Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential

Oils from Plant Sources

Shakhnoza S. Azimova, Anna I. Glushenkova
Editors

Lipids, Lipophilic
Components and Essential
Oils from Plant Sources
Editors
Shakhnoza S. Azimova (Ed.)
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant
Substances of the Academy of Sciences
of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Republic of Uzbekistan

Anna I. Glushenkova (Co-Editor)

S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant
Substances of the Academy of Sciences
of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Republic of Uzbekistan

ISBN: 978-0-85729-322-0 e-ISBN: 978-0-85729-323-7

DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7
ISBN Bundle 978-0-85729-324-4
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934766

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Preface

Lipids and lipophilic components are vital for the functioning of a live organisms.
They represent a large group of organic compounds produced by microorganisms,
mushrooms, plants, sea organisms, and animals
Lipids are fats and fat-like substances, which differ in chemical composition,
structure, and by physiological and biochemical function. Lipids are not, or poorly,
soluble in water but are soluble in typical solvents: benzine, benzene, chloroform,
carbon tetrachloride, acetone, diethyl ether, petroleum ether, and hot alcohols.
Lipids are divided into the following categories:
1. Simple lipids: These contain esters of higher fatty acids and some alcohols. This
group includes neutral fats, representing esters of fatty acids and glycerine, and
waxes.
2. Complex lipids: Their molecules contain, apart from alcohol and fatty acid,
derivatives of phosphoric or sulfuric acid, nitrogenous bases, and some saccha-
rides. This group includes phospholipids, cerebrosides, and glycolipids.
3. Other lipids: These are compounds with cyclic structures. This group includes
glycerine esters of alicyclic macromolecular acids, alicyclic alcohols or sterols and
their esters, and also alcohols, containing cyclic β-ionone, higher hydrocarbons,
and others.
Lipids are insoluble in water; hence, they are a part of the main structural elements
of protoplasm. Lipids and lipid–protein complexes provide the building of superficial
membranes of cells and cell organs: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes et al. Being in
the composition of membranes, lipids take part in the process of active transportation
of ions and molecules through membranes. Also, neutral lipids are sources of energy.
Characteristic components of essential oils are terpenes, which differ from fatty
oils, becouse they do not contain glycerides of fatty acids. Some of the essential oils
contain saturated and unsaturated aliphatic, aromatic, terpene, sesquiterpene, mono-
and bicyclic hydrocarbons, and their oxygen derivatives – alcohols, aldehydes,
ketones, esters, ethers of acids, lactones, and oxides – and also heterocyclic
compounds.
Fatty and essential oils have been known for a long time. In ancient Egypt, plant
oils were used not only in food but in medicine, cosmetics, and essential oils in
perfumery.
Many scientists have taken part in research of lipids and essential oils: Claude-
Joseph Geoffroy, C.W. Scheele, M.E. Chevreul, J.J.E. Poutet, A.M. Zaitsev, S.A.
Fokin, A. M. Goldovskii, G.V. Pigulevskii, K.P. Kardishev, S.L. Ivanov, Gildich,
Kaufmann, Coleman, Alen, Karta, Datton, Hofman, Brokenhoff, Yakobashvili,
Voitsechovich, Shlyapnikov, Basher, Wulfson, and others. Moreover, studies on

v
vi Preface

the composition and structure of lipids, lipophilic components and essential oils
have been carried out by scientists of the Yunusov Institute of Plant Substances of
the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan since 1961. They studied
lipids and the lipophilic components of vegetative and generative organs of more than
1.500 plants.
Essential oils are located in the flowers and leaves of plants and citrus fruits. More
generally in plants, lipids are most often concentrated in the seeds and fruits.
Quantities and composition of lipids, lipophilic components and essential oils vary
widely and depend on the region where the plant grows, type of plant, environmental
conditions, level of salt in soil, etc. In animals and fishes fat concentrates in and under
the skin and in fatty tissues or in tissues surrounding internal organs, and participates
extremely actively in the vital functioning of the organism (heart, kidney, intestines,
etc.). Glycerides of fatty acids and phospholipids are in the brain and nervous tissues.
Lipids, lipophilic components and essential oils are widely used in the food
industry, pharmacy, engineering, perfumery and cosmetics, for the production of
lacquers and pigments, etc.
In this work, lipids, lipophilic components and essential oils are characterized
based on the plant families where they were found. In creating this handbook, special
attention was paid to Russian literature that is often not readily available to interna-
tional scientists.
This reference work is aimed at wide use by researchers and specialists working
with lipids and essential oils in bioorganic chemistry, medicine, the food industry,
pharmacy, fragrances, cosmetics, agriculture, and other industries.
Editorial Management Team

Editor-in-Chief
Shakhnoza S. Azimova
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Republic of Uzbekistan

Co-Editor
Anna I. Glushenkova
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Republic of Uzbekistan

Assistent Editor
Valentina I. Vinogradova
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Tashkent
Republic of Uzbekistan

vii
Table of Contents

1 Apiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Araliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 Asteraceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Boraginaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5 Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
6 Cucurbitaceae Juss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7 Ericaceae Juss. (Vacciniaceae S. F. Gray) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
8 Euphorbiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
9 Lamiaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
10 Leguminosae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549
11 Malvaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
12 Onagraceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
13 Ranunculaceae Juss. (Coptaceae A. et D. Löve;
Paeoniaceae Rudolphi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
14 Rhamnaceae Juss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
15 Rosaceae Juss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
16 Rutaceae Juss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
17 Salicaceae Mirb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
18 Solanaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873

Index of Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 927

Index of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961

ix
Authors

D. T. Asilbekova
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
Apiaceae; Araliaceae; Lamiaceae; Solanacea

N. P. Bekker
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
Cruciferae (Brassicaceae); Cucurbitaceae Juss.; Ericaceae Juss.; Ranunculaceae
Juss.; Rhamnaceae Juss.; Rosaceae Juss.; Rutaceae Juss.; Salicaceae Mirb.

T. V. Chernenko
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
Malvacea

A. I. Glushenkova
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
Euphorbiaceae; Leguminosae

N. T. Ul’chenko
S.Yu. Yunusov Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan
Asteraceae; Boraginaceae; Onagraceae

xi