieroglyphic Egyptian, Greek, Latin and Hebrew Alphabet....................................................4
Plato's description (~370 BC) of the gift of writing .......................................................................5
The name Thutmose I in hieroglyphs..............................................................................................5
Hermopolis at the center of the Old Kingdom of Egypt..................................................................6
The origin of the name Thot.................................................................................................................7
The role of Ahmose and Thutmose .................................................................................................7
The Egyptian expansion and prosperity...........................................................................................7
The "Thrice great" character of Thoth-Hermes...............................................................................8
The third Germanic theonym Thoor................................................................................................8
The market (Dutch: MARKT).........................................................................................................9
The derivatives of the Ugaritic alphabet.............................................................................................10
Djehuti (Thoth) as a master for various pentagrammatons............................................................10
The Ugaritic (27-30 letters) and Hebrew alphabet (22 letters)......................................................11
The 2-dimensional Hebrew alphabet.............................................................................................12
Notes to the Sefer Yetzirah............................................................................................................13
The theonym and pantheon for the inventor's name Thoth .........................................................14
The Sanskrit alphabet ....................................................................................................................15
The links between Z(i)EUṢ, Djehuty (ḎiḤWTY) and DYÁUṢ...................................................16
The evolutionary stages of the 5-letter theonyms...............................................................................18
The shifts of the phonemes inside the categories...............................................................................19
British phonetic shifts....................................................................................................................19
The ternary character of the Trismegistus Theuth..............................................................................20
Introduction....................................................................................................................................20
Definitions of the mythological structures.....................................................................................21
Overview of the keywords.............................................................................................................23
The motivation of this study...............................................................................................................25
Summary.............................................................................................................................................26
Appendices.........................................................................................................................................28
Appendix I - The 15 Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt............................................28
Appendix 2 – Overview of the Ugaritic and Hebrew alphabets....................................................29
Appendices

Appendix I - The 15 Pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt

The 18th Dynasty ruled Egypt at the height of its power. Two pharaohs may have been involved in the birth
of the Egyptian alphabet:
• Ahmose I (sometimes written as Amosis or Aahmes, meaning "Iah (IAH, the Moon) is born"[24])
was a pharaoh and founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, classified as the first dynasty of
the New Kingdom of Egypt, the era in which ancient Egypt achieved the peak of its power.
• Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I, Thothmes in older history works in
Latinized Greek; meaning "Thoth is born") was the third pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt33.

## Personal name Comments Dates

Ahmose I Brother and successor to Kamose, Around 1550–
1
(Ahmosis I) conquered north of Egypt from the Hyksos. 1525 BC; 34
2 Amenhotep I Son of Ahmose I. 1541–1520 BC
Father unknown, though possibly Amenhotep I. His mother is
1520–1492 BC
3 Thutmose I known to be Senseneb. Thutmose I established family control over (or 1506 - 1493
the Egyptian throne for the next 175 years. Reign: 12 yrs; 1506–1493 BC)
BC (low chronology); 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology)
4 Thutmose II Son of Thutmose I. 1492–1479 BC
5 Hatshepsut The second known female ruler of Egypt. 1479–1458 BC
Son of Thutmose II. Under his reign, the Ancient Egyptian Empire
6 Thutmose III 1458–1425 BC
was at its greatest extent.
7 Amenhotep II Son of Thutmose III. 1425–1400 BC
8 Thutmose IV Famous for his Dream Stele. Son of Amenhotep II. 1400–1390 BC
Father of Akhenaten and grandfather of Tutankhamun. Was the son
9 Amenhotep III 1390–1352 BC
of Thutmose IV.
Founder of the Amarna Period in which he changed the state
Amenhotep IV /
religion from the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion to the
10 Akhenaten 1352–1336 BC
(Achencheres) Monotheistic Atenism, centered around the worship of the Aten,
an image of the sun disc.
Ruled jointly with Akhenaten during the later years of his reign.
UnRadiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544
11 Smenkhkare 1335–1334 BC
BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC[128]known if Smenkhare
ever ruled in his own right.
12 Neferneferuaten A female Pharaoh, possibly the same ruler as Smenkhkare. 1334-1332 BC
Tutankhaten / Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten, most likely
13 1332–1324 BC
Tutankhamun reinstated the polytheistic Ancient Egyptian religion.
Was Grand Vizier to Tutankhamun and an important official during
14 Ay II 1324–1320 BC
the reigns of Akhenaten and Smenkhkare.
15 Horemheb Born a Commoner. Was a General during the Amarna Period. 1320–1292 BC
Table 19 The 15 Pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, including Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun

33 Thutmose I's reign is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC, but a minority of scholars—who think that astrological
observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records, and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken
from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes—would date his reign to 1526–1513 BC.[2][3]
34 Radiocarbon date range for the start of his reign is 1570–1544 BC, the mean point of which is 1557 BC[128]
Appendix 2 – Overview of the Ugaritic and Hebrew alphabets
The following table describes the Ugaritic cuneiform symbols and the 22 Hebrew representative
letters:

Ugaritic alpa beta gamla delta ho wo zeta ḥota ṭet yod kaf
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
ʾa b g ḫ d h w z ḥ ṭ y k š
Aleph Beth Gimel Daleth He Waw Zajin Chet Tet Jod Kaph
Hebrew ‫א‬ ‫ב‬ ‫ג‬ ‫ד‬ ‫ה‬ ‫ו‬ ‫ז‬ ‫ח‬ ‫ט‬ ‫י‬ ‫כ‬
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Table 20 Ugaritic and Hebrew alphabets (1) - (Source: Ugaritische_Schrift)

Ugaritic 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
l m ḏ n ẓ s ʿ p ṣ q r s ġ t
lambda mem nun samka ʿain pu ṣade qopa raša šin to
Lamed Mem Nun Samech Ajin Pe Tzade Koph Resch Schin Taw
Hebrew ‫ל‬ ‫מ‬ ‫נ‬ ‫ס‬ ‫ע‬ ‫פ‬ ‫צ‬ ‫ק‬ ‫ר‬ ‫ש‬ ‫ת‬
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

Fig. 21 Ugaritic and Hebrew alphabets (2) - (Source: Ugaritische_Schrift)

The following symbols are not represented by Hebrew symbols:

Ugaritic ∇ ∇

4 13 18 19 26 28 29 30
ḫ š ẓ s ġ
ḫa ḏa ẓu ṯanna ǵain i u ṡu šinš sparator

Table 22 Symbols of the Ugaritic alphabet (3) - (Source: Ugaritische_Schrift)