Track 1.

01

Maria Where are you, Nikola?

Nikola In the lab.
Maria Which lab? The one at school?
Nikola No! The lab in the backyard.
Maria Why are you there?
Nikola Ha, ha, ha! You know me – I’m a chemist under cover! I’m in the old tool shed.
Maria But there isn’t electricity there.
Nikola No, there isn’t! But we have everything: a microscope, chemicals and test tubes.
Maria Then you aren’t alone, are you?
Nikola No, I’m not. Vasil is here, too. We come here every other day.
Maria Oh, isn’t it dangerous to do experiments there? There isn’t a teacher to supervise you.
Nikola No worries, we’re safe.
Maria But at school we always have instructions, you know, what to do and how to do it.
And during STEM classes we’ve …
Nikola yeah got a virtual laboratory with big-screened computers. There are ready-made
resources for students, I know that!
Maria That’s true. So?
Nikola So… the problem is that you have a STEM class only twice a month. And you aren’t
free to experiment on your own. Ok, sorry, Maria. I’m busy now! Bye, bye! Hey, Vasil, I’m
not a weirdo, right?

Track 1.02

/θ/ – think, everything; /ð/ – there, with, then, together

Track 1.03

JD Afternoon, Britain! This is School Radio, a broadcast of BBC 4 Digital. I’m Jeremy
Douglas. Here with me on The Voice, is another young leader – Alexa Pine. Welcome to the
studio, Alexa.

Alexa Pine: Afternoon to you and all the listeners. Glad to be here!

JD Now Alexa, tell me, what is it like to be a Student Council President at Bath Performing &
Creative Arts School, a leading school in Somerset?

Alexa Pine: Well, it’s a big responsibility, really, but on the whole it’s fun. I like it. We’re a
great team.
JD You don’t run the school body alone, right? Who helps you?

Alexa Pine: No, I don’t. The President is the head of the Student Council that consists of five
members. The student body votes for them every year. Each of them is responsible for a
particular sector, or as we call it a society – initiatives, performances, media, etc.; there’s even
a sports society. A society has a manager and assistants who do volunteer work.

JD Oh! Sounds interesting

AP Yeah, it is. For example, Mark Jobbs manages the Media society and takes care that
everything goes smoothly. One of the assistants does radio broadcasts, while another
publishes a monthly online newsletter, The Report. The assistants ask him for help, if needed.
Of course they don’t work alone – often students collect information for them, carry out
surveys, take photos or just move furniture.

JD How often does the School Council meet, Alexa?

Alexa Pine: Usually once a fortnight. But I’m in touch with the society managers almost
every day. They text me or leave me messages. Sometimes they call me at night and we try to
solve problems together.

JD When do you find time for school?

Alexa Pine: Well, I usually prepare my lessons in the evening or catch up with the other
students at weekends.

JD It looks like you’re a very organized person. It’s time for some music now and then we’ll
get back to …

Track 1.04

tell, fun, school, body, member, for,

leader, big, that, arts, team, often,

move, just, look, ask, call, some

leader big look school tell for that fun arts body

team move member call just ask often

some
Track 1.05

“Dad, why do they call it Great Britain?”

Sanjay and his father are walking through the busy streets of Glasgow city centre.
The city is normally crowded at this time of day, but today it is even busier,
because there is soon going to be a very important football match.
“Well,” says Bikram. “That’s a good question.”
He is about to give his son an answer when in front of them three football fans in green
scarves walk out of a pub and start to sing. They are all very big Scottish men with tattoos on
their arms and bottles of beer in their hands. Bikram knows that they are probably not bad
men, but he decides to cross the road to be safe.
“So what’s the answer Dad?” Sanjay asks.
“What? Oh yes, Great Britain, well…”
But before he can continue, he sees a large group of football fans standing near to the bridge.
These fans are all wearing green scarves, green shirts and green hats. Some of the fans are
chanting and others are shouting horrible things about the opposition team.

Track 1.06

ɑ: ɜ: ɔ: - shirt, scarf, large ə - father, answer, beer, wear, near

Track 1.07

On the bridge, the two groups of football fans stop and look down at the river. “He’s there, in
the water!” the tall red-headed man shouts.
“What?” cries Bikram, then he runs to the side of the river and sees that it is true; his poor son
has fallen into the water and is quickly being swept away.
“No! Help him, please!”
For a moment no one moves, then suddenly, the short man with the bald head runs to the side
of the bridge. “You, with the red hair! Hold my legs and dangle me down. The boy’s coming
this way!”
The tall red-haired man does not hesitate, he runs to the short man, picks him up and dangles
him over the river.
“I’m not low enough!” the short man shouts. “Come on, everyone!”
Then suddenly an amazing thing happens. Both groups of fans run to help the two men and in
just a few seconds there is not one, but four men dangling from the bridge while all the others
struggle to hold them.
“Here!” the short man shouts, and Bikram sees Sanjay raise his hand and for a moment he
thinks that it is too late, but then there is a massive cheer from all of the fans when they see
the short man pull the boy from the water. And on the side of the river Bikram falls onto his
knees and begins to cry; but he thinks that he now has an answer to his son’s question.

Track 1.08

light L: legs, low, late

dark L: bald, help, while, all, hold, struggle, pull, fall, tall

Track 1.09

Fashion – now and then

For lots of people fashion is a synonym to wearing clothes typical of a particular time. For me
it means a trendy look which also includes lifestyle, footwear, hair and accessories and make-
up. The Fashion industry and the media are the two main sources that make a look popular.
To help my students understand what I mean, I always compare two different periods.

Now, let’s take the time we’re living in and what it was like, for example, a hundred years
ago. Fashion was a big part of the 1920s. People wanted something new, lots of women,
called flappers, wanted to look good and be unique. What made them different? In the first
place, their behavior was similar to that of men: flappers went to work, drove cars, played golf
or tennis; they even went to parties and sometimes smoked and drank. Secondly, flappers had
their own style of clothing thanks to French fashion and designers like Coco Chanel. Their
dresses were straight and loose with bare arms, the waistline dropped to the hips. The flappers
removed the corset from female fashion, raised skirt and gown hemlines with a few inches
above the ground. They wore silk stockings. Skirts rose to just below the knee towards the
end of the 1920s. So, when they danced or walked, it was possible to see flashes of leg.

Third, they popularized short hair and boyish cuts. High heels also came into vogue – they
reached 2–3 inches (5–8 cm). Jewelry usually consisted of many layers of beaded necklaces.
Pins, rings, and brooches came into style. Horn-rimmed glasses and heavy make-up also
became popular.

Track 1.10

smoked played started removed wanted dressed required adopted behaved

Voiceless consonant Vowel/ voiced consonant Verb ending in /t/ or /d/

smoked / t/ played, removed /d/ wanted /id/
dressed required started
behaved adopted
Track 1.11

Speaker 1

Still, I can’t believe it! Finally, I have my driving licence. I failed three times in a row, you
know. I didn’t take the first exam because I forgot to use the indicator; during the second
exam I changed into the wrong lane. The third time I couldn’t park the car. My instructor said
I was the worst driver in town. I think they took pity on me yesterday – they know I can’t
afford it any more. Or perhaps I was a bit better than before!? Anyway, I’m officially allowed
to drive. Now I can be more independent – I can go anywhere, I like. I can do the shopping,
too. I’m free to do as I please! Hurray!

Speaker2

What can I say about the language course I’m doing at present? Well, when I started three
months ago, I could only say ‘Hi’ and ‘Goodbye’ in Korean. I couldn’t distinguish it from
Chinese or Japanese. Now I can read short texts and answer basic questions. I can also write
simple sentences alone. For now, speaking is the most difficult part for me – I can’t
pronounce properly some sounds although I’m doing lots of exercises. The teacher says it’s
easier to speak than write. I suppose, she’s right – it makes sense. I took her advice and listen
to podcasts for entertainment. I Hope I can learn to speak Korean well one day. I know it can
take ages but I won’t give up!

Speaker 3

Happy to say I’m feeling more confident now that I finished a basic digital skills course a few
weeks ago. I take pride in my results – I got the highest score at the final test! Believe it or
not, before I started the course, I wasn’t able to do almost anything with the computer
programme we’re using at work. You could hear me asking colleagues, “Can you help me
with this?”. I couldn’t even do a sum. People usually take it for granted that the young can do
wonders with new technology. I’m not one of them, though. Before I started, my skills were
lower than average. I enrolled in a course, you see, because I’m an accountant in a foreign
company. You can take it as read that I can’t get a promotion without having good digital
skills. It’s crazy, but whatever you do for a living nowadays, you can’t do without computing
skills.

Track 1.12

The underlined forms are weak forms and the bold ones are strong forms

Todor can speak Dutch and Norwegian.

Mila could count from one to twenty when she was three.
Can you help us with the video? Unfortunately, I can’t.
Who can come at 7.30 tomorrow morning? I can.
He can get in trouble if you don’t help him.

Track 1.13

Kamen, 17

I’m a student at a secondary school in Plovdiv. I love cooking very much. At the moment I’m
doing Culinary and Restaurant Operations (CRO) - an optional skills subject at our school.
We’re learning basic skills in culinary and food service. I really enjoy it. What are my plans
for the future? I’m going to participate in MasterChef Junior next month. I’m practicing at
the moment. Well, when I finish school, I’m going to study at the Culinary Academy in my
home town – they have an excellent Culinary Arts Programme. After that I’m going to apply
for a molecular gastronomy course in Paris. I know the chef’s world is very competitive – it
looks impossible to be one of them. But I hope one day I’ll be a famous chef myself – I’ll
have my own restaurant here or maybe abroad. And I will receive a Michelin star. My dream
– in 10 or 15 years’ time I’ll have my own restaurant group.

Chantel, 18

Just like other girls my age, I have lots of dreams. Well, when I was little, I wanted to be a
singer or a doctor. I grew up and became more mature, so my ideas changed. Now the most
important thing for me is to help people. I dream of becoming a robotics engineer. No one
takes me seriously, though. I’m aware the world of science is basically a men’s world. There
are very few women. However, I’m ready to take the challenge. I’m going to study at the
Technical University and I’m going to receive a master’s degree in nanotechnology. I believe
20 years from now nanotechnology will be the most important branch. I think nanorobots will
play a significant role in people’s lives. I also think nanorobots will perform tasks in
medicine. They will be able to kill cancer cells or improve vaccines, for example.

Denis, 17

I am fond of everything related to fashion and fashion styles. My dearest dream is to be a

leading designer in the future. I like drawing a lot, especially in class or when I travel to
school – I spend every free second drawing. Look! There are sketches of models and clothes
even on my books. I’m working on a new sketch now. I’m going to present my models at the
Regional School Trade Fair. I’m going to take pictures of my models for my portfolio. I can’t
wait for the autumn. I’m going to travel to Milan – everybody connected with fashion will be
there. I hope I’ll see some of the most famous designers there. I’ll ask them to sign
autographs for me. Can you think of anything more exciting than that? Probably not, but I
can. My models will make it on the catwalk in Milan!

Track 1.14

1. I’m ready to take the challenge. falling intonation

2. What are my plans for the future? falling intonation
3. Can you think of anything more exciting than that? rising intonation
4. I can’t wait for the autumn. falling intonation
5. I spend every free second drawing. falling intonation

Track 1.15

We’re using a telephone answering system. This is a recorded message.

For more information on trips to South America and the Carribean, press 1; Safaris in Africa
& tours of the Sahara Desert, press 2; Cruises along the Danube and the Mediterranean Sea,
press 3; winter sports in the Alps, Colorado & the Canadian Rockies, press 4; scuba diving in
the Pacific Ocean, press 5.
When you are a citizen of a country member of the EU, you don’t need a visa to travel around
Europe, but you must have one to travel to different parts of the world. You must have a
passport valid for at least 6 months after the period of stay and a visa to enter a number of
countries, for example the USA, Japan, Australia, etc. You mustn’t give your passport details
to anyone.
We’d like to remind you that when you travel abroad, you need to keep up-to-date with the
latest COVID-19 travel advice for the country you are going to visit. At present, you don’t
need to show any proof of vaccination status, take any Covid-19 tests either before you leave
or after you arrive at your destination. You don’t need to complete a Passenger locator form
either. Of course the travel provider you’re using (the railway, airline or coach company) may
ask you to wear a mask. In such cases, you should follow all Covid-19 rules.
However, the requirements are different when you travel to Australia and New Zealand or
some countries in Africa and Asia, so you must make sure you will be allowed to enter those
countries before you buy the trip. At present, you must provide evidence of vaccination with a
digital or paper document.
This information is updated weekly. You need to check the changes for your destination
regularly. Thank you for using our services.
We’re using a telephone answering system. This is a recorded message. For more
information...
Track 1.16

1. You must put on your school uniform.

2. Students have to put on their school uniforms.
3. You must always speak slowly and clearly.
4. Emil and Vladimir have to prepare a presentation.
5. We eat more meat, but you must eat more vegetables.
6. You mustn’t give your passport details to anyone.

1. /məs/ 2 . /əv/ 3 /məst/ 4. /həv/ 5. /mʌst/ 6 strong forms - /ˈmʌs.ənt/ /mʌst/

strong weak (after /ə/ ) weak (before weak ( before

consonant) vowel)
must //mʌst/ /məs/ /məst/
have /hæv/ /həv/ /əv/ /v/

Track 1.17

Amelia Jordan – mother/careers adviser Evie Jordan – daughter

Amelia Hi, darling! I haven’t seen you like that for a long time. What’s bothering you?
Evie I’m preparing a report for Miss Benson’s class – Picking the right career.
She gave us a few tips to follow. We have to report back tomorrow and say
what career suits us best. I’ve worked on it for two weeks now, taking notes on
my personal skills, interests, likes and dislikes, favourite classes and projects.
Amelia Two weeks? What took you so long? You usually work well. Haven’t you
finished it yet?
Evie No, I haven’t. That’s the problem. I have my notes, but I don’t know what to
say in the report. I’ve already read a couple of guides on what career path to
follow. Same result. I’ve just done a career aptitude test – it took me 30
minutes to complete it. And can you believe it? I should take up finance, or I
should do a research job! Me? I’m hopeless at maths and I can’t do a single
experiment!
Amelia Have you ever thought of doing something else besides the tests?
Evie Like what? I’ve never been in a similar situation, mum. You know I always
complete assignments on time. I really don’t know what to do.
Amelia I do! You haven’t consulted me yet.
Evie You?!
Amelia Yes, me, I’m a careers adviser, remember? I’ve consulted hundreds of kids
since 2015, Evie!
Evie Mum, do you seriously think I’ll do that?
Amelia But why Evie? Why not?
Evie Because, because, ….oh, never mind …
Track 1.18

As you all know by now from my blog, I am a designer handbag fanatic. I must admit that
I’ve spent lots of money on bags since I left college. I can’t help it – that’s my soft spot. But I
think I’ve already found a way to put some money aside.
I was surfing the net the other day, and came across an interesting article. It was about the
quickly developing industry of designer handbag rentals! Now, I have heard of luxury car
rentals and even designer wedding dress rentals, but I have never imagined a day when I
could rent the latest designer purse. Can you picture yourself renting the dream purse you
have bounced your rent check for? I can! My dilemma has come to an end.
I’ve done some research online and I’ve picked a couple of companies that do that. One of
them has a wonderful website that lets you choose and rent handbags. It’s as easy as renting a
DVD! You pay an annual subscription fee and you have access to a collection of beautiful
handbags to use. The type of bag you can borrow depends on your membership level. You
can keep the bag for as long as you like, but you must return it in the condition you received it
in. Another company allows you to rent on a weekly or monthly basis. They also offer their
customers the option to purchase their rented purse, if they cannot bring themselves to return
it. They know me so well, don’t they?
I’ve shared all this with you not to advertise these companies. I can’t deny that their services
have been excellent – they’ve sent the bags within a couple of days. I’ve rented three bags in
the last few months and they are great. I just would like to be there for those who haven’t
heard of that hottest new trend yet. If you are interested, just post me a message.

Track 1.19

Of course, I knew that it was May Day. I always enjoyed the festival when I was a child, and
to be honest I think that I enjoy it more now that I am a pensioner. So, at about twelve
o’clock, when the sun was high in the clear summer sky, I left my cottage for the second time
and walked to the town square where the celebrations were beginning. It was a wonderful
sight!

The young girls of the town were all carrying flowers, the young boys were holding old
trumpets or penny whistles. The mayor and the town councillors were dressed in their smart
clothes, and there were smiles on the faces of everyone I saw. Then, at about one o’clock, the
brass band began to play and the whole town followed the parade through the streets to the
harbour. I saw Mr Morris the butcher, John the newsagent, old Bill the barman from the local
pub, Mrs White the baker and many other familiar faces. So, it seemed like the whole town
was at the parade; but we now know that someone was not.

When the parade was nearly at the pier of the harbour, we heard the scream. The person who
was screaming was a young girl, because she was the first to see the terrible sight. However,
when other people saw it, they began to scream too. You see, there was something very wrong
with the maypole. The long red ribbons which the girls normally used to dance around the
pole were now lying on the floor next to the two parts of the useless, broken pole.
Track 1.20

Carrying young beginning wrong screaming think lying holding

Track 1.21

Dialogue 1

Ivan So, let’s see who’s doing what tomorrow. I’m a bit nervous, you know, because there
are three events going on at the same time.
Marta True, but we’ll collect money for the local hospital and …
Ivan … and, it’s extremely important to help them get a new intensive care nursery, I
haven’t forgotten. So, you are supervising the dessert sale. Have you arranged
everything? Who’s helping you, Marta?
Marta I’m running the dessert sale. A couple of my classmates have volunteered to move a
table in the foyer. Others are helping with the sweets. I’ve got a list with the students’
names and who’s bringing what. Todor’s mother is baking muffins, Tina’s
grandmother is making banitsa, Iliya’s sister is preparing sandwiches, mine is making
an apple pie, and the twins’ mother ...
Ivan OK, ok! Who’s selling the desserts in the long break?
Marta Toma, Nikol and Julia.
Ivan Oh, dear! Don’t tell me Toma’s selling the deserts! He’ll probably eat everything!
Marta No, no, he’s collecting the money.
Ivan Fine. Then, Ema and Ani … Where are they?
Marta No idea!
Ivan Never mind. Finally, Mladen and Anton …Where are they?
Marta Over there.

Dialogue 2

Ema We’re putting up the book auction tomorrow. I’ve got an idea of how to collect more
money than the dessert sale.
Ani No way! We can’t compete with them.
Ema Why not? We can start the book auction earlier. Listen, the first class finishes at 8:10.
After the bell rings at 7:30, we can arrange the stall in the hallway on the second floor.
We need a couple of minutes to display all the books we’ve collected.
Ani But how can you make the students buy books, especially second-hand books?
Ema Their stall is downstairs in the foyer, ours is the first thing the 10th graders see.
Ani Yеah, and …?
Ema They stop and get a book because it’s for a good cause – the hospital. Remember?
Dialogue 3

Anton The two of us are organising the sports competition tomorrow. The good news
is I’ve sold all tickets. I didn’t expect that, honestly!
Mladen Great! Let’s go over tomorrow’s schedule again. I hope I haven’t
missed anybody.
The tournament opens at 9:00 am. All six teams are on the playground. You and Boris
are holding the bowls with the teams’ numbers. The captains are drawing a number to
play against. The referees from the participating schools are there, too. Oh, the
referees! All participating schools are coming with their PE teachers. Our PE teacher
is one of the referees, too, right? Any news from the maths school? What about theirs?
Anton Unfortunately, Dimi, my cousin Elena’s boyfriend hasn’t called. He promised
to talk to their PE teacher. I really don’t know.

Track 1.22

David’s answer Jess’s room the kids’ toys Mary’s homework a woman’s voice

Track 1.23

A: Now in tune with the coming fall and all the festivities during this season, is our next piece
of advice. It aims at those who don’t want to miss the special moments with their loved ones
but afterwards regret stuffing themselves with their mother’s special dinner. Here’s what
Nadine Jacobs has prepared for you:

B: Thanksgiving is a time to be thankful for all of the things that we have and remember what
is important – family and friends. The sharing of a meal with the people we love is a
wonderful event and is appreciated by nearly all cultures.
To many, good healthy food and Thanksgiving dinner seem to cancel each other out.
However, it should be possible and even easy to make meals that are a pleasure to share. Here
are a few tips for healthier holiday meals.
Traditional Thanksgiving meals contain a lot of dishes reflecting the backgrounds of the many
people who came together for those meals. So, prepare a wide variety of food. The benefit is
you gain a wider variety of nutrients and you won’t stuff yourself with a single type of food.
Try some simple recipes. Instead of making the obligatory green bean casserole with
mushroom soup and fried onions,why not cook a simple green bean dish with a dash of sea
salt?
Be careful how much food you put on your plate. Instead of loading up your plate with a few
spoons of mashed potatoes, start with smaller portions of everything that has been prepared. If
you would like a second helping, do the same. You’ll be able to enjoy the many flavours as
well.
Pace yourself. Enjoy the meal – you’ve got plenty of time ahead. Don’t jump right into your
second helping, take a short break and burn some calories. By eating more slowly, your body
will give you signals when you are full. Plus, you’ll have a little time left between bites to
chat with your family and friends. If there are some leftovers, you can always eat them later.
So take pleasure in the eating and the sharing of food but also consider the nourishment that
food gives you. Be thankful and give honour to the variety of dishes
which you have to share.

Track 1.24
Grandma Happy birthday, Tony! This is a small present from me. I hope you like it.
Grandson What is it, grandma? It’s quite heavy.
Grandma I won’t tell you – see for yourself, but I’m ready to answer more questions.
Grandson Oh, it’s an album. But all my pictures are digital, grandma. I keep them on my
mobile.
Grandma Yes, dear I know. But all the pictures from my childhood are here. This album
is one of my greatest treasures and I’d like to give it to you.
Grandson Really? Can I see it? But granny, all the photos are black and white.
Grandma True, when I was small, all photos were black and white. Most people didn’t
have cameras – photographers took pictures of us. Luckily, I had one because
my father had been on a trip to Berlin.
Grandson To Berlin?!
Grandma Yes, and he spent all the money he had saved on a camera. He gave me the
camera for my twelfth birthday. And I started shooting.
Grandson You started shooting!?
Grandma Shooting pictures of family, friends and classmates.
Grandson Wow! Who are these people? And that old man?
Grandma That’s my grandfather, Tony. He was a very well-educated person. Before he
married my grandmother, he had studied medicine in Germany. He had been a
doctor for three years in his hometown when WWI broke out. He joined the
Red Cross. A month before my father was born, he had died in an explosion
while he was doing an operation.
Grandson An explosion!? What about that girl with the ribbons? It looks very much like
mum but …
Grandma Can’t you guess? That’s me on my twelfth birthday. I had just received my
birthday present – remember, the camera that my dad had bought in Berlin!
Grandson No way! Who took a picture of you?
Grandma My dad, of course – a photographer had taught him how to use the camera.
Track 1.25

1. She is a really good photographer. falling

2. Really? rising
3. Kevin went to Berlin. falling
4. To Berlin?! rising
5. You started shooting?! rising
6. Wow! rising
7. An explosion?! rising
8. No way! rising

Track 1.26

We have heard or read lots of stories about people of poor origin that later in their lives
become patrons of culture. After years of hard work, bold decisions and wise investments,
they build up empires and use their wealth for the good of others.
One such example is Andrew Carnegie who used large amounts of money to fund charities.
Before his death in 1919, Carnegie had given away nearly $350, 000, 000, almost 90 per cent
of his fortune, to pensions, universities and museums. He also built public libraries throughout
the United States, Britain, Canada and other English-speaking countries.
The first Carnegie Library opened in 1883 in Dunfermline, his hometown in Scotland. Some
biographers say that Carnegie was motivated by what the philanthropist Enoch Pratt had done
in his free library in Baltimore, Maryland. However, there is evidence that another event from
Carnegie’s earlier years inspired him – a meeting with William Stokes, legal counsel for the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company. In 1850, Stokes was living in Greensburg, Pennsylvania in
a hilltop house that would be known later as Stokes Mansion. Stokes invited the fifteen-year-
old telegraph operator to visit and spend the night at his mansion because the boy had written
an article for the Pittsburgh Journal. Carnegie expressed the people’s attitudes toward the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
The boy had never spent a night in a stranger’s home before and everything in the house
impressed him. While Andrew was walking around, he saw Stokes’ impressive private
library. He promised himself he would someday have a library.
Years after the memorable meeting, the Sisters of Charity would buy that property and would
open their new school. This is now known as Seton Hill University.

Track 1.27

What comes to mind when you hear the word communication? Perhaps you think of someone
giving a speech like the President or Prime Minister of your country. Or maybe you think of
texting, phoning, or emailing? When we communicate, we send or receive a message.This can
be a piece of information, facts, opinions, stories, news or ideas.
Language is not the only way to communicate, we can do it without words, too. This type of
communication, called non-verbal communication, is unconscious: it happens without
thinking about it. We use gestures, facial expressions and eye contact. When people have
a conversation, they use many facial expressions and hand gestures. This is called body
language. For example, if people are happy, they smile; if people are angry, they frown; if
people feel miserable, they cry.
Nowadays, most of the time we’re using smartphones and the internet to get in touch with
others. We’re communicating on an informal level with family or friends through various
symbols.
You can call me an old-hat, but I still like using keyboard emoticons, those 2 or
3 punctuation characters that stand for our mood. I do that, especially when texting on my
phone - don’t have the patience to browse through the hundreds of smiley faces online!
Besides, if I use a web forum or instant messenger, or I decide to play online games, my text
emoticons are automatically replaced with small pictures. Kris has just sent me a link, but
I’m really busy now. If I want to thank him, I will type a few symbols on the keyboard - a
colon for the eyes, a hyphen for the nose, and parenthesis for the mouth. Easy!
Well, most of my friends are fans of emojis. Emojis are much like emoticons, but they are
pictures. All smartphones, browsers, web pages and applications use them. Even play stations
have their own ones. Emojis come in different categories - smileys and people, animals and
nature, travel and places and many more.
Of course, I also use them from time to time. If you ask me, I will tell you which my fave one
is - the face with joy and tears. If I decide to use one now, I will choose the yawning face. I’m
really tired and I need some rest.

Track 1.28

Helen Douglas Morning, Britain! This is School Radio, a broadcast of BBC 4 Digital.
I’m Helen Douglas. And this is The Voice. This week’s question has
been Does physical appearance affect communication? Lots of you
have posted comments on our Facebook and Instagram pages. Now let
me remind you, you can call us at 20-7343-7656 or Skype us at
teen.TheVoice. Who’s our first listener on air?

Kevin Hi, Helen. Kevin, from Reading.

Helen Douglas Hi, Kevin. So, does physical appearance affect communication?
Kevin Definitely. The colours we wear, the clothes we have on and our
hairstyle are a means of non-verbal communication. A study on colour
psychology has shown different colors can bring about different moods.
Helen Douglas Thanks, Kevin. And now we have Gina from Brighton. Hi Gina!

Gina Hi! Honestly, I don’t believe in everything psychologists say. Take

yellow, the colour of optimism. I love it but I’m really a pessimist. If I
wore yellow jeans now, would that mean I was an optimist?
Helen Douglas I suppose not. Thanks, Gina. Let’s see what Tim has written in Skype.
“The way you look often tells others who you are and how confident,
knowledgeable or competent you are. Just compare a white shirt and a
tie and leather shoes with a T-shirt and sneakers. But looks can be
deceptive. A great example is wearing glasses. In the 20th century most
people wore glasses because they had to, not because they could look
good. Today, you see young people with some flashy-looking glasses.
They have no prescription! They wear them just for the image. If they
 didn’t wear glasses, they would look younger, at least”. Hmm,
interesting. Let’s check who’s calling …

Brandon It’s Brandon from Leeds, hi! Yes, I agree that glasses are simply a style
these days. I wear glasses. If I weren’t shortsighted, I would never wear
any glasses. If I had to choose, I would wear contact lenses.
Unfortunately, the doctors say I can’t. If my parents save enough
money, I will have an operation in the near future.
Helen Douglas Thanks, Brandon. For those who tune in now the topic is Does physical
appearance affect communication? Call us at 20-7343-7656 or reach us
on …

Track 1.29

Olivia Hey, Austin. Happy to see you. Where are you going?
Austin For a walk.
Olivia For a walk? Haven’t you read my messages?
Austin No, I don’t have a phone with me.
Olivia Why? What’s happened? You only got it a few months ago.
Austin Nothing, I’ve decided to leave it behind when I’m out for a short while. You
know, that research Ms Tyler showed us the other day made me think. If on
average people spend around 2 hours a day, what about me? Now with
homeschooling, online learning management systems and Google classroom, I
probably spend like five hours a day, sometimes I hit six. That’s 240 hours a
week, and I haven’t counted the weekends. It’s an alarming amount of time!
How much time do you spend on the phone, Olivia?
Olivia Me? No idea! Less than you, because I use a laptop as well, but I spend like
20-30 minutes sometimes looking at selfies, posting likes, texting – actually
doing nothing.
Austin Think about it! What would life have been like without the modern means of
communication – the fax machine, the mobile phone or the Internet?
Olivia Well, I suppose we would have queued in front of payphones if they hadn’t
invented the mobile phone. I really can’t imagine myself in a queue, though.
Another idea that comes to my mind is this: we would have spent more time
together if they hadn’t invented the mobile phone. Or we’d have gone for
walks more often.
Austin Yeah, and I think my classmates would have gone to the library to borrow
books if they hadn’t invented the Internet. Or they would have spent hours in
the reading rooms searching for information in traditional newspapers and
magazines.
Olivia I was wondering what my father would have done with his business if they
hadn’t invented the fax machine?
Austin I thought nobody uses fax machines anymore.
Olivia No, you’re wrong. They use a fax server in the office which receives and stores
incoming faxes electronically. They need it because electronic signatures on
contracts are not recognized by law. Faxed contracts with copies of signatures
are.

Track 1.30
Stella Andrews This is Tip-Top, the weekly show on the National Radio. I’m Stella
Andrews, today we’re going to give you some advice on healthy eating
habits. Our guest today is Dr Ruben Kelly from Trinity College, Dublin.
Welcome to our studio.
Dr Kelly Glad to be here today.
Stella Andrews Dr Kelly, as a nutritionist you’ve advised hundreds of patients.
However, I’d like to ask you to speak from personal experience. You’re
a vegetarian yourself, aren’t you?
Dr Kelly That’s right. I decided to become a vegetarian as a child.
Stella Andrews Parents always worry about what their children eat. How did your
parents react? Being a vegetarian child wasn’t popular 20 years ago,
was it?
Dr Kelly No, it wasn’t. Well, they were worried that I would be lacking in the
protein necessary for growth. After they had consulted doctors and read
many books on raising vegetarian children, they added beans and lentils
to the family menu. There was no Internet back then, no platforms,
blogs or online courses. As you can see, I grew up a healthy man and
became taller than all the men in my family.
Stella Andrews Right, why are beans so important for vegetarians?
Dr Kelly Because they are both a great source of protein and are low in fat. They
are also packed with vitamins, minerals and fibre. Such “crossover
foods” are usually not very expensive and are easy to cook.
Stella Andrews What is a crossover food? Can you explain it to our listeners?
Dr Kelly A type of food we can use in a meal as a protein or vegetable item.
Stella Andrews I see. Is there anything else you can recommend to our listeners?
Dr. Kelly Sure. You can use canned beans or dried ones. It’s a good idea to rinse
the beans before eating them to remove the salt and preservatives.
Avoid processed foods where possible and buy dried beans. Cook them
following the instructions on the package. Generally, beans are not
complicated to cook, but you need some time. Most beans, except
lentils, need an overnight soak in water to soften them up. Rinse the
beans and cook on the stove. Simmer until soft.
Stella Andrews Thank you, Dr Kelly. Have you ever tried to do all this? If you have
never tried it, do it next time you cook beans. We’ll go on after the
song…
Track 1.31

1. You’ve spent all your money, haven’t you? falling

2. You bought an electric toy for your niece, didn’t you? rising
3. The restaurant was closed yesterday, wasn’t it? falling
4. Jeremy isn’t very excited, is he? rising
5. Donna plays the piano, doesn’t she? falling

Track 1.32

I Eat What I Feel

Have you ever felt the need to go to the kitchen to eat something more while you’re watching
TV? Don’t you think it is awkward to do that after you had dinner less than an hour ago?
Today’s consumers do not believe that chewing something before or after a well-served meal
is a weird practice. Maybe the food quantity someone ate was not enough to make them feel
full. Or maybe, one hates to throw away food. So they made an effort to find a good place to
put that last piece of apple pie that they had left in the fridge.
But why do you select to eat the specific types of food that you do? For dietitians and
researchers, the true cause of eating after meals is your psychological state. People tend to eat
what they feel. That extra packet of chips or the two scoops of ice cream you had while you
were watching a film, shows something about the way you felt last night.
Synthia Power, an American psychotherapist who specialises in the area of “food and
addiction,” believes there is a very close relationship between our mood and the food we
select to eat. In 2019 she tested more than 500 people and examined their eating habits in
relation to their emotional state. Ms Power says that the study has shown interesting facts. For
example, the largest percentage of people that are angry will eat a steak; when people try to
deal with a stressful period in their lives, they will eat soft types of sweets, like ice-cream,
honey or marmalade. A jealous person will eat whatever there is in the fridge.
Psychologists think that this is the first serious attempt to examine the relationship between
our dietary choices and the way we eat.
A friend of mine told me that she had read an interesting article about that. It said you didn’t
need to be a specialist to realise someone had problems. My friend did a simple experiment.
She was curious to see who was suffering from stress. She observed the friends she had
invited over for dinner. She was waiting to see who would grab the salt first at the dinner
party. She didn’t say who had done that. But she said it was fun.
I think I will do it myself next time we gather at home. I hope my friends won’t refuse to
come.
Track 1.33

TeacherA healthy lifestyle helps to keep and improve people’s health and well-being.
Different organisations work in that direction. Healthy living has a lifelong effect. Being
healthy includes healthy eating, physical activities, weight management, and stress
management. Do you agree that good health allows people to do many things? What does a
healthy lifestyle mean to you?

Student 1 I associate a healthy lifestyle with a good diet and an active social life. I think
everyone should follow a balanced diet. That is – a person should eat a wide variety of foods.
You know, we should have foods from every colour on the food pyramid – meat, dairy
products, fruits and vegetables.
Another thing is to lead an active social life – you should spend your time with family and
friends, go to concerts or the cinema, visit places, and meet new people.

Student 2 For me, a healthy lifestyle is to have a good sleeping pattern and personal hygiene.
Just like water and food, sleep is crucial to human health and well-being. We need sleep so
that our body has a rest. To do everyday activities at school or at home, and to look good, we,
teenagers should sleep at least 10 hours a day. What happens when I’m tired? My mind
doesn’t function properly and I often struggle to remember information.
Second comes hygiene. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, brushing the teeth to
keep them clean, shaving, and dressing correctly are some examples. These should become
habits of ours from an early age. People who do not have good hygiene might lose teeth, or
become sick.

Student 3 In my opinion, the most important component is physical exercise. People do

physical exercises to get stronger or stay healthy. Seventeen or eighteen-year-old students and
young adults simply do this to improve their body image. What are the benefits of exercise for
all ages? Well, regular exercise helps with high blood pressure, obesity, heart disease, and
depression, to name a few.

Teacher Do you have breakfast in the morning?

Student 1 Yes, this is the most important meal of the day for me.

Student 2 I sometimes grab something from the fridge. At weekends I usually miss it because
I have a lie-in. I prefer to have brunch instead.

Student 3 I just have a smoothie – either milk or yoghurt with some fruit: bananas,
strawberries, peaches, etc.

Track 1.34

Speaker 1, Alicia
What is your favourite healthy food? Mine is chocolate and I’m not kidding. Finally, medical
experts have announced that chocolate is good for us. According to recent medical research,
chocolate has marvellous benefits for the human body. Who did not know this? I’m a
subscriber to the Old England Journal of Homemade Cures and Potions. I have known for a
very long time that eating chocolate is a healthy habit. For years, this journal has published
many articles about the benefits of chocolate.
I’m grateful for the advancement of modern medicine and science. Something is bothering
me, though. If scientists were mistaken about chocolate, what else are they mistaken about?
Take broccoli for example. Has the medical world been wrong all these years?Are they really
that beneficial?
With recent discoveries, I strongly doubt that. That’s why I propose to eat as much chocolate
as possible and avoid broccoli in each and every form. Maybe people believed that chocolate
was not healthy just because they didn’t know the right way to eat it.
I will tell you how to eat chocolate.

Speaker 2, Robert
Do you have a healthy breakfast? I do. Eating a bowl of oatmeal each morning is the perfect
way to start your day off right.
First off, by oatmeal I don’t mean the instant kind that comes in the different flavours – these
are full of sugar. No, just plain oat flakes. Why don’t you try it yourself?
What are the benefits of eating oatmeal?
The benefits of this porridge are that it’s made from oats and oats are a good source of fibre.
Fibres fight cancer, reduce cholesterol and slow down the digestion. Scientists have found that
those who eat more oats are less likely to develop heart disease.
Oats are a good source of many nutrients including vitamin E, zinc, selenium, copper, iron,
and magnesium. Oats are also a good source of protein.

Track 1.35

Organic food is the food which comes from animals and plants that have been grown and
raised by farmers according to strict guidelines.
Organic farming maintains the soil healthy and keeps insects and weeds under check. Even
farm waste is recycled in organic farming and it prevents the pollution of our environment.

Farmers breed livestock only with organic fodder. Many animal farms are built only for
organic farming. They are distributing only organic meat. Therefore more people have access
to organic meat.

Flower growers and ordinary home gardens can use organic methods too. An example of
organic farming which is often used in the garden is biological control. Biological control
means using natural methods to get rid of pests, instead of using poisons. For example, by
encouraging ladybirds into the garden as they eat greenflies.

The agricultural fairs are a popular event for organic farmers. They are usually organised by
the local authorities and are held in different places during the year or at weekends. There
regional farmers sell the organic food they have produced. Lots of organic cafés and
restaurants have been built recently, too. They serve customers organically produced food,
dairy products or homemade baked goods.
City ‘farms’ have never gone out of fashion. In the past, the food on the city farms was grown
for the use of individuals or local families. These days many city farms are growing organic
foods without chemical fertilisers. Sometimes modern city farming includes whole
communities. For example, some time ago, in Brisbane, Australia a community group took
a city park. The park was flooded regularly by a river. They changed the park into an organic
city farm; they planted fruits, vegetables, herbs and flowers. They also made ponds to attract
insects, frogs and birds, which could help in pest control.
True organic food is more expensive than non-organic food but it tastes better. In fact, eating
organic food is the only way to feel 100% confident about the foods that are consumed.

Track 1.36

Girls & Athletics

In my lecture today, I’m going to discuss girls’ physical activities at the turn of the 20th
century. I’ve built my comments on a rare book – Girls & Athletics which was published
more than 100 years ago. The book can be found in Spalding’s Athletic Library and can be
borrowed if you hold a special subscription membership card. An extraordinary woman had
been chosen to edit the book before the publishers invited different schools to send
information. That was Miss Mary C. Morgan, an athlete of remarkable ability. As a student in
Philadelphia, and at Bryn Mawr College Miss Morgan played on basketball, track, water polo,
and field hockey teams and participated in the gymnastic events. She held world records for
women in the 100-yard dash and 100-yard hurdle race.

You might be surprised by my choice of book. But there is so much that can be learnt about
the growing popularity of athletics in its various forms among girls.
Actually, it is a brief summary of the activities, rules and methods of administration of a
number of games in girls’ schools and colleges in the USA at the beginning of the previous
century. There is also lots of practical advice on equipment, training and behaviour. Besides
that, it is like a short encyclopedia on dozens of sports which were beginning to attract more
and more girls at the time. Let me give you an example of one of these sports.
During the second decade of the 20th century, field hockey was the most popular team game
which was played by girls after basketball. Until 1901, English field hockey was
comparatively unknown in America. Before that, it had been played by men at the Springfield
Training School, and to some extent at Mount Holyoke College. Arrangements were made to
coach the Mount Holyoke girls in hockey. But before the first professional coach arrived, the
girls had been trained by the boys on the men’s team.
As can be seen, physical activities and health are not concepts of the 21st century. They have a
much longer history than you thought. Your great-grandmother or great aunt had been
inspired to take up a sport decades before doctors began to speak openly about the benefits of
physical exercise. They did that for the very same reason as you – to be fit and healthy.
Track 1.37

Coach 1 Dane Lewis I’ve been a coach for almost two decades. I’ve seen a lot and I’ve learnt
a lot. What’s bothering me is this: nowadays more and more teenagers are leaving the sport
they took up as kids. Most teenagers start with team sports. I don’t blame them or their
parents – it’s not difficult to find a local sports centre that offers football, basketball or
baseball coaching these days. And it is cheaper that way. Then, some teenagers quit because a
teammate plays better than them. That’s an excuse. They quit because they didn’t work
harder. What did they think? No one can strike better, jump higher or run faster with just a
few hours’ practice a week. The sooner you realise this, the better for you.

Coach 2 As an athletics coach, I know that any physical exercise under favorable
circumstances is beneficial. lt develops and brings into play the muscles of the body and
stimulates the whole system. My advice to PE teachers and young coaches who train growing
girls: in their teen years, girls grow faster than boys. You should supervise them more
carefully. Girls often look fitter, but be on the watch out. Some are more delicate than others
and unfit for a particular track and field sport. Then every participant should have a thorough
physical examination. After you are certain about the girl’s physical condition, you should
watch her more closely while she progresses with tougher exercises.

Coach 3 Cindy Hurley Sport does not only make you physically stronger, it builds you as a
personality, and it makes you behave better. Fair play and good sportsmanship are the two
slogans you should keep constantly before the eye. Teenagers who play cleanly and fairly are
a real treasure. They are admired by all with whom they come in contact. There is no higher
compliment than to be called a “good sportsman or sportswoman.” A teenager who can lose
and smile, or win and not cheer over the opponent’s defeat, is ready to get something bigger
than physical development.

Track 1.38

Brisbane has gained a reputation as one of Australia’s most progressive centres. Its cultural
calendar is quite busy and the nightlife is thriving too. Brisbane has a number of interesting
locations such as a great riverside park and a good street cafe scene.
Locally, Brisbane is known as Bris Vegas; elsewhere it is famous for the sun and crowds of
people. Those who like arts won’t be disappointed. As an arts capital Brisbane has a lot to
offer – it has theatres, concert halls, museums and galleries.
Brisbane is placed in a good location. In contrast to the chilly weather further south, the
weather here is pleasant. It is best to visit Brisbane in the wintertime, from June to August
when the days are warm and sunny and the nights are cool.
Not more than an hour’s drive from Brisbane you can reach the Sunshine Coast of
Queensland. Situated away from the city life, the coastline offers unspoilt beaches and
perfect food. Whatever you are looking for - an adventure or a nice spot of sand to sit and
have a break, the Sunshine Coast is worth a visit for both couples and families.
Just to give some examples: the kids can be kept happy fishing, visiting local attractions or
canoeing. Adults who like swimming, surfing or sunbathing will not be bored either. There is
a variety of swimming spots provided by rivers, sheltered bays and beaches. You can take a
quiet rainforest walk, play a round of golf or choose a romantic dinner by the sea or in the
mountains. The Sunshine Coast is an ideal place to relax – a tourist’s paradise.

Track 1.39

Rea Allen – Green Club

There are lots of clubs at my school – there are some sports clubs, there’s an arts club, an eco
club, and even a drama club. Of course each club has got a programme. For example, I’m a
member of the Green Club; as a group we’re very active - we take part in lots of green
initiatives both at school and on a regional level. Unfortunately, very few people know what
we’re doing as a club because there isn’t any information. Actually, there aren’t any reports
from our initiatives. I guess, we need to change that. For example, we can start a young
writers’ club. I don’t know why there isn’t one at our school. Perhaps they thought there are
no students that can write well. The truth is, I have got some friends who love writing and
would like to develop their writing skills. So I can invite them to write about our club’s
activities and publish them on the school’s page and other social media. That’ll be my friends’
share – volunteering for a good cause, spreading ‘green’ information and making our
community aware of the work of the school’s Green Club.

Robin Thorr – Small steps

It might sound a bit odd for some, but I believe that what my grandfather and I are doing is
eco-friendly. He has been a beekeeper all his life. All these years he has tried not to use
chemicals in his garden in order to protect his bees; he knows well what’s growing in the area
and what has changed. He has shown me around the village to see all those enormous houses
with concrete paths and perfectly mowed grass. He’s certain that all these cause problems for
his bees. So he himself has experimented to leave the grass to grow freely so that his bees
have what to feed on. Now that I’ve seen with my own eyes what he’s doing, I know he’s
right.
I have got a plan how to make other villagers believe it’s better for everyone, not just bees, if
we don’t mow the lawns so often. It’s a great challenge, I know, and it’s tough to make people
believe in something totally different from what they were taught to do. So far, I’ve managed
to convince a couple of neighbours. My grandfather himself has got a few friends on his side.
Our contribution is really small for now but it’s worth it. We think globally but act locally.

Gabrielle Barnes – Buying green

I believe that if we want to live in a world good for us, as well as for the others, we need to
change our environment, and, especially, what we eat. What my family are doing is very
simple actually. We haven’t changed the foods we eat, but the shops we buy these foods from.
My parents have started buying food directly from producers: locally grown vegetables and
fruit from farmers that don’t use any chemicals. Of course, sometimes we find an occasional
insect in the lettuce, the spinach or the apple. But this is better for us and for nature. To live in
harmony with the natural world, we should start thinking in a different way! Going back to
nature will save us!

Track 1.40

Sustainability has become a buzzword in recent years at. This term describes processes or
states that do not cause damage to the environment. In the 21st century, it refers generally to
how the Earth and humans can co-exist.
Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and
other organisms. That question has called for an immediate answer from experts and
politicians worldwide. They have come up with suggestions on how to keep the balance
between the species and the resources on Earth. Ways of reducing the negative impact are
environmentally-friendly chemical engineering, environmental resources management and
protection. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms. One example is
reorganising living conditions - ecovillages and sustainable cities. Another one is
reorganising the economic sectors or work practices through green building, sustainable
agriculture or architecture, using green technologies, and renewable energy. Last but not least,
is changing individual lifestyles to conserve natural resources.
These ways are known as sustainable development. Everyone wants a better place to live.
Some people want better homes and housing, while other people want better schools, more
jobs, or cleaner and safer streets. Others may want all these things.
Sustainability has been a topic of discussion at a number of international conferences these
days. However, it is still not clear if human societies will finally achieve environmental
sustainability because of climate change, overconsumption and population growth.

Track 1.41

The School strike for the climate, also known as Fridays for Future (FFF), is an international
movement of school students who take time off from class to participate in demonstrations to
demand action to prevent further global warming and climate change.
Publicity and widespread organising began after Swedish schoolgirl Greta Thunberg staged a
protest in August 2018 outside the Parliament building in Stockholm. She was inspired by a
similar act of an independent group of students that had invited other students around the
world to skip school on the first day of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference
in Paris. On 30th November a “climate strike” was organised in over 100 countries and had
over 50 000 participants. The movement focused on three demands: 100% clean energy;
keeping fossil fuels in the ground and helping climate refugees.
2019 was marked by a series of school strikes around the world that urged adults to take
responsibility of climate changes. These strikes were inspired by what Thunberg had done
during the previous year. Students from over 270 cities in Australia, New, Zealand, Canada,
Japan, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, etc. went into the streets to protest. At least 45
000 students protested in Switzerland and Germany alone, against insufficient policies on
global warming. In several countries, including Germany and the UK, pupils demanded the
change of laws to reduce the voting age to 16.
In Scotland, city councils of Glasgow and Edinburgh gave permission for children to attend
the strikes. In Finland parental consent letters were sent to schools and in the Finnish city
of Turku the school board proclaimed that children had a constitutional right to take part in
the strikes. In Italy more than 200 000 students demonstrated; in Montreal more than 150
000 attended. In Antarctica, German scientists held a supportive rally there.
Even the COVID-19 pandemic could not stop the movement. It went digital and students from
all over the planet joined in the initiatives in 2020 and 2021.

Track 1.42

Food rescue, also called food recovery is the practice of collecting edible food that would
otherwise go to waste from places such as restaurants, grocery stores, produce markets, or
dining facilities. Then it is distributed to local emergency food programs.
The recovered food is edible, but it is often not sellable. Products that are at or past their “sell
by” dates or are imperfect in any way such as a bruised apple or day-old bread are donated by
grocery stores, food vendors, restaurants, and markets. Other times, the food is not spoilt but
restaurants perhaps have made or ordered too much or may have good pieces of food (such as
scraps of fish or meat) that are byproducts of the process of preparing foods to cook and
serve. Also, food manufacturers may donate products that fail quality control, or that have
become short-dated.
Organisations that encourage food recovery, sharing and similar waste-avoidance schemes
come under the umbrella of food banks or soup kitchens.
There are hundreds of charitable organisations that are actively running food rescue programs
in Europe. The largest donors are supermarkets (59%), followed by bakeries and other food
producers. The distributors are mainly charitable organisations, mostly with a religious
connection. Usually, the work is done by volunteers, without any salary. The receivers are
mainly homeless, immigrants and victims of domestic violence, but also include drug and
alcohol addicts. Most of the food is given away as prepared meals or as bags of groceries.
Some users report that receiving free food may lead to unfair treatment and feelings of
inferiority or social exclusion. To prevent this, charities sometimes charge a low, symbolic
price for the food, or offer food in exchange for participating in the work of preparing it.

Track 1.43

Upcycling, also known as creative reuse, is the process of transforming

byproducts, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products.
People often discover that these products are of greater quality than recycled ones. They
appreciate their artistic or environmental value, too.
The goal of upcycling is to prevent wasting potentially useful materials by making use of
existing ones. This reduces the consumption of new raw materials when creating new
products. Reducing the use of new raw materials can result in a reduction in energy usage, air
pollution, water pollution and even greenhouse gas emissions.
By the end of the first decade of the 21st century, upcycling had increased in the rich
countries. Supporters of the environmentally friendly practice of upcycling say people in
developing countries have effectively used upcycling for years. There people have made use
of old packaging and clothing in new ways more out of need than for the environment. But
upcycling is now taking off in other countries. It reflects an increased interest in eco-friendly
products, particularly ones that are at an affordable price and prove profitable for the
manufacturers. A growing number of companies are focusing on upcycling although the trend
is still in its infancy.
Upcycling has shown significant growth across the world in latest years. Here is one great
example of applying upcycling.
Billions of pounds of food are wasted every year around the world. But people have found a
way to upcycle it. One common method is to feed it to animals. Food waste can be donated
and restaurants can save all the food customers don’t eat. Donations can also be made by
contacting local agricultural offices to find out where and how much to donate food waste.
Another form of upcycling food is to break it down and use it as energy. Engineers have
found a way to break the food down into a reusable bio-fuel by pressure cooking it. When the
food isn’t used in those ways, it can be broken down and used in compost. Many types of
food waste, such as fruits, vegetables, egg shells, nuts, and nut shells, can be used in compost
to enrich the soil. Since 2019, certification standards for upcycled food have been established.
Nowadays upcycling has become one of the latest food trends.

Track 1.44

Presenter If you are committed to a greener way of life or are just starting out on the path
of eco awareness, then you might be interested to hear the latest news. The initiative of the
CBC Radio 1 Halifax and the Department of education and culture has been welcomed by
over 200 schools in Nova Scotia. More than 5000 students have voted for the best school blog
on environmental issues. And we have a winner – the award this year goes to New Glasgow
Academy from New Glasgow, Halifax. Our reporter Brenda Philips is on the spot. Brenda,
tell us about the atmosphere at New Glasgow Academy.

Brenda Morning from New Glasgow. It’s a fresh sunny morning here and even sunnier at
New Glasgow Academy. As expected, everyone is overjoyed after the winner was announced.
The designers of the blog page still can’t believe it but are delighted to hear that their work
has been noticed. The 8th graders are floating on air because this is the first time they have
participated actively. I had the chance to interview Miss Ashley Brodsky, the school principal,
before she was off to a meeting. Here’s what she shared:

Principal We are delighted to be the winners this year. I can’t express with words how happy
I am that the work of our students has been acknowledged to a wider audience. They have
already become extremely popular in our community with the “Zero waste households” and
“Do one good green deed a day’ initiatives since we started these a couple of years ago. What
I’m really proud of is our latest initiative “Me eco, you eco”. Students visit small businesses
in the area where they collect waste materials. They sort them out and make them available to
the local craftsmen. They in turn design and create green gifts. They are grateful to our
students because they not only save money but also help the planet. As you can see, our
students are passionate about finding new ways to protect the environment.

Brenda That’s all from me. I believe that if we all take small steps and small changes in our
lives, it might be possible to gain the respect of future generations by preserving the planet we
call our home.

Presenter Thanks, Brenda. Here with me is the principal of the runner-up school Mr Bryant
Jacobs ….

Track 1.45

Globalisation is the way that local or national ways of doing things become popular globally.
It refers to economics or trade, technology, politics, and culture. Some people think that
globalisation helps everyone, while others think that it hurts some people.
The term describes the way countries and people of the world interact and integrate.
Globalisation has many sides and can be economic, political and/or cultural.
Economic globalisation is how countries are coming together as one big global economy,
making international trade easier. In the late 20th century, many countries agreed to
lower taxes on goods that are imported from other countries. The way the Internet and
other communication technologies make it easier for people to buy and sell products from
around the world is an example of economic globalisation.
Political globalisation is how institutions and countries can influence the whole world.
The United Nations are an example of globalisation because most countries of the world are
members of its General Assembly.
Cultural globalisation is how culture is becoming similar. This means that people from all
over the world act in the same way. For example, many people around the world write with
the Latin alphabet, wear T-shirts and jeans and watch Hollywood movies and other media.
Some people do not like globalisation because they feel that it only helps rich people get
richer by making poor people poorer. Hiring workers from poorer countries is often part of
globalisation. This sometimes means that other people lose their jobs.
Many countries also dislike it when international organisations tell them what to do. However,
they have to do so because of sanctions. Lots of people also criticise the fact that globalisation
means that fewer people are deciding what happens to everyone. Some critics of globalisation
also feel that it leads to global brands taking over smaller, local shops and businesses. They
criticise the fact that powerful countries have a bigger influence on world culture than others.
Others believe that globalisation can bring people together and make everyone richer without
getting rid of local cultures. Many argue that globalisation helps out poorer nations by
bringing them new business.
Track 1.46

As a future high-school graduate who is going to apply to university, I need to write an essay
about my experience as a student. How can I impress a board of scholars with a boring
account of my academic achievements or a list of popular voluntary community work? I
remember the advice that my English teacher gave me. “Pick up a memorable event that has
had a significant impact on you,” she said.
What has left a lasting impression on me is a visit to Strasbourg. When I was a 9th-grader, I
was a member of the school Debate Club. We won the national competition that was
organised by the European Parliament Information Office in our country. We were awarded a
special trip to Strasbourg under the Euroscola programme. Looking back, I can say I was
lucky for two reasons: firstly, because I had just turned 16 – Euroscola is only for students
who are aged 16 to 18; secondly, there was no Covid-19, no restrictions then. We had to be
Members of the European Parliament for a day. The news was so stunning that our team
couldn’t fully comprehend what we were going to do. Of course, we knew a lot about the
functions of the European Parliament and its significance for the European citizens. However,
as MEPs, we needed to collaborate with the other countries in the EU on issues such as
politics, employment, democracy and citizenship. It was a serious task which demanded
knowledge, competences and creativity.

I remember the early morning when we set off to the European Parliament. Imagine our
excitement when we spotted in the distance the two glassy dome-like buildings on the banks
of the river. After we had passed the routine check-up, we were streamed into six groups and
shown into the assembly hall. This was the place where we passed the day in discussions,
plenary sessions and voting – we were actually placed in the shoes of the European MPs.
There were also interpreters for whom it was just another busy working day.

All students there greatly benefited from that experience. I’m most thankful for the chance
Euroscola has given us to ask and be answered, to debate and be heard because we are
Europe’s future.

Track 1.47

Walking along proudly, the royal pooch stops occasionally to sniff the ground, probably
hoping to find some crumbs or a dog treat that has fallen out of Prince Harry’s pocket. I notice
a fleck of black on his left ear and I know this isn’t just any corgi – it’s the Queen’s favourite.
It’s Colin.
I realise I’ve got to do something. Colin can’t escape! If he gets past the gates, who knows
what could happen. But I’m not allowed to move. Well, unless the Palace is under attack, but
Colin is hardly dangerous (except to the local cats). I look up and to the left. The policemen
are just laughing. One is even grabbing his phone to take a photo. I look to the right. The gate
is open and Colin is getting dangerously close to disappearing down The Mall. The Queen
would never forgive me if something happened to her beloved doggy. Neither would Becky.
Simply, I can’t let him run away.
I spring into action, first walking, then jogging, and then sprinting in Colin’s direction.
Running was a bad idea. Colin thinks I want to play and invites me to chase him round the
grounds. I panic. I try to keep my bearskin straight while chasing a surprisingly swift corgi.
This makes the policemen laugh even louder. We keep running. The tourists are cheering and
I just know that I’m going to be all over YouTube this evening. Feeling helpless, I decide to
plunge forward, throwing my arms out wide and grabbing hold of Colin as tightly as I can.
His little legs keep moving but it’s no use – I’ve finally got him. The crowd’s applause turns
to laughter as Colin rewards me by licking my face with his smelly tongue. It’s a tough life.
A month later, I stand outside Buckingham Palace, still as a statue, resisting the urge to
scratch my forehead as I stare straight ahead. But this time I’m not bored. I’m proud as I
remember the moment I saved Colin and then, a week later, the time that I was called into a
special room in the Palace, where the Queen thanked me personally for saving her four-legged
friend.

Track 1.48

What is a Gap Year? What can I do?

A gap year is usually that year taken after graduating high school and before going to
university. Sometimes that is the time after finishing university and before getting a job – a
time that is spent travelling and exploring the world. It is that gap in your life when you break
your routine and do something completely different!
There are so many ways to spend your gap year, from volunteering on a wildlife reserve in
Africa, to learning Spanish and kitesurfing in Ecuador! For those who are on a tight budget,
working abroad can pay for itself. There are thousands of International Internships which will
give you hands-on experience in your field of study and give you a great excuse to travel. You
can also spend a year studying abroad at a foreign university and earn credits towards your
degree at the same time. Or maybe you can spend your time learning a sport while working on
a conservation project.
Lots of organisations and charities place volunteers on projects around the world during their
gap year. You can join community projects. They include teaching English and other subjects
in local schools, building houses or wells, or working in health care facilities. There are
environmental projects, too. They focus on carrying out research on endangered plants or
animals or working to protect forests.
Adventure travel includes the sort of gap year travel that gives you an adrenaline rush! Have
you ever been interested in kiteboarding? Surfing? How about going to a mountaineering
school in Patagonia and getting a guide certificate? Well, this is your chance! If you’re keen
on skiing or snowboarding, why not be a ski instructor in the great Alps! Adventure travel lets
you really test your strengths and weaknesses, and gives you the opportunity to learn
something more about yourself and the world.
If you insist on finishing your career studies without taking a break from your schooling, then
study abroad during your gap year! Speak to your school or university and ask for the
guidelines regarding transferring your credits. Imagine spending a semester in Spain or Italy!
Learn a bit of the language, live with the people, enjoy the cuisine and keep studying. It will
be worth doing it because the chances to find a better job later are higher.
As you can see, a gap year provides a way to see the world, experience other cultures, meet
different people, and also learn new skills.
Track 1.49

Cultural identity

The Central Business District (CBD) of Melbourne, Australia is home to numerous lanes and
arcades. These narrow streets and pedestrian paths date mostly from the Victorian era. In
1950s underground passes were built but later people stopped using them. Today, they are a
popular cultural attraction. People like to walk in the district: they often stop to have a drink
in their cafes or bars and stop to admire the street art. By the 1850s gold rush, Melbourne had
over one hundred lanes. Some of these laneways became associated with the city's criminal
world. Others housed Melbourne’s shopping arcades, which reached their peak during the late
Victorian era. Since the 1990s, many lanes in Melbourne have become pedestrian zones.
Because of their heritage value, the lanes are often in tourist brochures. Visitors from
throughout Australia and the world love spending time there: some prefer visiting the
“laneway galleries” to going to art galleries; others would prefer to be at St Jerome’s Laneway
Festival rather than listen to music in a concert hall. One of the must-see galleries in the open
is ACDC Lane. The street was formerly called Corporation Lane but was renamed in 2004 for
the following factors: AC/DC’s status as cultural ambassadors for Australia, the band’s ties to
Melbourne, and the lane’s position in the city’s bar district.

Hosier Lane is a cobbled laneway for both vehicles and pedestrians. Hosier lane is a famous
landmark because of the urban art on the buildings. The lane has been noted for the quality
and the political nature of its art. Photographers love to use the graffiti-covered walls and art
installations as a popular background for their pictures, especially for fashion magazines
and wedding photography.

If you hate visiting art exhibitions but like shopping, the Block Arcade and Royal Arcade are
the places to go to. Both are heritage shopping arcades built in the 1870s and 1880s closely
imitating Italian buildings from that period. The arcades have richly decorated interior spaces,
with mosaic floors, glass roofs and wrought iron. They are significant examples from the
Victorian era as well as tourist icons of the city.

Track 1. 50
European Capital of Culture is a programme of the European Union that was born in 1983.
Melina Mercouri, then serving as minister of culture in Greece, believed that culture was not
given the same attention as politics and economics and a project for promoting European
cultures within the member states should be carried on. She came up with the idea of choosing
an annual City of Culture. The purpose was to bring Europeans closer together by
highlighting the richness and diversity of European cultures. Another aim was to raise
awareness of their common history and values. The European City of Culture programme was
launched in the summer of 1985 with Athens, as the first title-holder.
Each year the Council of Ministers of the EU formally chooses European Capitals of Culture.
Each member country takes turns to have the European Capital of Culture within its
boundaries. However, there is great competition between the cities and regions of the
nominated country for the honour to be nominated as an ECC. Cities are invited to put
forward their proposals and reasons why they should be chosen. The national government
makes the decision as to which city deserves the title most and which city can benefit from the
financial investment most.
The decision on the European level is made three years ahead to allow time for preparation.
An international panel of cultural experts is in charge of assessing the proposals of cities for
the title according to a set of criteria. For a period of one calendar year, each city organises a
series of cultural events with a strong European dimension. Being a European Capital of
Culture can be an opportunity for a city to generate considerable cultural, social and economic
benefits. For example, it can help to foster urban development, change the city’s image and
raise its profile on an international scale. More than 40 cities have been designated so far. To
name a few, 2005 Cork in Ireland, 2006 Patras in Greece, 2007 Sibiu in Romania, 2008 –
Liverpool. In 2014, Plovdiv was selected as the Bulgarian host of the European Capital of
Culture 2019 alongside the Italian city of Matera. More than 300 projects and nearly 500
events covering the South Central Region were organised in this historic Bulgarian city with
stunning architecture. The European Capitals of Culture for 2022 are Esch-sur-Alzette,
Luxembourg, Kaunas, Lithuania and Novi Sad, Serbia.

Track 1. 51
In general, a world citizen is a person who places global citizenship above any nationalistic or
local identities and relationships. You probably won’t believe it but that idea goes back to
ancient times. Perhaps you will be surprised to learn that this is not a concept of the modern
world. An early expression of this value is found in Diogenes, an ancient Greek philosopher
(412 B.C). When asked where he came from, he always answered he was a citizen of the
world. This was clearly a radical concept at a time when Greece was an individual city-state.
In later years, Albert Einstein described himself as a world citizen and supported the idea
throughout his life. World citizenship has been promoted by distinguished people like Garry
Davis. A former Broadway actor and World War II bomber pilot, he officially gave up his
U.S. citizenship in 1948 to live as a “citizen of the world”. He founded an agency in the
1950s, which was set up to be the administrative agency of the “World Government of World
Citizens” with offices in New York, Basel, London and Tokyo. Another famous person was
Hugh J. Schonfield. In 1956 he founded the Commonwealth of World Citizens, which also
issued a world passport for a couple of decades.
Maybe for you those ideas look quite eccentric. However, there are people of the opposite
opinion. Davis and Schonfield obviously had a number of followers because hundreds of
people expressed their wish to become world citizens. Davis’s agency is still operating. It
sells fantasy World Passports and other “world citizen” identity documents, such as fantasy
birth certificates, identity cards, marriage certificates, etc. The agency has even made an
attempt to create a world constitution.
It really sounds strange to hear that in the 21st century someone will want to have travel or
other documents like these. It seems unreasonable to pay a couple of hundred dollars for a
five-year or a ten-year passport valid for a fantasy world.
At the same time, we have the UN Charter of human rights and the EU Convention on human
rights. They are built around the principles of social and economic justice between nations.
They definitely promote human honour and dignity, understanding and equality in all spheres
of life and among people worldwide. Besides that, hundreds of thousands of global citizenship
projects are run by leading international organisations like UNESCO and the EU. Universities
and schools are involved in global citizenship programmes, too.

Track 1. 52

Due to increasing globalisation, cultural differences are not as clearly defined by national
borders as they were in the past. An example of this can be seen along the Mexican and
American border, in states such as California, New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas. These states,
especially along their southern borders, share many things in common with Mexican culture.
This is known as “cultural hybridity”. This hybridity is a direct result of the immigration
patterns of the 19th century. Then many Mexicans began entering the Southwestern States.
Since that time, ethnic Mexican food has risen to be the most popular non-native food type in
America. Mexican culinary practices that were brought to the Southwest were quickly
combined with the local culture. That’s how a new form of Mexican-style food was created –
the so-called Tex-Mex. This new culinary combination appeared first in the American
Southwest. With time, it has spread to other parts of the U.S. and the world.
With industrialisation and large corporations in the 20th century, many businesses began
mass-producing certain foods, particularly those of the Tex-Mex variety. This has made
Americanised Mexican food more widely available to both Americans and people around the
world. Some examples of mass-produced Tex-Mex cuisine include canned chilli, as well as
packaged tortillas, boxes of pre-cooked taco shells, frozen burritos, packages of pre-made
guacamole, bottled salsa, and bottled nacho cheese. These businesses have added some
aspects of genuine Mexican food but changed them by using traditional American ingredients
and styles in order to appeal to a wider number of American consumers. In the USA, lots of
Mexican restaurants combine elements of both traditional Mexican cuisine and
Americanised Tex-Mex cuisine in their menus.
Though Americanised Mexican food is still widely popular, more traditional Mexican dishes
have also grown in popularity in the United States. With the emergence of more and more
Mexican restaurants, taco stands, and taco trucks, many Americans are coming to appreciate
Mexican cuisine in its original, less-Americanized form. Additionally, the younger
generations prefer authentic foods. They are looking for family-run Mexican restaurants that
serve traditional dishes. Besides that, they are also becoming interested in learning how to
make such dishes in their own homes.

Track 1. 53
When asked about the most important innovations of the Industrial Revolution, people usually
say the telegraph, the light bulb and the telephone. They often forget about an invention that
changed the lives of billions of people – the steam engine. For me, the steam engine is one of
the greatest inventions of the 19th century. It is of vital importance because it led to rapid
urbanisation and the industrialisation of society. It had a significant impact on the
development of railroads, factories and shipping companies. I’ll take railroads as an example.
If the steam engine hadn’t been invented, there wouldn’t have been steam locomotives. These
were used a lot for transporting goods and people. For example, in Britain, the first steam-
powered locomotives were invented in order to carry coal and iron. After the opening of the
Liverpool – Manchester Railway in 1830, the first modern means of transportation was born.
Travelling by train became the fastest, most popular and reliable way of moving from one
place to another not only for business but for leisure, too. So that the travelling conditions for
passengers and crew were better, in the 1950s, the steam locomotive was substituted first with
diesel, and later on with electric trains. The first high-speed rail lines and services were built
in the 1980s and 1990s as national projects. Countries sought to increase passenger capacity
and decrease journey times on inter-city routes within their borders.
One of the greatest European engineering achievements of the previous century is the opening
of the Channel Tunnel in 1994. It offered a new perspective on European business and
tourism. It helped the launch of the first high-speed line between London and Paris in 2007.
In 2007, a consortium of European Railway operators emerged to coordinate and improve
cross-border high-speed rail travel. Developing a Trans-European high-speed rail network is a
goal of the European Union. Most cross-border railway lines receive EU funding. Several
countries – France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Austria, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands,
Poland, Portugal, Russia and the United Kingdom – are connected to a cross-border high-
speed railway network. More countries are expected to be connected in the coming years
since Europe invests heavily in tunnels, bridges and other infrastructure and development
projects across the continent.

Track 1.54

A crystal radio, also called a crystal set, is a simple radio receiver, popular in the early days of
radio. It uses only the power of the received radio signal to produce sound and does not need
any external power or batteries to work. It is named after its most important component,
a crystal detector, originally made from a piece of mineral.
A long wire antenna gathers enough of the radio signals from nearby transmitters to power a
crystal diode. This diode demodulates the signals and plays them as sound. Since crystal sets
work off the power received from radio waves, they are not strong enough to power
loudspeakers. Therefore listeners need to wear earphones or small headsets, or sometimes
even share a pair.
Crystal radios have come and gone many times in history. They were built in the early days of
radio broadcasting by amateurs, and people who could not afford a well-made radio. Crystal
sets were the most widely used type of radio until the 1920s, when they were slowly replaced
by vacuum tube radios. They became popular again during the Great Depression when money
was scarce. During World War II, American soldiers built “foxhole radios” that used a razor
blade and pencil point instead of a crystal. German and Italian troops had equipment to detect
normal radio receivers working, so an alternative choice was a wise one.
After the war ended, amateurs built more crystal sets, and children began to make them
as science and hobby projects. Later, during the Vietnam War, prisoners of war again built
simple radios.
Hobby clubs still exist and they give information to persons who want to build a crystal radio
or similar radio projects.
Track 1.55

The film is still breathing

The film is still a relative newcomer on the stage of fine arts. In the 1950s television became
widely available. Although TV was black and white, industry analysts predicted the end of
local movie theatres. In the 1960s and 1970s cinemas faced strong competition from TV.
Despite the development of colour television and large screens, motion picture cinemas
continued to exist. In the 1980s, inexpensive videocassette recorders came out on the market.
The fact that they spread widely enabled people to select films for home viewing. Industry
analysts again wrongly predicted the death of the local cinemas.
The 1990s and 2000s were the time of digital DVD players, home theatre amplification
systems with surround sound, and large LCD or plasma screens. All those technologically
sophisticated inventions enabled people to select and view films with greatly improved audio
and visual quality without leaving the comfort of their homes. Imagine lying on the couch and
watching your favourite movie on a widescreen flat panel display just like the ones in a movie
theatre.
These new technologies provided audio and visual reproduction that in the past only local
cinemas had been able to provide: a large, clear widescreen presentation of a film with a full-
range, high-quality multi-speaker sound system. Once again industry analysts predicted the
retirement of the local cinema.
Nowadays local cinemas have changed a lot – they have moved towards digital screens, a new
approach which allows for easier and quicker distribution of films by means of satellite. This
development may give local theatres a reprieve from their predicted death.
Despite the rise of all new technologies, the development of the home video market and a
surge in online piracy, the last decade of the 21st century was a box office success in film.
Many expected the film to suffer as a result of the effects listed above but it has flourished,
strengthening film studio expectations for the future.

Track 1.56

These days, digital media has made it very easy and at the same time complex to express
ourselves. We can do that in many different ways but sometimes it’s difficult to collect these
means of expressions in one place. Can digital media help us express ourselves better?
For amateur authors, it is certainly easier to make up stories. In the past one had to go through
a tough task of writing proofs. Now amateur fiction writers may express their imagination, at
any time by writing on online sites – e.g. different variations of short stories, manga, books,
etc.
If we’re looking for that exciting story or a calming one, hundreds of stories are there to
choose from. There are all kinds of categories and subcategories; you just need to make up
your mind what story fits your mood of the day.
Then there’s the socialising aspect. We usually have different groups we’re a part of – from
college, from school or friends. Some sites allow you to create different groups, post profiles
and get in touch with the member and even chat with each group.
Of course, you can post your own profile and interact with others by commenting on their
profiles, asking to make friends, rating them, sharing your favourite videos and music,
sending messages, etc.
The forums are pretty interesting – very honest personal opinions on a variety of topics. And
if you’re not so sure of what your opinion on something should be, ask others – do a poll and
see what others think. The way to keep up with the latest trends!
There are sites that make it possible that these facilities are in one place. You can get pleasure
from a number of possibilities offered there: whether you want to absorb and read a story, and
people’s opinions, view profiles or form a group and reach out to people to get together.
So you get the picture of the role digital media play in our lives – we can communicate our
feelings and views, entertain ourselves, socialise or even play online games, just to name a
few.

Track 1.57

This word machinima is a combination of ‘machine’ and ‘cinema’ and it was created to
describe an interesting artistic form developed by computer gamers. These modders are
adapting the structure of computer games to build new “levels.” Most of these games are
broken into sequences. What modders are doing is devising their own level with additional
game content, presenting the player with new obstacles and new interactions with the villains.
To a creative mind, the possibilities are endless. Rather than creating a small addition to the
game, they have used the game’s artwork and technology for completely original productions.
The product can then be edited to videotape for a conventional film or, more commonly,
distributed digitally. The practice eliminates the need for expensive animation machines and
studios for potential movie makers. You can be a backyard filmmaker and simply upload your
completed project for tens of thousands of viewers. If it’s well done, the recognition will be
quick and meaningful.
The art form has become so popular that there is an annual festival that shows films created
with technology. Emmy-winning animators are experimenting with technology and designing
products worthy of presentation and awards. Others have produced music videos using game
characters instead of musicians for the video sequences.
Describing Machinima can be difficult; if you see it for yourself, you’ll understand it. There is
a website dedicated to the format – It has many of the better and well-known productions
available for download. There is an entire set of “game channels,” consisting of machinima
productions that originate from a single game. In recognition of machinima as a legitimate
new art form, there are also two national advertisers on the home page, ads for voice actors
and announcements of film premiers.