11 Xip 21,,matter

School Of Excellence
Directorate of Education Govt. of Delhi, 9968 0 66788, soedoe110091@gmail.com
Chapter–11
Starting Of Class 1101
Thermal Properties of Matter
Syllabus
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion;

thermal expansion of solids, liquids and
gases, anomalous expansion of water;
specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv -

calorimetry; change of state - latent heat
capacity.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and
radiation, thermal conductivity,
qualitative ideas of Blackbody radiation,
Wein's displacement Law, Stefan's law,
Greenhouse effect.
Activity3. To note the change in level of
liquid in a container on heating and interpret
the observations.
Heat
Heat is a form of energy which produces in

us the sensation of hotness or coldness.
Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 1

Doubts: What’s app at 9968 0 66788
Translatory motion That is the motion in a

straight line which is common in gases.
Vibratory motion That is the to and fro
motion of the molecules about their mean
positions.
Internal energy
Heat is the energy in transit. The energy

associated with the configuration and
random motion of the molecules in a
body is called internal energy
UNITS OF HEAT
One calorie is defined as the heat energy

required to raise the temperature of one
gram of water through 1OC (from 14.5OCto
15.5OC)
SI unit of heat is joule (J).
1 calorie = 4.186 joule

JOULE'S MECHANICALEQUIVALENT OF HEAT
W∝ or W = JQ
Or J=
If Q=1, then J=W
The proportionality constant J is called

Joule's mechanical equivalent of heat. It may
be defined as the amount of work that must
be done to produce a unit quantity of heat.
J = 4.186 J cal-1 = 4.186 x 10 7erg cal-1
TEMPERATURE
Temperature is the degree of hotness or
coldness of a body.
HEAT VS TEMPERATURE
It measured in cal , kcal or joule
It is measured in 0C, or K

1. [H]Heat is a form of energy which produces in us

the sensation of hotness or coldness
[T]Temperature is the degree of hotness or
coldness of a body.
2. [H]It is a cause, when some heat is supplied

to a body, its temperature increases.
[T]It is an effect
3. [H]It represents the total kinetic energy of the

molecules of a body
[T] It represents the average kinetic energy
possessed by the molecules of a body.
4. [H]Heat flows from high temperature side to low

temperature side irrespective of the amount of
heat processed by the bodies in contact
[T]Temperature decides the direction of flow of
heat from one body to another
THERMOMETRY
The branch of physics that deals with the
measurement of temperature is called
thermometry.
Principle of Thermometer

A thermometer makes use of some

measurable property (called thermometric
property) of a substance which change liner
with temperature
Thermometric scales
Tc − 0 − 32 −0
= =
100 − 0 212 − 32 80 − 0
− 273.15
=
373.15 − 273.15
Tc−0 −32 −0 −273.15

Or 100
=
180
=
80
=
100
ABSOLUTESCALEOFTEMPERATURE
Thus a gas occupies zero or no volume at

(—273.15°C). Clearly, a temperature below
(— 273.15°C) is impossible because then
the volume of the gas would be negative
which is meaningless.
TRIPLE POINTS OF WATER

The triple point of water is the state at which
the three phases of water namely ice, liquid
water and water vapour are equally stable
and co-exist in equilibrium.
Example 1 .At what temperature, do the
readings of Celsius and Fahrenheit scales
coincide?
Solution let = =x
−0 − 32
As 100
= 180
− 32
∴ =
100 180

or 180x = 100x – 3200 or 80x = -3200

x = - 40O C
Hence (— 40 0 C and — 40 O
F )are identical
temperatures.
THERMAL EXPANSION
Linear expansion It is the increase in the

length of a metal rod on heating.
Superficial expansion It is the increase in
the surface area of a metal sheet on
heating.
Cubical expansion It is the increase in the
volume of block on heating

Coefficient of linear expansion
Increase in length is proportional to rise in

temperature
i.e. '- ∝ Δ T
Increase in length is proportional to original
length
i.e. '
- ∝
Combining the above two factors, we get
'- = ΔT L
The proportionality constant is called
coefficient of linear expansion. Its value
depends on the nature of the solid. Clearly
' − Δ
'
= [ 1 + α Δ T] and α = =
ΔT ΔT

Increase in length
or α = Original length ×Rise in temperature
Coefficient of superficial expansion
Then S’ - S ∝ΔT and

S’ - S ∝ S
∴ S’ – S ∝ SΔT or
S’ – S =/SΔT
1−1 ΔS
S’ = S [ 1 + /ΔT] and β = SΔT
= SΔT
Increase in surface area

Or β =
Original surface area × Rise in temperature
Hence the coefficient of superficial

expansion of a metal sheet is defined as the
increase in its surface area per unit original
surface area per degree rise in its
temperature.
The unit of β is 0C −1 or K −1
Coefficient of cubical expansion.
V’ -V∝ΔT
and V’ - V ∝V Or
V’ – V = 7VΔT
The proportionality constant 7 is called the
coefficient of cubical expansion which

depends on the nature of the material of the

solid. Clearly,
8'−8 ΔV
V’ = V[ 1 + 7ΔT] and 7 = VΔT
= VΔT
Increase in volume
Or = 7 =Original volume × Rise in temperature
RELATION BETWEEN α, β AND 7 imp

Derive the relation between α, β
Increase in length a, Δa = α a ΔT
Increase in breath b, Δb = α b ΔT
Total increase in area of the sheet is

ΔA = ΔA1 + ΔA2+ΔA3
ΔA = aΔb + bΔa + (Δa)(Δb)
= αabΔT + bαaΔT+ (α)2ab(ΔT)2
= αabΔT (2+αΔT) = αA ΔT (2+ αΔT)
Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e |

10
Since α =10-5K-1, the product α ΔT for

fractional temperature is small in comparison
with 2 and may be neglected. Therefore,
;< 1
β= < ;
≃2α
Relation between α, β and 7 Consider a cube

of side Its original volume is
3
V =
' = +Δ = +α ΔT = (1+αΔT)
The new volume of the cube will be
V’ = '3 = '3(1+α ΔT)3
= V(1+3α ΔT+ 3α2ΔT2 + α3ΔT3)
As α is small, so the terms containing α2 and
α3 can be neglected. Then
V’ = V(1+3αΔT)
By the definition of the coefficient of cubical
expansion
ΔV 8' − 8 8 1+3α ΔT − V
7 = = = = 3α
8ΔT 8ΔT 8ΔT
Similarly, it can be proved that
/ = 2α
11
α / 7
Hence 1
= 2= 3
.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF
THERMAL EXPANSION
A small gap is left between the iron rails
Space is left between the girders used for

supporting bridges.
The iron ring to be put on the rim of a cart

wheel is always of slightly smaller diameter
than that of the wheel
A glass stopper jammed in the neck of a

glass bottle can be removed by warming the
neck
Example 2.A blacksmith fixes iron ring on the

rim of the wooden wheel of a bullock cart.
The diameters of the rim and the iron ring are
5.243 m and 5.231 m respectively at 27 0 C.
To what temperature should the ring be
heated so as to fit the rim of the wheel?
[NCERT]
Solution .Here T1 = 270 C, 1 =5.231m, 2 =5.243
m
12
As 2- 1 = α ι1(T2-T1)
2− 1 5.243−5.231
∴ T2-T1 = = 1.20×10−5 ×5.231
≈ 191oC
α ι1
Or T2= 191 + T1 = 191+27 = 218oC
EXPANSION OF A LIQUID
Apparent increase in volume
7B =
Original volume ×Rise in temperature
VARIATION OF DENSITY WITH
TEMPERATURE
V’ = V(1+7ΔT)
D D
or E'
= E
(1+7ΔT) or ρ’ = ρ (1+7ΔT)-1
by Binomial theorem and neglecting the

terms containing higher powers of 7ΔT we
get ρ' = ρ(1-7ΔT)
ANOMALOUS EXPANSION OF WATER
Thus water at 40 C has the maximum density.

13
SPECIFIC HEAT
The amount of heat required to raise the

temperature by unity of unit mass of a body
is equal to specific heat c.
;
c=
D×;
CGS unit of specific heat cal g-1 O C-1 and the

SI unit is J'k g-1K-1.
Molar specific heat
The molar specific heat of substance is

defined as the amount of heat required to
raise the temperature of one mole of the
substance through one degree.

14
Heat capacity or thermal capacity.
The amount of heat required to raise the

temperature of unit mass of a body is equal
to specific heat c.
So heat required for m kg mass is m x c
∴Heat capacity = Mass xSpecific heat
Or S = mc
The CGS unit of heat capacity is calOC-1 and
the SI unit is JK-1
CALORIMETRY
The branch of physics that deals with the

measurement of heat is called calorimetry.
The principle of calorimetry states that the

heat gained by the cold body must be equal
to the heat lost by the hot body, provided
there is no exchange of heat with the
surroundings Heat gained = Heat lost

15
Water equivalent
The water equivalent of a body is defined as
the mass of water which requires the same
amount heat as is required by the given body
for the same rise of temperature
Water equivalent = Mass x Specific heat Or

w = mc
The CGS unit of water equivalent is g and the

SI unit is kg.
CHANGE OF STATE
1.Melting of a solid :
Heat
Solid Liquid
2.Vaporization of a liquid :
Heat
Liquid Vapour
3.Condensation of vapour
Cool
Vapour Liquid
4.Freezing of a liquid
Cool
16
Liquid Solid
Regelation
The phenomenon in which ice melts when

pressure is increased and again freezes
when pressure is removed is called
regelation
(re = again ; gelare = freeze)

17
LATENT HEAT
The amount of heat required to change the
state of unit mass of a substance at constant
temperature and pressure is called latent
heat of the substance
Q = Ml
-1
SI unit of latent heat = J kg
CGS unit of latent heat = cal g-1
Example 5. A sphere of aluminium of 0.047 kg
is placed for sufficient time in a vessel
containing boiling water, so that the sphere
is at 100 0 C. It is then immediately
transferred to 0.14 kg copper calorimeter
containing 0.25 kg of water at 20 0 C. The
temperature of water rises and attains a
steady state at 23 0 C. Calculate the specific
heat capacity of aluminium. [NCERT]
Solution. Mass of aluminium sphere
m = 0.047 kg
Fall in temperature of aluminium sphere
AT = 100 -23 =770 C
Let specific heat of aluminium = CAl
18
Heat lost by the aluminium sphere

mcAl ΔT = 0.047kg×cAl×770 C
Mass of water m1 = 0.25kg
Mass of calorimeter m2= 0.14kg
Initial temperature of water and calorimeter
= 20 0 C
Final temperature of the mixture = 23 oC
Rise in temperature of mixture,
ΔT' =23-20 =3 0 C
Specific heat of water,
cw =4.18 x 103 Jkg-1k-1
Specific heat of copper;
ccu= 0.386 x 103 Jkg-1k-1
Heat gained by water and calorimeter
= m1cw ΔT’ + m2 ccu ΔT’
= (0.25x 4.18x 103 +0.14x 0.386 x 103) x 3J
In the steady state,
Heat lost = Heat gained
0.047 x cAlx 77 = (0.25 x 4.18 x 103
+0.14x0.386x103) x3
Or cAl = 0.911x103Jkg -1K-1
= 0.911kJ kg-1K-1
19

MODES OF TRANSFER OF HEAT
Solids are usually heated by the process of
conduction. Liquid and gases are heated by
the process of convection. The process of
radiation requires no intervening medium. We
receive heat from the sun by the process of
radiation. Conduction and convection are
slow processes while radiation is a very fast
process
THERMAL CONDUCTION
Energy transfer takes place from one layer to

the next, without the molecules leaving their
average location. This way, heat is passed to
the colder end of the rod.
STEADY STATE AND TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT

20
In this state the temperature of every cross-

section of the rod goes on increasing with
time. The rod is said to be in the variable
state of heat conduction
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
< 1− F
∴Q∝ 2
< 1− F
or Q = 2
∴SI unit of K
G.H
= H2 . . I
= Js-1 m-1 K-1 or Wm-1K-1
CGS unit of K =cal s-1 cm-1OC-1
Dimension of K

21
ML2 T−2 . [L]

= L2 . K [T]
= [MLT-3K-1]
HEAT CURRENT AND THERMAL
RESISTANCE
Heat flows in a conductor due to temperature

difference between its two points. The flow
of heat per unit time is called heat current,
Q
denoted by H. Thus H =t
Its SI unit is Js-1 or watt N
From Ohm’s law, electric resistance is given

by
V
R =I
That is electric resistance is the ratio of
the potential difference and the electric
current.
Similarly,the ratio of the temperature
difference between the ends of a conductors
to the heat current through it is called
thermal resistance, denoted by RH .
Thus
ΔT
RH = O
22
ΔT
As Q = K A Δx t
Q ΔT
∴H = = K A t
t Δx
ΔT Δx
And RH = O
= <
Hence greater the coefficient of

thermal conductivity of a material, smaller is
the thermal resistance of rod of that material.
Units and dimensions of RH = ΔT/ H, so
K K
SI unit of RH = Js−1
= = KW-1
Dimension of RH
[K]
ML2 T−2 . [T−2 ]
= [M-1 L-2 T3K]
In winter, a metallic handle appears colder

than the wooden door
Cooking utensils are provided with wooden

handles.
A new quilt is warmer than an old quilt.
Birds swell their feathers in winter
Eskimos make double wall houses of the

blocks of ice. Air trapped between the two

23
walls of ice does not allow the heat to be

conducted
Example 6. Steam at 100 0 C is passed into a

copper cylinder 10 mm thick and of 200 cm2
area. Water at 100 0 C collects at the rate of
150 g min-1. Find the temperature of the
outer surface, if the conductivity of copper is
0.8 cal s- cm-1 0
C -1
and the latent heat of
steam is 540 cal g-1
Solution. Here Tl = 100 0 C, x = 10 mm = 1 cm
A = 200cm2 , m = 150g, t = 1 min = 60 s,
K = 0.8 cal s-1cm-1 0
C -1 , L = 540 cal g-1
Heat drawn from steam
Q = mL = 150x540 cal
< 1− 2 F
As Q =
0.8×200× 100− 2 ×60
∴ 150x540 = 1
150×540
or 100 – T2 = 0.8×200×60
= 800 C
∴T2 = 100-8.44 = 91.560 C

Example 7. Two metal cubes A and B of
same size are arranged as shown in Fig. The
extreme ends of the combination are
24
maintained at the indicated temperatures.

The arrangement is thermally insulated. The
co-efficient of thermal conductivity of A and
B are 300 W/m 0C and 200 W/m 0 C,
respectively. After steady state is reached,
what will be the temperature T of the
interface?
Solution .In the steady-state,

Rate of flow of heat through cube A
= Rate of flow of heat through cube B.
1< 100− 2< −0
or =
300< 100− 200< −0
or =
or 300 – 3T = 2T or 5T = 300
T = 60 0 C

25
CONVECTION
It is the process by which heat flows from

the region of higher temperature to the
region of lower temperature by the actual
movement of the material particles.
PHENOMENA BASED ON THERMAL
CONVECTION
In regulating the temperature of human body
In maintaining comfortable room temperature

in cold countries
In the formation of trade winds.

26
Land and sea breezes These are local

convection currents. Specific heat of water
is higher than that of soil. So land and hence
air above it is heated faster in summer during
day time than air above the sea. The air
above land expands and rises and its place is
taken up by the colder air from sea to land
and is called sea breeze. At night the land
gets cooled faster than water. So colder air
flows from land to sea and is called land
breeze,
RADIATION
It is the process by which heat is transmitted
from one place to another without heating
the intervening medium
NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF THERMAL
RADIATION
Every body at any temperature emits

electromagnetic waves. These waves can
have different wavelengths. Light is an
electromagnetic wave. Visible light
wavelengths extend from 4000 Å (violet) to
7500 Å (red). Beyond the red end of the
27
electromagnetic spectrum are the infrared

waves having wavelengths from 1gm to 100
gm which produce heating effect. These
radiations emitted by hot bodies are also
called thermal radiations. Much beyond the
red end are the medium wavelength radio
waves (200 m to 500 m) and short
wavelength radio waves (20 m to 50 m). All
electromagnetic waves travel through
vacuum with a speed of 3 x 108 ms-1
NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING
States that the rate of cooling of a body is

directly proportional to the temperature
different between the body and its
surrounding provide the temperature
difference is small.
Rate of loss of heat ∝
Temperature difference
between the body and its surroundings
S
or - SF
∝ − 0

28
S
or - SF
T − 0 ……(1)
dQ = mcdT
∴Rate of loss of heat is given by

S S
SF
= mc SF
Combining the above equations, we get
S
- mc =k − 0
SF
S k
or SF = - − 0 =-K − 0 …(2)
mc
where K = k / mc is another constant. The

negative sign indicate that as the time
passes, the temperature of the body
decrease.
Example 8. A body cools in 7 minutes from

60 0 C to 40 0 C, What will be its temperature
29
after the next 7 minutes ? The temperature

of the surroundings is 10 0 C. Assume that
Newton's law of cooling holds good
throughout the process.
Solution . In first case Tf = 600 C ,
Ti = 400 C
T0 = 100 C , t = 7 min = 42 s
According to Newton's law of cooling
U− V U− V
mc = F
=k 2
− 0
60−40 60+40
∴ mc = 420
=k 2
− 10
20
WX mc = = k x 40 ……. (1)
420
In second case.
Ti =40 0 C, Tf= ? , T 0 = 10 0 C
t = 7 min = 42 s
40− V 40+ V
∴mc = =k − 10 ……..(2)
420 2
Dividing equation (2) by (1), we get :
20 2
40− V
= 40+ V
− 10
2
On solving we get :T2 = 28 0 C.

30
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
Kirchhoff's law of heat radiation states that

at any given temperature, the ratio of the
emissive power to the absorptive power
corresponding to the certain wavelength is
constant for all bodies and this constant is
equal to emissive power of the perfect black
body at the same temperature and
corresponding to the same wavelength
If YZ and BZ are the emissive and the
absorptive powers of a body corresponding
to wavelengthZ,
Y
ThenBZ = [Z (constant)
Z
APPLICATIONS OF KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
A green glass heated in a furnace when

taken out in dark glows with red light. Green
glass (when cold)
A Dewar flask or thermos bottle consists of a

double-walled glass vessel with its inner and
outer walls coated with silver. Radiation from
the inner wails is reflected back in to the
31
contents of the bottle. Similarly, the outer

wall reflects back any incoming radiation.
The space between the walls is evacuated to
reduce losses due to conduction and
convection. The device helps in keeping hot
contents hot and cold contents cold for a
long time.

REFLECTANCE, ABSORPTANCE AND
TRANSMITTANCE
R+A+T =Q
On dividing both sides by Q, we get
<
+ + = 1
or r +a + t = 1 i.e.
Reflectance + Absorptance + Transmittance
= 1.

32
Reflectance It is defined as the ratio of

the amount of thermal energy reflected by a
body in a certain time to the total amount of
thermal energy falling upon the body in the
same time.
∴Reflectance r =
Absorptance It is defined as the ratio of the

amount of thermal energy absorbed by a
body in a certain time to the total amount of
thermal energy incident upon the body in the
same time
<
∴Absorptance a =
Transmittance It is defined as the ratio of

the amount of thermal energy transmitted by
a body in a certain time to the total amount
of thermal radiation incident on it in the
same time
∴Transmittance t =
ABSORPTIVE AND EMISSIVE POWERS
Absorptive power. The absorptive power of a

body for a given wavelength is defined as the
33
ratio of amount of heat energy absorbed in a

certain time to the total heat energy incident
on it in the same time within a unit
wavelength range around the wavelength Z
The strength of emission is measured by a

quantity called emissive power. The emissive
power of a body at a given temperature and
for a given wavelength Z is defined as the
amount of radiant energy emitted per unit
time per unit surface area of the body within
a unit wavelength range around the
wavelength.
BLACK BODY
A black body is one which neither reflects

nor transmits but absorbs whole of the heat
radiation incident on it. The absorptive power
of a perfect black body is unity.

34
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
This law states that the total heat energy

emitted by a perfect black body per second
per unit area is directly proportional to the
fourth power of the absolute temperature of
its surface. Thus
E ∝ T4 or E =\ T4
Wien’s law
b
T= ZH
GREENHOUSE EFFECT

35
The radiation from the sun heats up the earth.

Due to its lower temperature, the earth re-
radiates it mostly in the infrared region.
These infrared radiations cannot pass
through the lower atmosphere; they get
reflected back by gas molecules. Low lying
clouds also reflect them back to the earth.
These radiations heat up the objects on the
earth's surface and so keep the earth's
surface warm at night.
Example 9.At what temperature will the
filament of 100 W lamp operate if it is
supposed to be perfectly black body of area 1
cm2?
-5
Given \ = 5.67 x 10 erg cm-2 s-1 K-4
36
Solution Power of lamp = 100 W = 100 Js-1

∴Rate of emission of Energy
E = 100x107 erg s-1
Area A = 1cm 2, Temperature T = ?
As E = \ T4 x A
[ 100 × 107 100 × 1012
∴T4 = = =
\< 5.67 ×10−5 ×1 5.67
100
or T = ( 5.67 )1/4 x 103 = 2.049 x 103 = 2049 K.
DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN THE

BLACK BODY SPECTRUM
When a black body is heated, it emits heat
radiations of different wavelengths. When
these wavelengths are arranged in the
increasing order, we get black body
spectrum. Radiation of a particular
wavelength has a definite energy at a
particular temperature.

37
Example 10 . Wavelength corresponding to

Emax for the moon is 14 microns Estimate the
surface temperature of the moon, if
b = 2.884 x 10-3mK.
Solution . Here Zm = 14 micron = 14 x 10-6m
b = 2.884 x 10-3
By Wien’s law
b 2.88×10−3
T= ZH
= 14 ×10−6
= 206 K

38

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School Of Excellence

Directorate of Education Govt. of Delhi, 9968 0 66788, soedoe110091@gmail.com

Starting Of Class 1101

Thermal Properties of Matter

Heat, temperature, thermal expansion;

specific heat capacity; Cp, Cv -

Heat is a form of energy which produces in

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 1

Translatory motion That is the motion in a

Heat is the energy in transit. The energy

One calorie is defined as the heat energy

SI unit of heat is joule (J).

1 calorie = 4.186 joule

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 2

JOULE'S MECHANICALEQUIVALENT OF HEAT

If Q=1, then J=W

The proportionality constant J is called

J = 4.186 J cal-1 = 4.186 x 10 7erg cal-1

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 3

1. [H]Heat is a form of energy which produces in us

2. [H]It is a cause, when some heat is supplied

3. [H]It represents the total kinetic energy of the

4. [H]Heat flows from high temperature side to low

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 4

A thermometer makes use of some

Tc−0 −32 −0 −273.15

Thus a gas occupies zero or no volume at

TRIPLE POINTS OF WATER

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 6

or 180x = 100x – 3200 or 80x = -3200

Linear expansion It is the increase in the

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 7

Coefficient of linear expansion

Increase in length is proportional to rise in

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 8

Then S’ - S ∝ΔT and

Increase in surface area

Hence the coefficient of superficial

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e | 9

depends on the nature of the material of the

RELATION BETWEEN α, β AND 7 imp

Total increase in area of the sheet is

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e |

Since α =10-5K-1, the product α ΔT for

Relation between α, β and 7 Consider a cube

Space is left between the girders used for

The iron ring to be put on the rim of a cart

A glass stopper jammed in the neck of a

Example 2.A blacksmith fixes iron ring on the

Or T2= 191 + T1 = 191+27 = 218oC

Starting Of Class 1103

by Binomial theorem and neglecting the

Thus water at 40 C has the maximum density.

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e |

The amount of heat required to raise the

CGS unit of specific heat cal g-1 O C-1 and the

Molar specific heat

The molar specific heat of substance is

Physics By: Dr.Hemendra Kumar, M.Sc.,M.Ed.,C.I.C.,Ph.D.(Physics), Lecturer Physics, P a g e |

Heat capacity or thermal capacity.

The amount of heat required to raise the

The branch of physics that deals with the

The principle of calorimetry states that the