Project Report On

ARDUINO Based Hexagonal Farming

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
Of the degree of

Bachelors of Engineering
By

Namrata Bagul

Guide

Prof. Madhuri P.Rodge

University of Mumbai
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering

Shivajirao S. Jondhle College of Engg. &Technology

Asangaon
(2015-16)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ARDUINO Based Hexagonal

Farming” is a bonfide work of “Namrata Bagul” Submitted to the University of
Mumbai in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of
“Bachelors of Engineering in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Prof.Madhuri.P.Rodge Prof.Atul D.Atalkar

Supervisor/Guide Co-Supervisor/Guide

Prof.Madhuri.P.Rodge Dr.Mrs.GeethaK.Jayaraj
Head of Department
 Stage-II Project Report Approval for B. E.

This project report entitled “ARDUINO Based Hexagonal Farming” by

Namrata Bagul is approved for the degree of Bachelors of Engineering in
Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering.

Examiners 1. -----------------------------------------

2. ------------------------------------------

Guide 1. -------------------------------------------

2. -------------------------------------------

Dr. Mrs. Geetha K.Jayaraj

Date:

Place:
 Declaration
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words
and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principles
of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or
falsified any idea/data/fact/source in my submission. I understand that any
violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute and can
also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly cited
or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Namrata Bagul

Date:

Place:
 Abstract
World is a challenge to double agricultural production in coming 40 years. To enhance
productivity of farms there is need to follow mantra by Food and Agricultural Organization of
the United Nations (FAO) i.e. “Save & Grow”. Save and Grow directs towards Precision
Agriculture (PA) for sustainable crop production intensification which can be well achieved
with the help of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). There are challenges to
establish ICT fields and remote areas. Proposed system is novel platform to establish wireless
sensor network (WSN) to execute PA overcoming the challenge to setup wireless sensor and
energy efficient network at farms. Hybrid network of free space optics (FSO) and radio
frequency (RF) connectivity and use of solar at farms and base station/ control station makes it
energy efficient. License free, high bandwidth FSO technology enables multimedia data
exchange thus opening gate for many applications. Novel Hybrid Hexagonal Positioning (HHP)
for sensor nodes has achieved energy efficiency and increased lifetime network. Requirement
of hybrid network standardization is mentioned. Overall energy efficient, centralized,
environment friendly system allows cost effective solution to farmers.
 LIST OF FIGURES

Serial No. Title Figure No. Page No.

1 3.1 4
Operation Field
2 Transmitter Diagram 4.1 6
3 Receiver Diagram 4.2 7
4 Arduino UNO 4.3 9
5 ARDUINO serial connection 4.4 11
6 Microcontroller 4.5 12
7 Pin Diagram of microcontroller 4.6 13
8 Port 1 pin description 4.7 14

9 Port 3 pin description 4.8 14

10 Oscillator connections and Configuration 4.9 16

11 Circuit of line sensor 4.10 17

12 LM 35 Temperature sensor 4.11 18
13 IR sensor 4.12 18
14 Humidity Sensor 4.13 19
15 Relay 4.14 20
16 Buzzer 4.15 21

17 Motor Driver 4.16 22

18 Motor Driver IC 4.17 22

19 DC motor 4.18 24
20 l293d motor driver IC controller 4.19 25
21 Light emitting diode 4.20 26
22 Switch 4.21 27
23 16x2 LCD 4.22 27
24 LCD 4.23 29
25 Transceiver module 4.24 30
26 Humidity Sensor 5.1 31
27 Characteristics of Humidity sensor 5.2 32
28 Microcontroller Layout 5.3 33
29 Component Diagram 5.4 33
30 Relay 5.5 33
31 Field side circuit diagram 5.6 34
32 Remote side circuit diagram 5.7 35
 Index

Chapter No. Topic Page No.

* Acknowledgement I
* Declaration II
* Abstract III
* List of Figure IV
* List of Table V
1 Introduction 1
2 Review of Literature 2
3 Problem Definition 4
4 Applied Methodology 6
4.1 Block Diagram 6
4.2 Circuit Working 8
4.3 Microcontroller and LCD
29
Interfacing
5 PCB Fabrication 31
6 Applications 36
7 Results and Discussion 37
* Conclusions and Future Scope VI
* References VII
 Arduino Based Hexagonal Farming

Chapter 1
Introduction
Proper irrigation management is essential for high yields and to avoid stress from
excess or scarcity of water. Determining when to irrigate is not an easy task. Usually this decision
is based on past experiences, weather forecast information (crop evapotranspiration data) or soil-
related measurements. Past experiences are probabilistic and are often not adjusted for annual
changes in weather. Irrigation scheduling based on crop evapotranspiration can be difficult. This
can make scheduling using weather-based information uncertain. Because of the shortcomings
of these methods, soil-based irrigation scheduling is the preferred technique.
Challenge is to overcome the energy demands at sensor node and communication
transmission. Unavailability of electricity at base station, control station may lead to failure of
system thus WSN and PA practices in developing countries. To overcome the challenges and
taking advantage of open space and ample light at farm fields this study proposes use of FSO-RF
hybrid connectivity with novel sensor nodes positioning system.

1.1 Aim of Project

The aim of this project is “Remote sensing and control of Hexagonal Farming system
using a distributed wireless sensor network” using “Arduino Uno” software. While the challenges
related to producing food for the world are enormous, technology will continue to play an
increasingly important role in providing the solutions So the main aim of this project is increasing
productivity, reducing waste and optimizing processes and resources

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Chapter 2
Review of Literature
Smart Agriculture: Hexagon Solutions Help Farmers Do More with Less
Automating the food production process helps increase productivity, reduce waste and optimize
processes and resources so that farmers and workers can make smarter agricultural decisions.
Claudio Simão
President
Hexagon South America & Asia/Pacific
@Hexagon

Hexagon Geospatial solutions analyze remotely sensed data to ensure proper assessment and
management of food and timber production areas. These analyses include health and stress
detection, change detection for land use dynamics, monitoring of logging and pest activities,
and fire danger zone mapping
Hexagon Geospatial

"Center pivot irrigation is basically a method of agricultural irrigation which results in a

circular field of crops. a huge column of sprinklers, fixed to the ground at one end, slowly
travels around in a circle whilst spraying the crops below. you can see the sprinkler arms,
some of which can reach a kilometer in length".
The hexagonal forms look like they are made up of clusters of houses in the middle and
farmland radiating out.
Tessellar blog

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Aware of intensifying world challenges and the basic need of people to feed themselves, we
have been working for 40 years to develop an elegant, small-scale agricultural system that
when practiced correctly, nurtures healthy soil fertility, produces high yields, conserves
resources and can be used successfully by almost everyone. Our goal is to help this system
be known and used locally...on a worldwide basis.
GROW BIOINTENSIVE® Sustainable Mini-Farming

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Chapter 3
Problem of Definition
Concept of Hexagonal Farming:
Hexagonal farming is used for solution to not only optimize the utilization of land and water,
but also fertilizers, seeds and other farming resources. This methodology is used to water
usage, fertilization and fuel consumption, giving the crops just the right amount of what they
need, thereby improving both yield and cost savings while eliminating waste. At the same
time, high-yield agriculture with optimized processes helps reduce the amount of grasslands
and forests that must be cleared for farming. This reduces the amount of biomass burned and
the greenhouse gas emissions that result from such clearings, which helps to slow the pace
of global warming

Flow of Working

Fig 3.1 Operation Field

01) The above figure explains about the field operation i.e. farming process.
02) The total field is divided into sectors as shown above. Center of the field is allocated for water
reservoir which will provide water supply to the other field.
03) Machine used in the field is basically a motor which is rotating in 360 degree. This motor has
rotor which has other parts connected to it which is required for ploughing, seeding.

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04) This machine (motor) is controlled by motor driver circuit which is been given signals by
microcontroller which follows algorithm of program.
05) This program is written for farming operations. The crop selection program is another option
which can be given through control room (transmitter module).
06) Once program starts running the process of farming is done accordingly and continuously
throughout the season.
07) Water required for irrigation purpose is sensed by field side water level detector in the reservoir.
This detector will sense the water level and if the water level falls below a particular level it
will give signal to receiver module and microcontroller will send signal to liquid crystal display
as water is insufficient and to provide water supply i.e. display water level status on LCD which
is connected to the remote side Uc.
08) We are using to water level sensor; one is at the field and another on the tank. When water
Level goes below the threshold value which is mentioned in the field side Uc programming
then buzzer will turn on and display water level status on LCD which is connected to the
remote side Uc.
09) Humidity sensor is used to check humidity value in the atmosphere. The value to the
Humidity continuous will get display on the LCD.
10) There will be fire sensor. The fire sensor is used to detect the fire in the farm and if it detects
Fire it sends signal to microcontroller which will provide signal to buzzer and buzzer turn on.
Buzzer alarm signal to keep humans and animals away from fire.
11) For fencing i.e. for field protection, we are using IR sensor. If any animal enters into the field
then buzzer will turn on.
12) In this way we can control the farming process without human work and prevent fire in the
field to spread into other sectors.

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Chapter 4
Applied Methodology
4.1 Block Diagram
4.1.1 Transmitter Diagram:

Fig 4.1 Transmitter Diagram

A control room will be consisting of a computer (pc) which will be connected to the
transmitter module in the form of serial port and duplex wireless module through antenna.This
computer will act as a controller of farming process which will be done in the actual
field.
The communication between the transmitter module in control room and receiver circuit in
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the farm will be wireless (radio frequency communication).
This computer will sense different signals from sensors ( fire sensors & water level sensor)
and will send appropriate signals to LCD, motor driver and relays according to the algorithm
of program.

4.1.2 Receiver Diagram:

Fig 4.2 Receiver Diagram

Receiver module consists of Arduino, duplex wireless module, water level sensor,
fire sensor, liquid crystal display screen, motor driver and relay.
Duplex wireless module is used for communicating with transmitter module i.e. to send
signals from sensors and to receive signals of LCD, motor driver and relay.
Water level sensor is used to sense the water level in the reservoir which provides water to
the farm.
Fire sensors are basically temperature sensor and smoke detector for sensing fire. This
sensor will send signals to microcontroller in the receiver module.
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Liquid crystal display is used to display emergency signals in the farm.
Motor driver will drive motors used in machine in field used for farming.
Relay is used to send signal to pump used for irrigation in the field.

4.1.3 Software requirements:

 Arduino Uno for Arduino programming
 Dip trace for PCB layouts
 Keil- Assembly language coding
 Uc Flash- Program flash into the IC

4.2 Circuit Working

4.2.1 ARDUINO UNO
Arduino is a tool for making computers that can sense and control more of the physical
world than your desktop computer. It's an open-source physical computing platform based on a
simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the board.
Arduino can be used to develop interactive objects, taking inputs from a variety of switches or
sensors, and controlling a variety of lights, motors, and other physical outputs. Arduino projects
can be stand-alone, or they can communicate with software running on your computer (e.g. Flash,
Processing, MaxMSP.) The boards can be assembled by hand or purchased preassembled; the
open-source IDE can be downloaded for free.
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic
resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

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Fig 4.3 Arduino UNO

The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal
oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB
cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial
driver chip. Additional features coming with the R3 version are: ATmega16U2 instead 8U2 as
USB-to-Serial converter.1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins for TWI communication placed near
to the AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the
shields to adapt to the voltage provided from the board and the second one is a not connected pin,
that is reserved for future purposes.
Stronger RESET circuit: “Uno" means "One" in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming
release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving
forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the
Arduino platform.

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Technical specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14

PWM Digital I/O Pins 6

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB

Flash Memory for Bootloader 0.5 KB

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Length 68.6 mm

Width 53.4 mm

Weight 25 g

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Fig 4.4 ARDUINO serial connection

ARDUINO serial connections as shown above
But for to connect Arduino to PC we have already connected via USB TTL so we don’t need to
do any other serial connection

4.2.2 Microcontroller
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K
bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-
density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51
instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-
system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded
control applications.
The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of
RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector
two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In
addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while
allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The

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Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip
functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

Fig 4.5 Microcontroller

FEATURES:
 Compatible with MCS-51™ Products
 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Two 16-bit Timer/Counters
 Six Interrupt Sources
 Programmable Serial Channel

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PIN DESCRIPTION:

Fig 4.6 Pin Diagram

 VCC: Supply voltage.

 GND: Ground.

 Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can
sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance
inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during
accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also
receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program
verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.

 Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be
configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger
input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table. Port 1 also receives the low-order
address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

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Fig. 4.7 Port 1 pin description

 Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address
byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory
that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-
ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX
@ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-
order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

 Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers
can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the
internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled
low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash
programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the
AT89S52, as shown in the following table.

Fig 4.8 Port 3 pin description

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 RST (Reset input): A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running
resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The
DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state
of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled.

 ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable: ALE is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the
address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG)
during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the
oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that
one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation
can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a
MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable
bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

 PSEN (Program Store Enable): PSEN is the read strobe to external program memory. When
the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each
machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data
memory.

 EA/VPP External Access Enable: EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device
to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note,
however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be
strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming
enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.

 XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating
circuit.

 XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

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Oscillator Characteristics
The XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier
which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure below. Either a quartz
crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,
XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure. There are no
requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking
circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low
time specifications must be observed.

Fig 4.9 Oscillator connections and Configuration

4.2.3 Fire sensor

An optical sensor detects the intensity or brightness of light, or the intensity of red, green
and blue for color systems.
It consists of just three major components. The first is a high intensity Red light LED, the
second is a photo transistor (a photo receiver) and the third is a comparator.
IR LED emits high intensity red light out of the sensor unit. If the light finds an obstacle in its path
it is reflected back and this light it is received by the photo transistor.
Black surface absorbs maximum light and white reflects maximum light. When the sensor
is over a black surface, ideally no light is reflected back to the receiver. If the sensor strays away
from the black line, then light is reflected back from the white background.
The reflected signal falls on the photo transistor. This ray excites the base of the transistor and
switches the transistor on.
A comparator is a device which compares two voltages and switches its output to indicate
which is larger.

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We are using LM358 IC as a comparator. The non-inverting input terminal of comparator
is given an input signal detected by photo transistor while the inverting input terminal is given a
reference voltage with the help of potentiometer. The comparator is used in non-inverting mode i.e.
when voltage falls below reference voltage, the output becomes low. The reference voltage can be
adjusted using a potentiometer.
On pin 3 i.e. non inverting terminal of comparator the voltage is maintained above reference
voltage. Due to which the output is high initially. When light emitted by the LED falls on the photo
diode. The voltage at pin 3 of Op-amp goes low. Hence the output will go low.
When the sensor is on the white surface the photo diode receives light and turns on and voltage at
non-inverting input terminal decreases. Hence the output becomes low. Whereas when the sensor
is on the black surface no light is received by photo transistor and it remains off. So, the voltage at
non inverting input of op-amp is greater than that of reference voltage at inverting input. So, the
output of comparator goes high.
The fire sensor is an analog device. It can be converted into digital by using a comparator LM324.

Fig 4.10 Circuit of line sensor

4.2.4 Day light sensor

It is an NPN phototransistor. It acts as a photo detector in the sense that it can convert the
incident light into electric response. They are commonly used as sensors usually paired with a light
source like LED.
4.2.5 Temperature sensor
The LM35 is precision integrated-circuit temperature sensor, whose output voltage is
linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. It can be used with single power
supplies, or with plus and minus supplies. +5V supply is provided by using 7805 regulator IC.
When IC senses the temperature, it gives linear voltage as +10.0mV/°C at the Vout pin of IC. This
Vout pin is connected to the +V(IN) of A/D Converter. An A/D converter operates on the

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successive approximation principle. Then, ADC converts this analog voltage into a digital 8-bit
code and transmits it at DB0-DB7 pin which is connected to the port 3 of 89S52 microcontroller.

Fig 4.11 LM 35 Temperature sensor

4.2.6 IR Sensor:
An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits and/or detects infrared radiation in
order to sense some aspect of its surroundings. Infrared sensors can measure the heat of an object,
as well as detect motion.
IR Sensors work by using a specific light sensor to detect a select light wavelength in the
Infra-Red (IR) spectrum. By using an LED which produces light at the same wavelength as what
the sensor is looking for, you can look at the intensity of the received light. When an object is close
to the sensor, the light from the LED bounces off the object and into the light sensor. This results
in a large jump in the intensity, which we already know can be detected using a threshold.
Explanation:

Fig 4.12 IR sensor

High power infrared emitting diode, 950 nm, GaAlAs/GaAs. TSAL6100 is a high efficiency
infrared emitting diode in GaAlAs on GaAs technology, molded in clear, blue grey tinted plastic
packages. In comparison with the standard GaAs on GaAs technology these emitters achieve more

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than 100 % radiant power improvement at a similar wavelength. The forward voltages at low
current and at high pulse current roughly correspond to the low values of the standard technology.
Therefore, these emitters are ideally suitable as high-performance replacements of standard
emitters. IR receiver consists of Photo Diode. A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of
converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.

4.2.7 Humidity Sensor :

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. In daily language the term "humidity" is
normally taken to mean relative humidity. Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the partial
pressure of water vapor in a parcel of air to the saturated vapor pressure of water vapor at a
prescribed temperature.

Fig 4.13 Humidity Sensor

4.2.8 ADC(Analog to digital converter)

The ADC0801, ADC0802, ADC0803, ADC0804 and ADC0805 are CMOS 8-bit
successive approximation A/D converters that use a differential potentiometric ladder — similar to
the 256R products. These converters are designed to allow operation with the NSC800 and
INS8080A derivative control bus with TRI-STATE output latches directly driving the data bus.
These A/Ds appear like memory locations or I/O ports to the microprocessor and no interfacing
logic is needed. Differential analog voltage inputs allow increasing the common-mode rejection
and offsetting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be
adjusted to allow encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution.

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4.2.9 Relay

A relay is an electrical switch that uses an electromagnet to move the switch from the off
to on position instead of a person moving the switch. It takes a relatively small amount of power
to turn on a relay but the relay can control something that draws much more power. A relay is used
to control the air conditioner in your home. The AC unit probably runs off of 220VAC at around
30A. That's 6600 Watts. The coil that controls the relay may only need a few watts to pull the
contacts together.

A relay switch can be divided into two parts: input and output. The input section has a coil
which generates magnetic field when a small voltage from an electronic circuit is applied to it. This
voltage is called the operating voltage. Commonly used relays are available in different
configuration of operating voltages like 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V etc. The output section consists of
contactors which connect or disconnect mechanically. In a basic relay there are three contactors:
normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common (COM). At no input state, the COM is
connected to NC. When the operating voltage is applied the relay coil gets energized and the COM
changes contact to NO. Different relay configurations are available like SPST, SPDT, DPDT etc.,
which have different number of changeover contacts. By using proper combination of contactors,
the electrical circuit can be switched on and off.

Fig 4.14 Relay

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4.2.10 Buzzer:
The buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of
pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is
the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used alert a user of an event corresponding to a
switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits.

Fig 4.15 Buzzer

The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it.
It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these
crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results in a
sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.
Piezo buzzer is an electronic device commonly used to produce sound. Light weight, simple
construction and low price make it usable in various applications like car/truck reversing indicator,
computers, call bells etc. Piezo buzzer is based on the inverse principle of piezo electricity
discovered in 1880 by Jacques and Pierre Curie. It is the phenomena of generating electricity when
mechanical pressure is applied to certain materials and the vice versa is also true. Such materials
are called piezo electric materials.
Piezo electric materials are either naturally available or manmade. Piezoceramic is class of
manmade material, which poses piezo electric effect and is widely used to make disc, the heart of
piezo buzzer. When subjected to an alternating electric field they stretch or compress, in accordance
with the frequency of the signal thereby producing sound.

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4.2.11 Motor Driver:
Since motors require more current then the microcontroller pin can typically generate, you
need some type of a switch (Transistors, MOSFET, Relay etc.,) which can accept a small current,
amplify it and generate a larger current, which further drives a motor. This entire process is done
by what is known as a motor driver.
L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which allows DC motor to drive on
either direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can control a set of two DC motors simultaneously in
any direction. It means that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC, Dual H-bridge
Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC). The l293d can drive small and quiet big motors as well.

Fig.4.16 Motor Driver

Fig 4.17 Motor Driver IC

The circuit shown above is the most basic implementation of L293D IC. There are 16 pins sticking
out of this IC and we have to understand the functionality of each pin before implementing this in
a circuit
 Pin1 and Pin9 are "Enable" pins. They should be connected to +5V for the drivers to function.
If they pulled low (GND), then the outputs will be turned off regardless of the input states, stopping
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the motors. If you have two spare pins in your microcontroller, connect these pins to the
microcontroller, or just connect them to regulated positive 5 Volts.
 Pin4, Pin5, Pin12 and Pin13 are ground pins which should ideally be connected to
microcontroller's ground.
 Pin2, Pin7, Pin10 and Pin15 are logic input pins. These are control pins which should be
connected to microcontroller pins. Pin2 and Pin7 control the first motor (left); Pin10 and Pin15
control the second motor(right).
 Pin3, Pin6, Pin11, and Pin14 are output pins. Tie Pin3 and Pin6 to the first motor, Pin11 and
Pin14 to second motor
 Pin16 powers the IC and it should be connected to regulated +5Volts
 Pin8 powers the two motors and should be connected to positive lead of a secondary battery. As
per the datasheet, supply voltage can be as high as 36 Volts.

LOGIC TABLE:
Pin Pin Pin 7 Function
1 2
High High Low Turn Anti-clockwise (Reverse)
High Low High Turn clockwise (Forward)
High High High Stop
High Low Low Stop
Low X X Stop
High ~+5V, Low ~0V, X=Either high or low (don't care)

Operation of DC motor:
In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying
conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will
experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external
magnetic field. As you are well aware of from playing with magnets as a kid, opposite (North and
South) polarities attract, while like polarities (North and North, South and South) repel. The
internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction between a
current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational motion.

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Fig 4.18 DC motor

In a simple 2-pole DC electric motor, as shown above (here red (right side) represents a
magnet or winding with a "North" polarization, while green (left side) represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts axles, rotor (a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes. In most common DC motors (and all that Beamers will see), the external
magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets.
The stator is the stationary part of the motor this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotates
with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being
electrically connected to the commutator. The above diagram shows a common motor layout with
the rotor inside the stator (field) magnets.
The geometry of the brushes, commutator contacts, and rotor windings are such that when
power is applied, the polarities of the energized winding and the stator magnet(s) are misaligned,
and the rotor will rotate until it is almost aligned with the stator's field magnets. As the rotor reaches
alignment, the brushes move to the next commutator contacts, and energize the next winding.
Given our example two-pole motor, the rotation reverses the direction of current through the rotor
winding, leading to a "flip" of the rotor's magnetic field, driving it to continue rotating.
In real life, though, DC motors will always have more than two poles (three is a very
common number). In particular, this avoids "dead spots" in the commutator. You can imagine how
with our example two-pole motor, if the rotor is exactly at the middle of its rotation (perfectly
aligned with the field magnets); it will get "stuck" there. Meanwhile, with a two-pole motor, there
is a moment where the commutator shorts out the power supply (i.e., both brushes touch both
commutator contacts simultaneously). This would be bad for the power supply, waste energy, and

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damage motor components as well. Yet another disadvantage of such a simple motor is that it
would exhibit a high amount of torque "ripple" (the amount of torque it could produce is cyclic
with the position of the rotor).
Circuit Diagram for l293d motor driver IC controller.

Fig 4.19 l293d motor driver IC controller

Voltage Specification
VCC is the voltage that it needs for its own internal operation 5v; L293D will not use this
voltage for driving the motor. For driving the motors, it has a separate provision to provide motor
supply VSS (V supply). L293d will use this to drive the motor. It means if you want to operate a
motor at 9V then you need to provide a Supply of 9V across VSS Motor supply.
The maximum voltage for VSS motor supply is 36V. It can supply a max current of 600mA
per channel. Since it can drive motors Up to 36v hence you can drive pretty big motors with this
l293d.VCC pin 16 is the voltage for its own internal Operation. The maximum voltage ranges from
5v and up to 36v.
TIP: Don’t Exceed the Vmax Voltage of 36 volts or it will cause damage

4.2.11 LED (Light emitting diode)

LEDs offer benefits such as small size, long lamp life, low heat output, energy savings and
durability. They also allow extraordinary design flexibility in color changing, dimming and
distribution by combining these small units into desired shapes, colors, sizes and lumen packages.
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LEDs are solid state semiconductor devices. LED illumination is achieved when a semiconductor
crystal is excited so that it directly produces visible light in a desired wavelength range (color).
LED units are small, typically 5mm.

Fig 4.20 Light emitting diode

4.2.12 Switch

A switch is a component which controls the openness or closeness of an electric circuit.

They allow control over current flow in a circuit (without having to actually get in there and
manually cut or splice the wires). Switches are critical components in any circuit which requires
user interaction or control.
A switch can only exist in one of two states: open or closed. In the off state, a switch looks
like an open gap in the circuit. This, in effect, looks like an open circuit, preventing current from
flowing.
In the on state, a switch acts just like a piece of perfectly-conducting wire. A short. This closes the
circuit, turning the system “on” and allowing current to flow unimpeded through the rest of the
system.

Fig 4.21 Switch

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4.2.13 LCD
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range
of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various
devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi
segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation
of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this
LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely,
Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is
an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting
the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the
LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more
about internal structure of a LCD.
Pin Diagram:

Fig 4.22 16x2 LCD

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Pin Description:

Pin
Function Name
No

1 Ground (0V) Ground

2 Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V – 5.3V) Vcc

3 Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor VEE

4 Selects command register when low; and data register when high Register Select

5 Low to write to the register; High to read from the register Read/write

6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable

7 DB0

8 DB1

9 DB2

10 DB3
8-bit data pins
11 DB4

12 DB5

13 DB6

14 DB7

15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+

16 Backlight Ground (0V) Led-

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4.2.14 CC2500
CC2500 is an FSK /MSK Transceiver module. It provides extensive hardware support for
packet handling, data buffering, burst transmissions, clear channel assessment, link quality
indication and wake on radio . It‘s data stream can be Manchester coded by the modulator and
decoded by the demodulator .It has a high performance and easily to design your product. It can be
used in 2400-2483.5MHz ISM/SRD band systems, Consumer Electronics, Wireless game
controllers, Wireless audio wireless vKB/Mouse and others wireless systems.
The Module’s frequency ,Output power , Sensitivity could be programming and have a
Digital RSSI function could be used .

Fig 4.24 CC2500 Transceiver module

4.3 Microcontroller and LCD Interfacing

The LCD requires 3 control lines (RS, R/W & EN) & 8 (or 4) data lines. The number on
data lines depends on the mode of operation. If operated in 8-bit mode then 8 data lines + 3 control
lines i.e. total 11 lines are required. And if operated in 4-bit mode then 4 data lines + 3 control lines
i.e. 7 lines are required. How do we decide which mode to use? It‘s simple if you have sufficient
data lines you can go for 8-bit mode & if there is a time constrain i.e. display should be faster than
we have to use 8-bit mode because basically 4-bit mode takes twice as more time as compared to
8-bit mode.
When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command. When RS is high (1), the data
being sent is considered as text data which should be displayed on the screen.
When R/W is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When
RW is high (1), the program is effectively reading from the LCD. Most of the times there is no
need to read from the LCD so this line can directly be connected to Gnd thus saving one controller
line.

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The ENABLE pin is used to latch the data present on the data pins. A HIGH - LOW signal
is required to latch the data. The LCD interprets and executes our command at the instant the EN
line is brought low. If you never bring EN low, your instruction will never be executed.
For Contrast setting a 10K pot should be used as shown in the figure.
Display Data Ram (DDRAM) stores the display data. So, when we have to display a
character on LCD, we basically write it into DDRAM. For a 2x16 LCD the DDRAM address for
first line is from 80h to 8fh & for second line is 0c0h to 0cfh. So, if we want to display 'H' on the
7th position of the first line then we will write it at location 87h.

Fig 4.23 LCD

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Chapter 5

PCB Fabrication

Humidity sensor:
To measure humidity, amount of water molecules dissolved in the air of poly house
environments, a smart humidity sensor module SY-HS-220 is opted for the system under design.
On close inspection of figure, it is found that, the board consists of humidity sensor along with
signal conditioning stages.
The humidity sensor is of capacitive type, comprising on chip signal conditioner. However,
it is mounted on the PCB, which also consists of other stages employed to make sensor rather
smarter. The PCB consists of CMOS timers to pulse the sensor to provide output voltage.
Moreover, it also consists of oscillator, AC amplifier, frequency to voltage converter and precision
rectifiers. Incorporation of such stages on the board significantly helps to enhance the performance
of the sensor. Moreover, it also helps to provide impediment to the noise.
The humidity sensor used in this system is highly precise and reliable. It provides DC
voltage depending upon humidity of the surrounding in RH%. This work with +5 Volt power
supply and the typical current consumption is less than 3mA. The operating humidity range is 30%
RH to 90% RH. The standard DC output voltage provided at 250C is 1980 mV . The accuracy is ±
5% RH at 250C. As shown in the fig 3, it provides three pins recognized as B, W and R. The pin
labeled W provides the DC output voltage, whereas the pin labeled B is ground. The VCC of +5V
is applied at the pin R. The humidity dependent voltage is obtained and subjected for further
processing.

Fig 5.1 Humidity Sensor

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Fig 5.2 Characteristics of Humidity sensor

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Microcontroller
A microcontroller usually comprises of a CPU, ROM, RAM and I/O ports, built within it
to execute a single and dedicated task. It has 8kB Flash and 256 bytes of data RAM32 I/O lines
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used
in personal computers or other general purpose applications.

Fig 5.3 Microcontroller Layout Fig 5.4 Component Diagram

Relay
A power relay is a switch which uses an electromagnetic coil in order to close or open a
circuit. Power relays also contain an armature, a spring and one or several contacts. If the power
relay is designed to normally be open, when power is applied, the electromagnet attracts the
armature, which is then pulled in the coil’s direction until it reaches a contact, therefore closing the
circuit. If the relay is designed to be normally closed, the electromagnetic coil pulls the armature
away from the contact, therefore opening the circuit

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Fig 5.5 Relay

Field side :

Fig 5.6 Field side circuit diagram

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Remote side:

Fig 5.7 Remote side circuit diagram

.
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Chapter-6
Applications
Applications:
1) Smart Agriculture
2) Hexagonal wooden cages for fish farming
The main feature of cage aquaculture is that it is an “open system” where the interactions
between the cage and the environment are reciprocal. The selection of a suitable site for cage
installation must take into account the impact of the cage on the environment and vice versa. It is
important to understand that the quality of the environment is the primary factor that influences
aquaculture production. Moreover, a careful evaluation of the environmental factors and an
understanding of the dynamics that can affect the farming operations are essential for the successful
planning of this activity

Advantages:
1) This technique is cost effective.
2) Highly reliable.
3) Feasible for farmers to start operation in the field.
4) Minimizes the labour costs involved in maintaining a greenhouse.
5) monitor the farm by installing sensors at the boundary of farm and a camera module
which may take a snapshot once the sensor detects the entrance and transmit the real time
pictures by integrating it with other information.

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Chapter 7
Result and Discussion
Results

Thus, we created a machine that can use to reducing the work load on farmers like
ploughing, seeding and irrigation which leads to develop our country. Since India mostly dependent
on the farming therefore this technology is most useful for Fereshteh farmers will have remote
control with buttons for ploughing, seeding and irrigation, on selecting of which the control data
will be transmitted wirelessly to the receiver section present in the field site.

Discussion

Now a days, water consumption is more important issue in India. Due to this technology,
we can save water by just using water as required because of water level sensing in farm as well as
water tank. This reduce wastage of water.

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Conclusions and Future Scope

Conclusion
Technology in hands of people will bring changes and awareness of utilizing it for advanced
farming systems. To bring it to real time, study proposed energy efficient and village centric or
farm centric green H2E2 WSN platform. Use of long distance FSO link and short distance RF link,
HHP, solar harvesting, introduction to OFC-FSO, results obtained for better link utilization and
energy management makes this system green and locally fit. There are challenges of LoS, weather,
awareness among people and cost of FSO devices. Technically hybrid network simulator, hybrid
standards are some challenges. The developed system is simple, cost effective, and easily
installable.

Future Scope
The other problem farmers are facing is the crop destruction by the wild animals. So, the
future work includes the design of the system that may monitor the farm by installing sensors at
the boundary of farm and a camera module which may take a snapshot once the sensor detects the
entrance and transmit the real time pictures by integrating it with other information.

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References

[1]www.jeettechnosolutions.com

[2]www.hxgnnews.com/hexagon-solutions-help-farmers-do-more-with-less

[3]www.arduino.cc

[4]www.blog.hexagon.com

[5]Stryker, S. (2001). Landscape Sprinkler Design Tutorial. http://www.IrrigationTutorials.com

[6]IC Datasheets from www.datasheetcatalog.com

[7]http://college-projects-list.blogspot.in/2011/09/agriculture-based-projects-2011.html

[8]http://www.cedd.gov.hk/eng/publications/geo_reports/doc/er194/er194links.pdf

[9]http://www.ijecce.org/Download/conference/REACT/09_Final.pdf

[10]M. Mancuso and F. Bustaffa, “A Wireless Sensors Network for Monitoring Environmental
Variables in a Tomato Greenhouse,” 6th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication
Systems in Torino, Italy, June 28-30, 2006.

[11]H. Liu, Z. Meng and S. Cui, “ A Wireless Sensor Network Prototype for Environmental
Monitoring in Greenhouses,” Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing 2007
(WiCom 2007), International Conference on 21-25 Sept. 2007 .

[12]N. Kularatna and B. H. Sudantha, “An environmental air pollution monitoring system based
on the IEEE 1451 standard for low cost requirements,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 8, no. 4, April 2008,
pp. 415 – 422.

[13]S.R. Madden, M.J. Franklin, and J.M. Hellerstein, “TinyDB: An Acquisitional Query
Processing System for Sensor Networks,” ACM Trans. Database Systems, vol. 30, No. 1, 2005.

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[14]http://users.tkk.fi/virranko/greenhouse_mesa08.pdf

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