anti inflammatory:

anti-inflammatoy activity; review article

In a distinct investigation, tannin-enriched fractions derived from Fragaria vesca and Fragaria x
ananassa were investigated regarding their impact on gastric inflammation. The study
specifically focused on evaluating their influence on key inflammatory markers, particularly
cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, during gastric inflammation. The study focused on a
molecular pathway involving NF-KB, a regulatory factor associated with inflammation, and how
these strawberry-derived fractions influenced its activity.

The result showed a dose-dependent reduction in NF-KB activity induced by TNF-α, a cytokine
known for promoting inflammation. This implies that as the concentration of the strawberry-
derived tannin-enriched fractions increased, there was a corresponding and measurable decrease
in the activity of NF-KB. NF-KB is a crucial player in the transcription and translocation of
genes involved in inflammatory responses. Therefore, the observed downregulation suggests a
potential anti-inflammatory effect of these strawberry compounds, particularly in response to
TNF-α stimulation.

Moreover, these extracts, which encompassed agrimoniin as the predominant ellagitannin in

strawberries, demonstrated inhibitory effects on the release of IL-8 induced by both TNF-α and
IL-1β. Notably, the inhibitory effect was reported to be tenfold higher in TNF-α induced IL-8
release as compared to IL-1β. this suggests that the strawberry compounds, especially those
containing agrimoniin, have a particularly strong impact on inflammatory processes triggered by
TNF-α. .(Rakkah et al., 2023)

2. ani inflammatory; ethanolic extract; leaves

The research investigates the medicinal properties of Fragaria vesca leaves, focusing on their
potential anti-inflammatory effects. Fragaria vesca has a history of traditional use in folk
medicine for various ailments, and this study aims to scientifically validate its efficacy. The
researchers prepared a hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves and conducted experiments to
assess its impact on inflammatory processes.

The study specifically examined the extract's influence on nitric oxide (NO) production and the
expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.
Notably, the extract demonstrated a direct NO scavenging activity. Nitric oxide is a key molecule
involved in inflammatory responses, and the extract's ability to modulate its levels suggests a
potential anti-inflammatory mechanism.

Additionally, the research delved into the extract's effects on cellular proteolytic pathways,
revealing inhibition of proteasome activity—a cellular mechanism responsible for protein
degradation. The extract also activated autophagy, a cellular process that involves the removal of
damaged or unnecessary cellular components. These findings suggest that Fragaria vesca leaves
may exert their anti-inflammatory effects by influencing both proteasomal degradation and
autophagy.

The phytochemical analysis of the extract identified various polyphenols, including ellagitannins,
proanthocyanidins, and derivatives of quercetin and kaempferol. These compounds are known
for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The presence of these bioactive
compounds provides a molecular basis for the observed anti-inflammatory effects of Fragaria
vesca leaves.

In conclusion, the study supports the traditional use of Fragaria vesca in treating inflammatory
disorders by providing scientific evidence of its anti-inflammatory properties. The identified
mechanisms, such as NO scavenging and modulation of cellular proteolytic pathways, contribute
to understanding how Fragaria vesca leaves may alleviate inflammation. However, the
researchers acknowledge the need for further investigations, especially in the context of cancer
therapy, to fully comprehend the potential therapeutic applications of Fragaria vesca.(liberal et
al., 2014)

7. anti inflammatory; ethanolic extracts derived from both the fruit and the entire plant

The study delves into the anti-inflammatory potential of Fragaria vesca, commonly known as
wild strawberry, historically utilized for treating rheumatism and gout. The investigation
involves ethanolic extracts derived from both the fruit and the entire plant, prepared through the
percolation method. Oral toxicity testing adhering to OECD guidelines was conducted. To assess
anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema test, granuloma pouch
method, and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis model were employed for acute, subacute, and
chronic inflammation in albino rats, respectively. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, both fruit and whole
plant extracts exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects across all inflammation types
compared to the control. The fruit extract demonstrated superior activity over the whole plant
extract. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, volatile oils, methyl
salicylates, borneol, and salicylic acid in the fruits. These compounds are associated with
biological activities, including anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, traditional uses
highlight the historical medicinal applications of various parts of Fragaria vesca, emphasizing its
antioxidant properties in cancer prevention and recommending tea made from the leaves for
digestive issues. (Das &Kanodila, 2011)

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8. anti inflammatory ; ethanolic extract; fruit

The study investigates the anti-inflammatory potential of Fragaria vesca, specifically focusing on
the ethanolic fruit extract, in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
induced in albino rats. At a dosage of 500 mg/kg, the extract demonstrates substantial protective
effects against colitis, evident in the reduction of macroscopic ulcerations and inflammation in
the rat colon. Microscopic examination reveals a near normalization of colon architecture,
suggesting a potential preventive role against induced colitis. Notably, the extract exhibits
heightened antioxidant potential, as evidenced by increased levels of superoxide dismutase
(SOD) and catalase (CAT), critical enzymes involved in neutralizing reactive oxygen species.
This implies a protective influence against oxidative damage in the context of experimental
colitis. The study emphasizes the significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of the
extract, indicating its potential in the management of IBD. The mechanism underlying these
effects is attributed to salicylic acid, known for its inhibition of cyclooxygenase, and flavonoids,
which generally display anti-proliferative effects. The findings underscore the need for further
investigations to explore the clinical applications of Fragaria vesca's fruit extract in treating
inflammatory bowel conditions..(Kanodia et al., 2011)

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15. anti inflammatory; access needed (repeated)

The research delves into investigating the anti-inflammatory potential of two strawberry
varieties, namely Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) and Fragaria x ananassa (cultivated
strawberry), specifically focusing on their impact at the gastric level. The study employed
various assessments to evaluate the effects of extracts derived from these berries. These
assessments included measuring the inhibition of NF-kB nuclear translocation and its driven
transcription, along with examining their influence on the release of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in a
gastric epithelial cell line (AGS) subjected to stimulation by TNFα and IL-1ß.

The results revealed that both tannin-enriched fractions (TEFs) from Fragaria x ananassa and
Fragaria vesca, as well as agrimoniin (identified as the most abundant ellagitannin), exhibited
concentration-dependent inhibitory effects on TNFα-induced NF-kB transcription and nuclear
translocation. Moreover, these extracts and agrimoniin demonstrated a similar concentration-
dependent inhibitory effect on IL-8 release induced by both TNFα and IL-1β. The IC50 values,
indicating the concentration at which 50% inhibition occurred, were reported for Fragaria x
ananassa and Fragaria vesca extracts on TNFα-induced IL-8 release (0.09 and 0.29 μg/ml,
respectively). Agrimoniin, with a notable IC50 of 0.042 μM, displayed a preference for
inhibiting TNFα-induced IL-8 release.
The study highlighted the relevance of specific phytochemical constituents—proanthocyanidins,
anthocyanins, and ellagitannins, particularly agrimoniin—in contributing to the anti-
inflammatory effects observed in Fragaria spp. at the gastric level. These compounds were found
to modulate the NF-kB signaling pathway, thereby influencing the nuclear translocation and
transcriptional activity of NF-kB. Additionally, the extracts and agrimoniin exhibited a
suppressive effect on IL-8 release, a cytokine intricately involved in the inflammatory processes
associated with gastric inflammation. The collective findings suggest that the bioactive
compounds present in strawberries, especially agrimoniin, may contribute to the beneficial
effects of these berries in mitigating inflammation in the gastric environment.(Sangiovanni et al.,
2014)

16. anti inflammatory; access needed

The study is a comprehensive exploration into the anti-inflammatory potential of tannin-enriched

extracts obtained from both wild strawberries (Fragaria vesca) and cultivated strawberries
(Fragaria x ananassa) within a simulated cell model mimicking gastric inflammation. The
research methodology involved a dual approach, comprising the chemical profiling of these
tannin extracts and an examination of their biological effects using a simulated gastric digestion
model. The findings revealed that the tannin-enriched extracts, particularly from strawberries,
effectively suppressed the secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human gastric epithelial cells
treated with TNFα. This inhibition was attributed to the modulation of the NF-κB signaling
pathway, a critical regulator of inflammatory responses. Additionally, when subject to in vitro
simulated gastric digestion, the chemical composition and biological properties of strawberry
tannins experienced only minimal alterations.

The study further delved into the identification of specific compounds within the extracts that
contribute to their anti-inflammatory effects. Casuarictin emerged as a pure NF-κB inhibitor,
indicating its potential in mitigating inflammatory responses. Agrimoniin, another compound
present in the extracts, demonstrated its inhibitory effect on IL-8 secretion by influencing
multiple biological targets, showcasing a broader spectrum of activity. Furthermore, procyanidin
B1, a distinct compound, exhibited the ability to prevent TNFα-induced effects without
disrupting the NF-κB pathway. The collective findings led to the conclusion that strawberry
tannins, even after undergoing simulated gastric digestion, retained their anti-inflammatory
efficacy at concentrations deemed nutritionally relevant.(fumagalli et al., 2016)

17. anti inflammatory; mature strawberries; mixture of acetone and water

The study intricately explores the potential anti-inflammatory properties of tannins-enriched

extracts derived from Fragaria vesca, specifically the wild strawberry, utilizing an in vitro model
designed to simulate gastric inflammation. The investigation employed a meticulous process for
preparing these extracts, involving the harvesting of mature strawberries and utilizing a mixture
of acetone and water for extraction. Notably, the removal of anthocyanosides was undertaken to
specifically enrich the extracts in tannins. The extracts, along with agrimoniin, identified as the
predominant ellagitannin, underwent comprehensive evaluation using human gastric epithelial
cells (AGS) subjected to stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-1β.

Various assessments were conducted, encompassing the measurement of NF-κB-driven

transcription, NF-κB nuclear translocation, IL-8 promoter activity, and IL-8 secretion. The
findings revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition of NF-κB-driven transcription, NF-κB
nuclear translocation, IL-8 promoter activity, and IL-8 secretion by Fragaria vesca extracts and
agrimoniin. The calculated IC50 values underscored the efficacy of these extracts in mitigating
the effects induced by TNFα. In essence, the study concludes that tannins derived from Fragaria
vesca, with a particular emphasis on agrimoniin, exhibit promising anti-inflammatory effects on
gastric inflammation by modulating the NF-κB-mediated pathways. This research provides
valuable insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of specific compounds present in wild
strawberries and their role in counteracting inflammation within the gastric environment.
(Fumagalli et al., 2014)

Antioxidant activity:

anti oxidant activity;methanolic extract;fruit

The study explores the potential gastroprotective effects of anthocyanin-enriched strawberry

extracts against ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage in a rat model. Fruits, particularly those
with antioxidant properties, are recognized for their role in fortifying the body's defenses against
chronic diseases. Polyphenolic compounds, such as those found in strawberries, have been linked
to protective effects against gastric damage. The investigation identifies anthocyanins,
particularly Pg derivatives, as predominant polyphenolic compounds in strawberries. The
observed protective mechanisms involve increased activities of antioxidant enzymes (Catalase
and SOD) and a reduction in lipid peroxidation, indicative of diminished cell damage. Previous
research on strawberries establishes them as rich sources of various phytochemicals,
emphasizing their high antioxidant capacity correlated with polyphenolic content. Utilizing an in
vivo rat model, the study demonstrates that anthocyanin-enriched strawberry extracts
significantly attenuate ethanol-induced gastric damage, suggesting their potential in preventing
or treating conditions like gastric ulcers. This research underscores the significance of
strawberries in enhancing the body's defense mechanisms against external damaging agents and
proposes their therapeutic potential in mitigating oxidative stressors associated with gastric
health. (Alvarez et al., 2011)

The study concludes that anthocyanin-enriched strawberry extracts demonstrate a significant

gastroprotective effect against ethanol-induced gastric damage. This protective action is
attributed to the antioxidant activity and polyphenolic content of the extracts, particularly
anthocyanins. The extracts were found to maintain cell membrane integrity, reduce free radical-
dependent lipid peroxidation, and activate endogenous antioxidant enzymes (SOD and Cat). The
results suggest that strawberry consumption could alleviate gastric mucosal damage, making it a
potential preventive or therapeutic measure against conditions like gastric ulcers and related
pathologies(Alvarez et al., 2011)

4. anti oxidant activity ;fruit

In this study, the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of wild strawberry fruits
(Fragaria vesca L.) from natural habitats were comprehensively compared with those cultivated.
Recognized for their delectable taste and potential health benefits owing to rich phytochemical
content, wild strawberries were the focus of investigation. The study meticulously examined
differences in flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, anthocyanins, dry matter content, and
antioxidant capacity between wild strawberries sourced from their natural environments and
those cultivated. The findings revealed that wild strawberries from natural habitats exhibited
higher levels of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, showcasing their superior secondary
metabolite profile. Furthermore, anthocyanins, vital antioxidants linked to both color and
potential health advantages, were significantly more abundant in wild strawberries. Notably, wild
strawberries displayed almost three times higher dry matter content, indicating greater nutrient
density. The study also found that wild strawberries possessed a higher antioxidant capacity,
measured through DPPH radical reduction, emphasizing their ability to combat oxidative stress.
Overall, the conclusion drawn from this investigation is that wild strawberries, in addition to
their enticing taste, may offer enhanced health benefits due to their superior phytochemical
composition and potent antioxidant properties. The study underscores the potential value of wild
strawberries as a rich source of nutrition and antioxidants, prompting further exploration of their
health-promoting attributes.( Dyduch-Siemińska et al., 2015)

5.

antioxidant activity; hydromethanolic; roots

The study explores the phenolic profile and antioxidant properties of commercial and wild
Fragaria vesca L. (wild strawberry) roots, employing hydromethanolic and aqueous extraction
methods, including infusions and decoctions. The primary objective is to establish a correlation
between the antioxidant capabilities of the extracts and their phenolic composition. The findings
indicate both similarities and differences between commercial and wild samples, with a
commonality in flavan-3-ols, specifically catechin derivatives like procyanidins. Commercial
samples feature ellagic acid glycosides, while wild samples exhibit flavonols and
dihydroflavonols (taxifolin derivatives). Notably, the infusion of wild samples stands out for its
elevated content of total phenolic compounds and superior antioxidant capacity in various
assays, including DPPH scavenging activity, reducing power, β-carotene bleaching inhibition,
and TBARS inhibition. The study underscores the importance of specific phytochemical
constituents in determining the antioxidant potential of wild strawberry roots, providing valuable
insights into their health-promoting properties.(Dias et al., 2015)

13. antioxidant ;leaves

The study delves into the potential cosmetic applications of leaves from various berry plants,
including Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry). It specifically focuses on the utilization of
kombucha-fermented and non-fermented extracts from these leaves in the cosmetic industry.
Employing techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array
Detection and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS), the research
identifies polyphenolic compounds in the leaves and their kombucha ferments. The assessment
encompasses exploring chemical composition, antioxidant potential via DPPH and ABTS assays,
cytotoxicity on skin cell lines, anti-aging properties by inhibiting metalloproteinases, and effects
on skin hydration and pH. Conclusively, kombucha ferments display heightened levels of active
compounds and superior antioxidant activity compared to berry leaf extracts. The fermented
extracts, particularly after 10 and 20 days, exhibit positive impacts on skin cell viability and
mitigate intracellular reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, these ferments contribute
to inhibiting collagenase and elastase activity, indicative of potential anti-aging properties. When
applied to the skin, the ferments positively influence skin hydration and pH, showcasing their
potential as innovative cosmetic ingredients. The identified phytochemicals, including gallic acid
and quercetin derivatives, contribute to antioxidant activity, while the inhibition of
metalloproteinases suggests protection against collagen and elastin degradation, contributing to
anti-aging effects. The study underscores the intricate mechanisms through which these bioactive
compounds positively affect skin cells by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing cell viability.
( Ziemlewska et al., 2022)

14. antioxidant activity; ethanol and methanol were used to make the extract; Leaves/ fruit/ bark

The study focuses on exploring the antioxidant potential of Fragaria vesca, commonly known as
wild strawberry. Through the assessment of total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content
(TFC), and radical scavenging activity using the DPPH assay, the research reveals that Fragaria
vesca, particularly in its leaves, exhibits high levels of phenolics and flavonoids, indicating
significant antioxidant capabilities. The identified phytochemical constituents, such as phenolics
and flavonoids, are associated with various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory,
antitumor, and antimicrobial effects. The study underscores the potential of Fragaria vesca in
treating disorders like cancer, diabetes, and neurological issues, attributing its efficacy to the
presence of these bioactive compounds.(zahid et al., 2019)

19. antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities;aqeous ethanol; leaves

The study delves into exploring the antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities inherent in
Fragaria vesca L., commonly known as wild strawberry. By scrutinizing the bioactive
compounds found in the leaves of F. vesca, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, ellagitannins, and
proanthocyanidins, the research focuses on their potential applications in cosmetics. Employing
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the study characterizes the F. vesca extract,
revealing a notable abundance of elagitannins known for their anti-melanogenic potential and
antioxidant properties. Furthermore, the investigation formulates a hydrogel incorporating the F.
vesca extract, subjecting it to rigorous assessment for physicochemical attributes, stability, and
suitability for skin application. The resulting hydrogel demonstrates an acidic pH, appropriate
viscosity, and commendable stability, affirming its aptness for topical use. In-depth studies,
including human repeat insult patch testing and antioxidant efficacy assays, underscore the
cutaneous compatibility, acceptability, and antioxidant prowess of the F. vesca extract-based
hydrogel, positioning it as a promising cosmetic ingredient. Emphasizing the rich content of
elagitannins, the study underscores the antioxidant and anti-melanogenic activities associated
with F. vesca, attributing these effects to the inhibition of melanin synthesis. In essence, the
study's central theme revolves around unlocking the cosmetic potential of Fragaria vesca by
leveraging its antioxidant and anti-melanogenic attributes. The optimized extraction and
formulation processes highlight the successful integration of F. vesca extract, particularly
enriched in elagitannins, into a stable and effective hydrogel, thereby substantiating its role as a
valuable cosmetic ingredient with skin-protective and anti-melanogenic properties.(cuoto etal.,
2020)

20. anti oxidant; leaves

The study focuses on investigating the phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activities
present in Fragaria vesca L. (wild strawberry) leaves, with a specific emphasis on comparing
infusions and decoctions. The assessments include analyzing secondary metabolites such as total
polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total proanthocyanidins through infusion and decoction
methods. Additionally, antioxidant activities are evaluated using the DPPH and CUPRAC
methods. The findings reveal that decoction extracts obtained during the blooming period exhibit
the highest levels of total polyphenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and antioxidant activities.
Fragaria vesca leaves, identified as rich sources of bioactive compounds such as tannins,
procyanidins, anthocyanidins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids, are deemed suitable additives for
functional foods and natural cosmetic products. The study concludes that aqueous extracts from
these leaves, particularly during the blooming period, hold significant promise for applications in
herbal medicine and nutrition, offering potential benefits for the production of health-promoting
foods with notable therapeutic effects.(Ivanov, 2015)

23. anti oxidant activity; ethanlic extract ;leaves

The study is primarily focused on exploring the antioxidant activity of Fragaria vesca (wild
strawberry) leaves. The assessments involved the use of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) methods, considering factors like extraction
temperature, time, and solvent-to-sample ratio (SSR). Optimal conditions for MAE and ASE
resulted in extracts with distinct phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities. MAE
exhibited specificity for phenolics with ABTS•+ radical-scavenging and ferric ion-reducing
properties, while ASE yielded higher total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH• antiradical
activity. The identified phytochemical constituents responsible for the antioxidant activity
included various phenolics such as procyanidin B1, myricetin, quercetin, and others. The key
concept of the study was to find efficient methods for recovering diverse phenolic classes in wild
strawberry leaves, considering their antioxidant properties. The comparison of MAE and ASE
under different conditions highlighted their impact on the phenolic profile and antioxidant
activities. The study's conclusion emphasized the significance of extraction conditions in
influencing the yields of different phenolic classes and suggested potential applications of wild
strawberry leaves in industries like cosmetics and pharmaceuticals due to their unique phenolic
profile and associated biological effects(Terpinc et al., 2023)

26. anti-oxidant activity; ethanol+ glycerine; fllower+leaves

The study is centered around the exploration of Fragaria vesca L. (wild strawberry) as a potential
source of biologically active substances with antioxidant properties. Specifically, the research
investigates various extracts, including infusion, decoction, glycerine extracts, and tinctures,
obtained from the leaves and flowers of Fragaria vesca. The analysis focuses on determining the
content of secondary metabolites such as total polyphenols, total tannins, and total
proanthocyanidins, along with assessing antioxidant activities using DPPH and FRAP methods.
The findings highlight that 50% glycerin extracts, particularly when subjected to ultrasound
irradiation, exhibit the highest levels of total polyphenols, tannins, proanthocyanidins, and
antioxidant activities. These glycerin extracts are identified as suitable additives for natural
cosmetic products due to their enhanced biological activity. Moreover, tinctures prepared with
50% ethanol are deemed optimal for extracting biologically active substances, with a
recommended shelf life of 12 months. The study underscores the significance of optimizing
extraction parameters to obtain extracts rich in these compounds. Overall, Fragaria vesca leaves
and flowers emerge as promising sources for developing natural cosmetic products and
pharmaceutical formulations with potential health benefits, as indicated by their robust
antioxidant activities. The research also provides insights into the stability and shelf life of the
tinctures, contributing valuable information for their practical application and storage.(Ivanov,
2018)

27.anti oxidant +anti bacterial activity; hydromethanolic extract; fruit

The study focuses on exploring the nutritional, phytochemical, and bioactive properties of wild
Fragaria vesca L. fruits. The fruits are found to be rich in carbohydrates, soluble dietary fiber,
polyunsaturated fatty acids, citric acid, succinic acid, and vitamins B9 and E. The investigation
compares hydromethanolic extracts and infusions, revealing that the former contains higher
levels of phenolic compounds, including ellagic acid derivatives and dihydroflavonol taxifolin-3-
O-arabinofuranoside. These extracts exhibit superior antioxidant, antibacterial, and biofilm
inhibition activities compared to infusions. The correlation analysis emphasizes the relationship
between phenolic compounds and the observed bioactivities. The study concludes that despite
lower concentrations in infusions, both forms of Fragaria vesca could find applications in
functional foods, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceutical formulations, offering promising health
benefits attributed to their diverse bioactive constituents.(Dias et al., 2016)

Anti microbial:

10. anti microbial; methanolic extract; fruit;

The study delves into investigating the antimicrobial properties of Fragaria vesca, commonly
known as wild strawberry. The primary focus is on the potential bioactive compounds found in
the fruit, namely flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. The research involves a comprehensive
analysis of these compounds in the methanolic extract of strawberry fruits, followed by testing
their antimicrobial effects against various bacterial and fungal strains. The findings reveal that
flavonoids are the predominant and most effective antimicrobial agents, showcasing significant
activity against both bacteria and fungi. Additionally, alkaloids and saponins from the strawberry
exhibit antimicrobial potential, with specific effectiveness against certain bacterial and fungal
strains. The study underscores the richness of Fragaria vesca in bioactive compounds,
particularly flavonoids, and highlights their potential as natural antimicrobial agents.(hussain et
al., 2021)

11. anti microbial activity

The study investigates the health potential of Clery strawberries, specifically those belonging to
the cultivar Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Weston and a graft obtained by crossing Clery with
Fragaria vesca L. The research delves into the prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases,
assessing enzymatic inhibition activities such as acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-
amylase, α-glucosidase, and tyrosinase. Polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity were
analyzed following various homogenization techniques and thermal/microwave treatments. The
findings suggest that the strawberries modulate key enzymes, with notable inhibitory effects on
tyrosinase and cholinesterases. Furthermore, the study demonstrates antifungal activity against
Candida albicans, emphasizing the potential of Clery strawberries as effective agents.
Flavonoids, particularly epicatechin, are identified as key phytochemical constituents responsible
for these effects, with mechanisms including plasma membrane disruption and inhibition of
RNA and protein synthesis. Although the text does not explicitly mention traditional uses or
botanical characteristics of Fragaria vesca, it underscores the importance of high-quality products
and proper processing for optimal health benefits.(cairone et al., 2021)

18. anti microbial activity

The study primarily investigates the antimicrobial activity of three commercial herbal
toothpastes, one of which incorporates Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) extracts. The
effectiveness of these toothpastes against two microorganisms causing tooth infections,
Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus, is evaluated. The antimicrobial activity is
assessed using an agar disk diffusion method, measuring the clear zone diameter as an indicator
of sensitivity to the tested microorganisms. Additionally, the volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) in the toothpastes are analyzed through solid-phase microextraction/gas
chromatography-mass spectrometry-flame ionization detection (SPME/GC-MS-FID) to identify
the chemical composition. The study concludes that the herbal toothpastes, including the one
with Fragaria vesca extracts, demonstrate antimicrobial efficacy against both bacteria, with Aloe
vera-containing toothpastes proving more effective than the wild strawberry-containing variant.
The VOC analysis highlights oxygenated monoterpenes, specifically menthol and anethole, as
prominent compounds contributing to the observed antimicrobial activity. The study suggests
that these bioactive compounds, associated with Fragaria vesca extracts, could offer dental health
benefits by reducing bacterial accumulation on teeth, thereby safeguarding the oral cavity and
potentially lowering the risk of dental caries. Overall, the research underscores the potential
advantages of herbal toothpastes, particularly those incorporating Fragaria vesca extracts, in
promoting oral health through their antimicrobial properties.(korkmaz et al., 2019)

25. anti-microbial.. lib excess req

The study investigates the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Vitex negundo L.,
Fragaria vesca L., Terminalia arjuna, and Citrus maxima against Staphylococcus aureus,
Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Extracts were prepared using the percolation
method, and the disc diffusion method assessed antibacterial susceptibility. Notably, Fragaria
vesca demonstrated significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus, while other extracts
exhibited antibacterial effects against different strains. Although specific phytochemical
constituents of Fragaria vesca were not detailed, the study underscores the potential
antimicrobial properties of these plant extracts, suggesting their efficacy in combating bacterial
pathogens. The overarching aim is to explore and compare the antibacterial potential of ethanolic
extracts from diverse plant sources, shedding light on their role as natural antimicrobial
agents(Borah et al.,2012)

cardioprotective:

6. cardioprotective ; aqueous extract;leaves

The study delves into exploring the vasodilatory potential of Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry)
leaves, focusing on the direct effects of their aqueous extract on the cardiovascular system in a
dose-dependent manner. Two experimental models, isolated guinea pig hearts, and rat aortic
rings, were employed to evaluate vasodilatory activity, with comparisons made to hawthorn
leaves with flowers, a recognized vasodilatory reference. Analyses encompassed "phenolic
fingerprints," total phenolic content, antioxidative capacity, and investigations into vasodilatory
mechanisms, specifically the role of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase products. The study
concludes that the wild strawberry leaves extract exhibits dose-dependent vasodilation akin to
hawthorn extract, with an endothelium-dependent response mediated by nitric oxide and
cyclooxygenase products. Notably, the extract's impact on isolated hearts revealed enhanced
coronary flow and reduced oxygen extraction, indicating potential benefits for coronary
circulation without significant effects on overall cardiac function. The study underscores the
involvement of phytochemical constituents, particularly flavonoids, in eliciting these
cardiovascular effects, shedding light on the potential pharmacological applications of wild
strawberry leaves in promoting vascular health.(Mudnic et al., 2009)

30.anti oxidant activity+cardioprotective ; methanolic extract; friut

The study focuses on investigating the platelet antiaggregation activity of Fragaria vesca and
other strawberry species. Various assessments were conducted to understand the effects of fruit
extracts, including the evaluation of antioxidant properties using DPPH and FRAP
methodologies, measurement of total phenolics, flavonoids, and anthocyanin content, transcript
profiling of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis, and assessment of platelet antiaggregation
activity induced by ADP and collagen.

The findings revealed that Fragaria vesca exhibited the highest platelet antiaggregation effect,
even at lower concentrations. Different strawberry species demonstrated varying levels of
antioxidant capacity and flavonoid content. The study suggests that the observed platelet
antiaggregation effect may be attributed to isoflavones, flavonoid precursors, and anthocyanins
present in the strawberries.

The phytochemical analysis identified key constituents, including phenolic compounds like p-
coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid, flavonoids such as kaempferol, quercetin, genistein,
and daidzein, as well as anthocyanins like pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-
glucoside. These compounds were associated with antioxidant activity and the platelet
antiaggregation effect, with isoflavones acting as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors influencing
platelet activation.

In conclusion, Fragaria vesca and Fragaria chiloensis subsp. chiloensis f. patagonica

demonstrated promising platelet antiaggregation effects, linked to a complex interplay of
phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The study suggests that specific flavonoid
precursors, particularly genistein and daidzein, may contribute to the observed biological
activities. These insights can inform future breeding programs aimed at enhancing the content of
bioactive compounds in strawberries to improve their health benefits.(Parra palma et al., 2018)

21. Anti oxidant activity +cardioprotective; leaves

The research delves into the biological activity of ellagitannin-rich extracts derived from wild
strawberry leaves (Fragaria vesca L.) concerning cells and cell membranes. Through
comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis employing chromatographic methods, the
study evaluates the impact of the fruit extract on phenolic compounds. Assessment of cytotoxic
and antioxidant activities is conducted using fluorimetric and spectrophotometric methods on
both erythrocytes and human vascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1). The investigation extends to
the examination of physical properties of the membrane, encompassing osmotic resistance,
erythrocyte shapes, and membrane fluidity, through microscopic and spectroscopic approaches.
The overarching conclusion from these assessments asserts that the extracts exhibit a lack of
toxicity towards erythrocytes and HMEC-1 cells while effectively shielding cells and their
membranes from oxidative damage.

Ellagitannins, identified as the principal phytochemical constituents within the extracts, notably
casuarictin (63.5%) and lambertannins C (29%), are credited with the observed biological
activity. The study establishes the antioxidant prowess of the wild strawberry extract, elucidating
its capacity to safeguard cells and their membranes against the deleterious effects of free
radicals. The underlying mechanism involves the binding of extract components to the
membrane's surface area, instigating alterations in physical properties such as shape, hydration,
and resistance to osmotic pressure.

Fundamentally, the study's core objective is the exploration of the biological activity inherent in
ellagitannin-rich extracts from wild strawberry leaves, with a prospective application in
preventing diseases linked to the cardiovascular system. Conclusively, the research underscores
the extracts' non-toxic effects on cells, their efficacy in shielding against oxidative damage, and
the manifestation of substantial antioxidant activity. These findings position the extracts as
promising substances for potential use in preventing cardiovascular diseases, underscoring their
health-enhancing properties.( Cyboran-Mikołajczyk et al., 2022)

other studies:

9.anti cancer; fruit

The research on Fragaria vesca, commonly known as wild strawberry, delves into its potential as
a cholinesterase inhibitor, a crucial aspect in Alzheimer's disease therapy aimed at reinstating
acetylcholine levels in the brain. The study employed a meticulous activity-guided purification
methodology, incorporating ultrafiltration and various chromatographic techniques, to effectively
isolate bioactive compounds from the fruit. Throughout the purification process, the researchers
utilized Ellman's colorimetric method to quantify anti-cholinesterase (ChE) activity at each stage,
providing a comprehensive understanding of the efficacy of the isolated compounds.

A significant discovery arising from this investigation was the identification of quercetin as the
most potent cholinesterase inhibitor present in both wild strawberry and apricot fruit extracts.
Quercetin, belonging to the flavonoid class, stands out not only for its recognized antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties but also for its association with diverse health benefits. These
encompass potential anti-cancer effects and a protective influence on cardiovascular health.

The mechanism through which quercetin exerts its biological activity centers on the inhibition of
acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes. By impeding these enzymes, quercetin
contributes to an increase in acetylcholine levels in the brain, offering a potential therapeutic
avenue for conditions involving cholinergic imbalances.( Szwajgier et al., 2019)

12. diuretic and nephroprotective activitie; extracts were prepared from pulverized fruits using
petroleum ether, alcohol (specific type not specified), and water (decoction method).

The study investigates the diuretic and nephroprotective activities of different extracts of
Fragaria vesca (wild strawberry) in rats. Diuretic activity was assessed using Lipschitz method,
revealing significant increases in urine volume and ion excretion, particularly with the alcoholic
and aqueous extracts. These findings suggest potential diuretic properties of Fragaria vesca.
Nephroprotective activity was evaluated against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity, with
alcoholic and aqueous extracts showing moderate protective effects by reducing serum urea and
creatinine levels. The study highlights Fragaria vesca as a potential diuretic agent and suggests
its potential in protecting the kidneys from toxic insults. Phytochemical analysis identified
constituents such as carbohydrates, saponins, triterpenoids, and steroids. While the specific
flavonoids responsible for these effects are not detailed, flavonoids in general are known for their
antioxidant properties, suggesting a possible mechanism for the observed nephroprotective
effects. Further research, including advanced toxicological studies, is recommended to
comprehensively understand the safety and efficacy of Fragaria vesca extracts( Kishore et al.,
2012)

22. anti convulsant activity; ethanolic extract; fruit

The study aims to explore the anticonvulsant potential of Fragaria vesca L. ethanolic extract
(FVEE) in laboratory animals subjected to chemically induced epilepsy. Utilizing male Swiss
albino mice and inducing seizures with various chemical agents, including pentylenetetrazole,
strychnine, isoniazid, and picrotoxin, the research administered FVEE at different doses to assess
its impact. The evaluations encompassed behavioral observations, measurements of brain
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels, mortality rates, and other
relevant parameters. The findings indicated that FVEE, particularly at doses of 250 and 500
mg/kg, exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects by mitigating the onset and duration of
induced convulsions. Moreover, FVEE demonstrated the ability to elevate GABA levels and
reduce NO levels, suggesting a potential neuroprotective mechanism. While the specific
phytochemical constituents responsible for these effects were not explicitly outlined, the study
underscores the need for further investigations to characterize active principles and establish
structure-activity relationships. Overall, the research implies that Fragaria vesca L. ethanolic
extract holds promise in preventing diseases associated with epileptic seizures.(Patil, 2012)

24. hypolipidemic activity, ethanolic and aqueous extracts, fruit pulp

This study delves into the investigation of the hypolipidemic properties of ethanolic (EEFV) and
aqueous (AEFV) extracts derived from Fragaria Vesca, commonly known as wild strawberry, in
Wistar rats subjected to hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet. The evaluation involved the
periodic measurement of serum lipid profile, blood glucose levels, and body weight. The
findings revealed significant hypolipidemic effects for both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, with
the ethanolic extract at a dosage of 500 mg/kg exhibiting a comparable impact to the standard
drug Atorvastatin. Notably, these extracts did not induce significant alterations in blood glucose
levels. Although the specific phytochemical constituents responsible for the observed
hypolipidemic activity were not explicitly identified, the study hints at flavonoids within
Fragaria vesca as potential contributors. Flavonoids are recognized for their antioxidant
capabilities and their ability to mitigate cholesterol levels through mechanisms such as inhibiting
cholesterol synthesis and reducing dietary cholesterol absorption. The study's core objective lies
in exploring Fragaria vesca extracts as promising hypolipidemic agents, offering an alternative to
current drugs with associated limitations and side effects. The conclusion underscores the
significant hypolipidemic potential of both ethanolic and aqueous extracts, emphasizing their
applicability in addressing hyperlipidemia and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in individuals
with diabetes.(Eerike et al., 2014)

28. anti-viral activity;methanol; fruit

The study investigates the antiviral activity of various wild berry species, including Fragaria
vesca (strawberry). Traditional uses of wild berries for their antiseptic, antimicrobial,
cardioprotective, and antioxidant properties prompted the examination of their potential selective
antiviral effects. The research focuses on total methanol extracts, as well as anthocyanins and
non-anthocyanins from strawberries, raspberries, bilberries, and lingonberries collected in
Bulgaria. The antiviral assessment involves testing against important human pathogens—
poliovirus type 1, coxsackievirus B1, human respiratory syncytial virus A2, and influenza virus
A/H3N2. Freeze-dried and ground wild berry fruits are used to prepare total methanol extracts,
which are further fractionated. The study concludes that all tested berry extracts inhibit the
replication of CV-B1 and influenza A virus. Anthocyanin fractions, especially from strawberries,
exhibit strong inhibition of influenza virus A/H3N2 replication. The findings highlight wild
berry species as valuable sources of antiviral substances, emphasizing the need for further
detailed research in this field.( Nikolaeva-Glomb et al., 2014)

29. anti diabetic;methanolic extract; leaves

The study focuses on investigating the inhibitory activity of Fragaria vesca, among other berry
species, on intestinal α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes, crucial contributors to postprandial
hyperglycemia. The research employs both in vitro and in vivo assessments, measuring the
inhibitory effects on the enzymes and evaluating the impact on starch-induced blood glucose
levels in mice. The berry leaf extracts, including those from Fragaria vesca, exhibit significant
inhibitory potential attributed to polyphenolic compounds, particularly flavonoids. These
compounds are associated with antihyperglycemic effects by effectively modulating the activity
of glucosidase and amylase enzymes. The findings suggest that these berry leaf extracts, rich in
bioactive components, hold promise as natural inhibitors of hyperglycemia, offering potential
alternatives with fewer side effects compared to existing drugs. The study encourages further
exploration through clinical trials to validate their efficacy in glycemic control, presenting a
novel avenue for diabetes management.( Takács et al., 2020)