A REPORT PROPOSAL

ON
ACCESSIBILITY AND QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN URBAN AND
RURAL AREAS OF CHRIS BAY CLINIC, STATELINE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLGY AKURE SOUTH GATE

SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
SCHOOL OF ENVIROMENTAL TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE
IN FULFILMENT OF URP401

WRITTEN BY:
BALOGUN IBRAHIM BOLUWATIFE
URP/19/2095

LECTURERS-IN-CHARGE
DR. O.O ROTOWA
DR. O.F ENISAN
STUDY OUTLINE

1 INTRODUCTION

2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

3 SCOPE OF STUDY

4 JUSTIFICATION

5 STUDY AREA

6 LITERATURE REVIEW (CURRENT RESEARCH)

7 METHODOLOGY

8 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

Fig 1. 0 Map of Nigeria showing Ondo State
Image Source: Researchgate

Fig 1.1 Map of Ondo State showing Akure South Local Government
Image Source: Researchgate
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Access to quality healthcare is a fundamental right for every individual. Disparities in healthcare
access and quality between urban and rural areas are well-documented worldwide. ChristBay
Clinic, located at the South Gate of Stateline Federal University of Technology Akure, serves as
a crucial healthcare facility catering to the health needs of both urban and rural populations. This
report aims to comprehensively assess the accessibility and quality of healthcare facilities
provided by Chris Bay Clinic in both urban and rural areas surrounding the university. In a well-
established definition of health still used today, the World Health Organization (WHO 1946,
100) says that health is “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” Note that the definition of health is based on being
well rather than just not having a disease or problem.
To further understand health, we can look at Henrik Blum’s (1983) classic model Like WHO’s
definition, this model also views health as physical (somatic), mental (psychic), and social well-
being. Some writers include other types of health, such as spiritual health (Moorhead et al. 2013)
or emotional health (Fos and Fine 2005). An individual’s health status may be measured by how
well that person feels and functions physically, mentally, and socially. Health status can be
evaluated through measures of physical disability, emotions, social behaviors, blood pressure,
and ability to care for oneself. For a group or population, health status may be measured by birth
rates, life expectancy, death rates, commonality of diseases, and group averages for individual
measures. Medical care (or more broadly, healthcare) refers to the many medical services (and
health services) provided by the healthcare system to help people be well. Medical care is
diagnosis and treatment in the care of patients, sometimes limited to care by physicians and
sometimes more broadly including care by nurses, therapists, and others who care for patients
(Slee, Slee, and Schmidt 2008, 340). Healthcare is services that promote health, prevent health
problems, diagnose and treat health problems to cure them, and improve quality of life (Slee,
Slee, and Schmidt 2008, 245). Healthcare services exist for all ages and stages of life from womb
to tomb. They form a continuum of care that is presented later in this chapter. You have probably
used some medical and health services. Medical and health services are important, yet they have
the weakest effect of the four forces on health.
Environment includes the physical and sociocultural setting in which someone lives. Many
environmental elements affect health, such as sanitation, violence, sunlight, employment
opportunities, neighborhoods, population density, and air pollution. The environment includes
elements created by both nature and people. Henrik Blum believed environment has the most
powerful effect on health. We can understand the importance of environment by considering the
life threatening sanitation problems (and other health problems) caused by floods, hurricanes,
and tornadoes. Consider too the differences in health and health problems between safe, wealthy
neighborhoods and violent, poor neighborhoods. The environment includes social as well as
physical elements. In recent years, some researchers have presented these elements separately as
the physical environment and the social environment (Kindig 2014). Doing so emphasizes the
social determinants of health (e.g.,social support, class, education, income, neighborhood), which
have gained importance in the past decade (Shier et al. 2013).
Lifestyles—attitudes and behaviors such as smoking, seat belt use, diet, exercise, feelings about
cancer prevention, and the value one places on health—strongly affect health. Currently, obesity
is a prevalent health problem that has been linked to unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as lack of
exercise. Although individuals cannot do much to change heredity, medical services, and
environment, they can change their lifestyles. For example, some college students are choosing
to eat healthier foods and get more exercise. Healthcare managers can improve people’s health
by helping them improve their lifestyles.

2.0 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The primary aim of this report is to evaluate the accessibility and quality of healthcare services
offered by ChristBay Clinic in FUTA stateline, south gate. The specific objectives include:
 Assessing the availability of healthcare facilities in the area.
 Evaluating the quality of healthcare services provided, including infrastructure, medical
personnel, and equipment. Identifying barriers to accessing healthcare services in both
stateline area.
 Proposing recommendations for improving healthcare accessibility and quality in these
region.
3.0 SCOPE OF STUDY
This study focuses on ChristBay Clinic and its surrounding urban and rural areas near the South
Gate of Stateline Federal University of Technology Akure. The assessment will cover factors
such as infrastructure, medical staff availability, equipment, patient satisfaction, and barriers to
access.

4.0 JUSTIFICATION TO REPORT ON THE ACCESSIBILITY AND QUALITY OF

HEALTH CARE FACILITIES IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS OF CHRISTBAY
CLINIC, STATELINE FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLGY AKURE SOUTH
GATE
The reason we want to study healthcare at the ChristBay Clinic in Futa Southgate is because we
care about making sure everyone, no matter where they live, gets good healthcare. We know that
sometimes people in cities have better access to doctors and hospitals than people in rural areas
like Futa Southgate. By studying healthcare at this clinic, we can learn about the problems
people here face in getting good healthcare.
One big thing we want to understand is why some places have better healthcare facilities than
others. For example, city center usually have more hospitals and doctors than areas like Futa
Southgate. Figuring out why this happens can help us make things fairer, so everyone gets the
healthcare they need.
Another important reason to study healthcare at the Chris Bay Clinic is to find out what
challenges they face. Sometimes, rural clinics like this one struggle because they don't have
enough money or staff. By learning about these problems, we can find ways to help clinics like
Chris Bay improve.
Studying healthcare at this clinic can help us figure out how to make sure everyone, no matter
where they live, can get the healthcare they need. It's about making things fairer for everyone.

5.0 STUDY AREA

Latitude and longitude coordinates are: 7.250771, 5.210266.

Akure is a small city in south western Nigeria, located less than 100 miles from the coastal part
of the country. The population of the city is approaching to 0.5 million people, and it is a small
commercial city, as well as an important transportation spot. There are also a few new, large and
modern hospitals in the city, which are visited by many patients from the province and the
neighboring ones. It is the capital and largest city of Ondo State. The city had a population of
403,000 as of the 2006 population census. Its current population is 774,000. The study area is at
Federal university of technology Akure, south gate, Akure South Local Government Area. The
location is in Akure along Bola road, State line junction.

6.0 LITERATURE IN REVIEW

According to Researchgate.org, sciencedirect.com ncbi.nlm.nih.gov have looked into the
differences in healthcare between cities and countryside areas. They found that rural places often
have a tough time with healthcare because there aren't enough hospitals or doctors nearby. In
applying its definition of access from this sources, the committee sought to occupy a practical
middle ground between all care that people might want or need and the belief that medical care
can make an important difference in people's lives. The definition forces us to identify those
areas of medical care in which services can be shown to influence health status and then to ask
whether the relatively poorer outcomes of some population groups can be explained by problems
related to access. The definition also emphasizes the need to move beyond standard approaches
that rely mainly on enumerating health care providers, the uninsured, or encounters with health
care providers to detect access problems. People have to travel far to get help, and sometimes
they can't afford it. For example, one study in a journal showed how rural folks struggle to get
timely medical care because there aren't enough hospitals or doctors close by. They also found
that money is a big problem for rural people when it comes to healthcare. Similarly, another
study found that long travel times to get medical help make things worse for people in rural
areas. It takes them longer to see a doctor, and this delay can make their health problems worse.
In cities, even though there are more hospitals, there are still issues. Places can get overcrowded,
and sometimes resources aren't shared out fairly. This means some people might not get the help
they need when they need it. Studies show that there's a big gap in healthcare between cities and
the countryside. By understanding these differences, people who make decisions about
healthcare can try to make things fairer for everyone, no matter where they live.
Looking at specific places like Akure Southgate and Stateline Futa, researchers have seen that
each area has its own healthcare challenges. For instance, some places might not have enough
hospitals or doctors, while others might struggle with not enough money or not having enough
people trained to help. In conclusion No matter how generally efficacious a particular health
service may be, a good health outcome cannot always be guaranteed. The most important
consideration is whether people have the opportunity for a good outcome—especially in those
instances in which medical care can make a difference. When those opportunities are
systematically denied to groups in society, there is an access problem that needs to be addressed.
The access monitoring indicators recommended by the committee are intended to detect when
and where access problems occur in the personal health care system. They do not explain the
exact causes of these problems, but they can provide a better basis for generating theories about
why differences in access exist among populations. Although they are only proxies for
complicated phenomena, over time the indicators give important information about the direction
and speed of change. They also provide clues about the relative status of groups of people at the
same moment in time. Indicators will not always move in the same direction. Some may
increase, some may decline, and others may show no change. Although this makes overall
assessments more complicated, it can be useful to highlight problems and gains in specific areas.

7.0 METHODOLOGY
The methodology for this study will involve both primary and data sources. These data will be
collected through survey, questionnaire, interview and observation such as patient demographics,
service ,utilization rates, and infrastructure availability. The data will be dissected in other to
explore patient experiences and perceptions of healthcare services. The health care service offers
primary, secondary and tertiary consultant services and lacks some basic infrastructure like
surgical equipments and shortage in terms of staff. According to data which would be gathered
we assumed from the point of contact at the clinic visitation period is 24hours daily and atleast
15 visitors per visiting hours, total patient currently occupying the wards and receiving treatment
population is 20, further analysis the study the demographics shows that 65% of student around
the vicinity utilizes ChristBay clinic when required unlike general hospitals. The demographic
can increase by ensuring there is sustainable development of the clinic and provided with
adequate equipments.
The questionnaire would be segregated into different which would be asked from patients and
people around the hospital vicinity. These questions include Demographic Information,
Education level, Employment status, Healthcare Experience, How often do you visit healthcare
providers (e.g., doctor, nurse, specialist)? Have you encountered any barriers to accessing
healthcare services? (e.g., financial, geographical, cultural), How satisfied are you with the
quality of healthcare services you receive? Health Conditions and Treatment, Do you currently
have any chronic health conditions? (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, asthma), If yes, please list the
chronic health conditions you have, How do you manage your chronic health condition(s)? (e.g.,
medication, lifestyle changes, therapy), Have you ever experienced any adverse effects from
healthcare treatments or medications? Health Information and Technology, How comfortable are
you with using technology to manage your health (e.g., health apps, telemedicine)? Have you
used any health-related apps or online platforms to track your health or access medical
information? How would you rate the effectiveness of health-related technology in improving
healthcare outcomes?
Additional Comments: Is there anything else you would like to share about your healthcare
experiences, challenges, or suggestions for improvement?
Assuming we got 30 responses in total from age range 18-39
Here's a hypothetical set of responses for these questions:
Age: We selected ages from 18-39.
Age (Sample):
25, 30, 22, 33, 28, 38, 29, 35, 26, 24,
31, 36, 24, 29, 26, 35, 31, 22, 27, 33,
28, 25, 30, 21, 23, 35, 20, 32, 29, 37
Average Age:
Sum of ages = 820
Average age = 820 / 30 = 27.33 (rounded to two decimal places)
Chronic Health Conditions (Sample):
Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, No, No, Yes, No, Yes,
Yes, Yes, No, No, Yes, No, Yes, Yes, No, No,
Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No, Yes
Percentage of Respondents with Chronic Health Conditions:
Total with chronic conditions = 16
Percentage = (16 / 30) * 100 = 53.33%
Comfort with Health Technology (Sample):
3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4,
3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4,
3, 4, 2, 5, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4

Average Comfort Level with Health Technology:

Sum of comfort levels = 105
Average comfort level = 105 / 30 = 3.50 in 2 decimal places

8.0 EXPECTED CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE

This report aims to contribute to existing knowledge by providing a comprehensive assessment
of healthcare accessibility and quality in both urban and rural areas served by ChristBay Clinic.
Findings from this study can inform policymakers, healthcare providers, and community
stakeholders about the specific needs and challenges faced by these populations, ultimately
leading to targeted interventions and improvements in healthcare delivery in the area.

9.0 REFRENCES
 Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327317706_Spatial_Distribution_and_Accessib
ility_to_Healthcare_Facilities_in_Akure_South_Local_Government_Area_of_Ondo_Stat
e_Nigeria Accessed on 03/23/2024
 Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK235890/ Accessed on
03/23/2024
 Retrieved from https://www.igi-global.com/dictionary/health-care-healthcare/12837
Accessed on 03/23/2024

 Retrieved from https://account.ache.org/iweb/upload/Olden2_Chapter1-26130ec6.pdf

Accessed on 03/23/2024