SETS

Set
It is well defined collection of distinct objects.
Note: The objects in a set are as well as called members or elements.
Q. Write ways of describing a set.
Q. What is power set?
Q. What is proper subset and improper subset?
Q. Define Equal and equivalent set
Q. Define order of set, singleton, empty set, finite and infinite set.
1. Write the following sets in set builder notation:
(i) {1, 2, 3, …., 1000}
(ii) {0, 1, 2, …., 100}
(iii) {0, 1, 2, ….. , 1000}
(iv) {0, 1, 2, … , 500}
(v) {100, 101, 102, …., 400}
(vi) {100, 101, 102, … , 500}
(vii) {Peshawar, Lahore, Karachi, Quetta}
(viii) {January, June, July}
(ix) The set of all odd natural numbers
2. Write each of the following sets in the descriptive and tabular forms:
(i) {x | x  N  x  10}
(ii) {x | x  N  4 < x < 12}
(iii) {x | x  Z  5 < x < 5}
(iv) {x | x  E  2 < x  4}
(v) {x | x  P  x < 12}
(vi) {x | x  O  3 < x < 12}
3. Which of the following sets are finite and which of these are infinite?
(i) The set of students of your class.
(ii) The set of all schools in Pakistan.
(iii)The set of natural numbers between 3 and 10.
(iv) The set of rational numbers between 3 and 10.
(v) The set of real numbers between 0 and 1.
(vi) The set of rationals numbers between 0 and 1.
(vii) The set of whole numbers between 0 and 1.
(viii) The set of all leaves of trees in Pakistan.
(ix) P(N)
(x) P {a, b, c}
(xi) {1,2,3, …., 100000000}
4. Write two proper subsets of each of the following sets:

(i) {a, b, c} (ii) {0, 1}

(iii) N (iv) Z
(v) Q (vi) R
(vii) W
5. What is the difference between {a, b} and {{a, b}}?
6. Which of the following sentences are true and which of them are false?
(i) {1, 2} = {2, 1}
(ii)   {{a}}
(iii) {a}  {{a}} (iv) {a}  {{a}}
(v) a  {{a}} (vi)   {{a}}

7. What is the number of elements of the power set of each of the following sets?
11302069
(i) { } (ii) {0, 1}
(iii) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(iv) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
(v) {a, {b, c}}
(vi) {{a, b}, {b, c}, {d, e}}
08. Write down the power sets of each of the following sets:
(i) {9, 11}
(ii) {+ ,  , , }
(iii) {  }
(iv) {a, {b, c}}
09. Which pairs of sets are equivalent? which of them are also equal?
(i) {a, b, c}, {1, 2, 3}
(ii) The set of the first 10 whole members, {0, 1, 2, 3, …..9}
(iii)Set of angles of a quadrilateral ABCD, set of the sides of the same quadrilateral.
(iv) Set of the sides of a hexagon ABCDEF, set of the angles of the same hexagon;
(v) {1, 2, 3, 4, …..}, {2, 4, 6, 8,…..}
 1 1 1 
(vi) {1, 2, 3, 4,…..}, 1    ….
 2 3 4 
(vii) {5, 10, 15, 20, ….. 55555},
{5, 10, 15, 20, ….}
TYPES OF SETS
Q. What are disjoint sets?
Q. What are overlapping sets?
OPERATIONS ON SETS
Q. Define with example Union, intersection, compliment and difference of two sets

VENN DIAGRAMS
1. Exhibit A  B and A  B by Venn diagram in the following cases:
(i) AB (ii) BA
(iii) A  A
(iv) A and B are disjoint sets
(v) A and B are overlapping sets
2. Show A  B and B  A by Venn diagram when:

(i) A and B are overlapping sets

(ii) A  B (iii) B  A
3. Use Venn diagrams to verify the following:
(i) A  B = A Bc
(ii) (A  B)c  B = B
EXERCISE 2.4

1. Write the converse, inverse and contra positive of the following conditionals:
(i) ~pq (ii) qp
(iii) ~p  ~q (iv) ~q~p

2. Construct truth tables for the following statements:

(i) (p  ~p)  (p  q) (ii) (p  ~ p)  q (iii) ~(p  q)  (p  ~q)

3. Show that each of the following statements is a tautology:
(i) (p  q)  p (ii) p  (p  q)
(iii) ~(p  q)  p
(iv) ~q(pq)  ~p
4. Determine whether each of the following is a tautology, a contingency or an absurdity :

(i) p  ~p (ii) p  (q  p)
(iii) q  (~q  p)
5. Prove that p  (~p  ~q)  (p  q) = p  (~p  ~q)
Q.6 Convert the following theorems to logical form and prove them by constructing truth tables:

1. ) = A  B
2. C = C)
3. C = C)
4. C) =  C)