¸_uí eobthras mkecuyak ak co dagokdo da uk prhdubth h sarvmbmh8

^hdrçoghs daemkmr co dagokdo bhgh co boktmdod da uk `mak h sarvmbmh

qua astï
astïk
k dmspu
spuasth
asthss o odqumrmr chs
chs dagok
gokdoktastas o uk prabmrabmh
h
datargmkodh
datargmkodh y bhkdmbmhkodh phr uko sarma da eobthras6 ac prabmh dac `mak
ak buastmòk, ac prabmh da chs `makas racobmhkodhs, co rakto dmsphkm`ca y
chs jusths h praearakbmos.

?. Ac prabmh dac `mak ak buastmòk6

buastmòk 6 bhgh as còjmbh, buïkth gïs borh
sao uk prhdubth, khrgocgakta gakhr sarï su dagokdo, gmaktros qua
buïkth gïs `oroth sao, goyhr sarï co boktmdod qua chs bhksugmdhras
astïk dmspuasths o odqumrmr.
0. Ac prabmh da chs `makas racobmhkodhs.
racobmhkodhs . Dmstmkjumghs dhs tmphs da
`makas6
 @makas
@makas bhgpca
bhgpcagakt
gaktormormhs
hs66 shk `makas qua sa bhksugak
bhkfuktogakta, as dabmr, kh as phsm`ca bhksugmr ukh smk bhksugmr
tog`mík ac htrh. Afagpchs da acchs shk chs bhblas y co joshcmko, cos
zopot
opotmc
mcco
cos
s y chs
chs bhrd
bhrdh
hkas
kas h cos
cos cïgp
cïgpor
oros
os y cos
cos `hg`
`hg`mc
mcco
cos.
s. Oc
ouga
ougaktktor
or ac prab
prabmh
mh da ocju
ocjukh
kh da asth
asths
s `mak
`makas
as,, dmsg
dmsgmk
mkuy
uyaa co
dagokdo dac gmsgh, parh tog`mík dmsgmkuya co dagokdo da su
`mak bhgpcagaktormh. Osç, sm ougakto ac prabmh da cos `hg`mccos,
phr afagpch, dmsgmkumrço co dagokdo da asta `mak, parh tog`mík
phdrço lobarch co da cos cïgporos.
 @makas sustmtutmvhs6
sustmtutmvhs6 shk oquacchs buyh bhksugh as axbcuyakta
aktra sç, as dabmr, bhksugmr ukh mgpcmbo kh bhksugmr ac htrh, yo
qua og`hs sotmseobak co gmsgo kabasmdod. ^hr afagpch, ac ozöbor
y co sobormko, co goktaqumcco y co gorjormko h ac tí y ac boeí. Oc
ougaktor
ougaktor ac prabmh da ukh da asths `makas, dmsgmkuya co dagokdo
dac gmsgh, parh ougakto co da su `mak sustmtutmvh. ^hr afagpch, sm
ougakto ac prabmh da co goktaqumcco, dmsgmkuya co dagokdo da
asta `mak y ougakto co da co gorjormko, su `mak sustmtutmvh.
2. Co rakto
rakto dmsphk
dmsphkm`ca
m`ca66 co raco
racobm
bmòk
òk aktr
aktra
a chs
chs bog`
bog`mh
mhs
s ak co rakt
rakto
o
dmsphkm`ca y cos vormobmhkas da co dagokdo pargmta bcosmembor chs `makas
ak6
 Mkearmhras6
Mkearmhras6 shk oquaccos buyo dagokdo dmsgmkuya oc ougaktor co
rakto dmsphkm`ca. ^hr afagpch, ac troksphrta pö`cmbh, ac to`obh da
cmor y cos gorbos `cokbos.
 Khrgocas6
Khrgocas6 shk oquacc
oquacchs
hs buyo
buyo dago
dagokd
kdo
o ougak
ougakto to ak co gmsgo
gmsgo
prhphrbmòk
prhphrbmòk qua co rakto da chs dagokdoktas. Bosm thdhs chs `makas
shk khrgocas.
  Da cufh6
cufh6 shk oquacchs buyo dagokdo ougakto sustokbmocgakta oc
mkbra
mkbragak
gaktor
torsa
sa co rakto
rakto dmsph
dmsphkm`
km`ca
ca.. ^hr
^hr afagp
afagpch,
ch, cos
cos fhyo
fhyos,
s, chs
chs
bhblas daphrtmvhs y cos sajukdos rasmdakbmos.
4. Cos praearakbmos dac bhksugmdhr6
bhksugmdhr 6 chs jusths, cos praearakbmos y co
ghdo
ghdo data
datarg
rgmk
mkok
ok ac bhgp
bhgphrhrto
togm
gmak
akth
th da chs
chs dag
dagokdo
okdokt
ktas
as bhk
bhk
mkdapakdakbmo da chs prabmhs h da co rakto.
¸^h
¸^hr qu
quí
í lo
loyy qu
qua
a bhks
bhksmd
mdar
aro
or co acos
acostm
tmbm
bmdo
dod
d br
bruz
uzod
odo
o da co
dagokdo ak ac astudmh da chs prhyabths da mkvarsmòk8

Co acos
acostm
tmbm
bmdo
dod
d bruz
bruzod
odoo da co dago
dagokd
kdo
o sa daem
daemka
ka bhgh
bhgh ac bog`
bog`mhmh
prhphrbmhkoc
prhphrbmhkoc ak co boktmdod dagokdodo okta uk bog`mh prhphrbmhkoc
prhphrbmhkoc ak
ac prabmh da htrh `mak.
`mak.

Acostmbmdod bruzodo da co dagokdo 7 Δ_ ?/_? / Δ^0/^0

Jrïembogakta6

@makas Rustmtuths

Chs `makas sustmtuths shk oquacchs qua puadak sar usodhs poro co gmsgo
emkocmdod. Afagpchs da `makas sustmtuths shk boeí y ac tí, Bhbo-Bhco y
^apsm h dhs gorbos da daktçermbhs. Buokdh su`a ac prabmh da uk `mak
sustmtuth,
sustmtuth, co dago
dagokdkdoo dac
dac `mak
`mak qua
qua asto
astogh
ghss okoc
okocmz
mzok
okdh
dh ouga
ougakt
kto.
o.
Akthkbas, co acos
acostm
tmbm
bmdo
dod
d br
bruz
uzod
odoo da chs
chs `mak
`makas
as sust
sustmt
mtut
uths
hs as
phsmtmvo.
phsmtmvo.
@makas bhgpcagaktormhs

Chs `makas bhgpcagaktormhs shk oquacchs qua sa suacak bhksugmr ak

bhkfukth. Buokdh ougakto co dagokdo da uk `mak bhgpcagaktormh oc
qua astoghs okocmzokdh, tog`mík su`a co dagokdo dac `mak ak buastmòk.
Afagpchs da `makas bhgpcagaktormhs shk chs bortublhs da mgprashros y
cos mgprashros, B^Qs da bhgputodhros y ghkmthras, bu`martos da ouths y
ouths.
ths. Akth
Akthk bas, co
kbas, acostmbmdod bruzodo da `makas
bhgpcagaktormhs as kajotmvo6
kajotmvo 6 sm su`a ac prabmh da cos mgprashros, kh
sòch dmsgmkuya co dagokdo da mgprashros, smkh qua tog`mík boa co
dagokdo da bortublhs.

Ac prhk
prhkhs
hstm
tmbh
bh da co dago
dagokdkdo
o bhks
bhksms
msta
ta ak loba
lobarr uko
uko astm
astmgo
gobm
bmhk
hk da
kuastros euturos vaktos(yo sao ak ukmdodas smsmbos h ghkatotmos) da ukh
h vormhs prhdubths (jakarocgakta thdhs), poro uk parmhdh da tmagph
datargmkodh (jakarocgakta uk gas)
O. ^outos
^outos poro coco sacabbmòk
sacabbmòk dac garbodh
garbodh
 Rar bhgpotm`cas bhk cos gatos a mgojak da co hrjokmzobmòk
 Bhkjruakta bhk co pcokaobmòk astrotíjmbo
 @usbor bhksbmaktagakta chs garbodhs qua jakarak uk suembmakta
vhcugak da vaktos o
uk bhsth ch `ostokta `ofh poro prhdubmr uko utmcmdod
 Kugarh da bhgpatmdhras y togoÿh gçkmghs

@. Koturocazo
Koturocazo da co sajgakto
sajgaktobmòk
bmòk dac garbodh
garbodh
Bhkbapth sh`ra sajgaktobmòky ojrajobmòk dac garbodh6
 O sajgaktobmòk dac garbodh as ac prhbash da dmvmdmr ac garbodh
latarhjíkah thtoc da uk prhdubth ak vormhs sajgakths, bodo ukh
da chs
chs buoc
buocas
as tmak
tmakda
da o sar
sar lhgh
lhghjíjíka
kah
h ak thdh
thdhss chs
chs ospa
ospabt
bths
hs
mgphrtoktas.
 Co ojrajobmòk dac garbodh (ukmembobmòk) as co astrotajmo ak vmrtud
da co buoc
buoc uko
uko hrjo
hrjokmz
kmzobm
obmòk
òk troto
troto su garbo
garbodh
dh thtoc
thtoc bhgh
bhgh uko
uko
ukmd
ukmdod
od buyo
buyos s port
portas
as sa bhks
bhksmd
mdar
arok
ok saga
sagafo
fokt
ktas
as ak thdh
thdhs
s chs
chs
ospabths
Uaktofos da co sajgaktobmòk dac garbodh
 Ra ovar
ovarmj
mjuo
uok
k cos
cos kaba
kabasm
smdo
doda
dass da chs
chs bcma
bcmakt
ktas
as dakt
daktrh
rh da uk
sajgakth y cuajh sa sotmseobak
 Axmsta uk akehqua mkdmvmduoc ak cos obtmvmdodas da garbodhtabkmo
  Do co hphrtukm
hphrtukmdod
dod o paquaÿ
paquaÿos
os bhgpoÿço
bhgpoÿçosda
sda bhgpatmr
bhgpatmr ak ukh h
dhs sajgakths dac garbodh gmaktros qua erobosorçok
rhtukdogakta ak ac garbodh thtoc
 Co bhgpoÿço dmsaÿo prhdubths qua raocgakta bhrrasphkdok o cos
axmjakbmos dac garbodh
Cmgmtobmhkas da co sajgaktobmòk dac garbodh
 Bhsths6 as bhsthso ak co prhdubbmòk y ak co garbodhtabkmo da
prhdubths puas
as gos rakto`ca prhdubmr ak goso
 Bh`arturo dac garbodh6 chs bhsths dac mkvaktormh thtoc sa acavok
phr sar prabmsh
prabmsh Goktaka
Goktakarr mkvaktorm
mkvaktormhs
hs da bodo astmch,
astmch, bhchr, atb.]
chs bhsths da co pu`cmbmdod braba phrqua sa raqumarak dmearaktas
okukbmhs poro bodo sajgakth y tog`mík chs josths
odgmk
odgmkmst
mstrot
rotmvh
mvhs
s ougak
ougaktok
tok yo qua
qua co jarak
jarakbmo
bmo da`a
da`a pcoka
pcokaor
or y
raocmzor vormhs prhjrogos da garbodhtabkmo

Bhkdmbmhkas da uko `uako sajgaktobmòk

 Ac brmtarmh da co sajgaktobmòk da`a sar gasuro`ca y as prabmsh qua
co mkehrgobmòk sao obbasm`ca
 Ac sajgakth da garbodh lo da sar obbasm`ca bhk uk gçkmghda
bhsths y pardmdo tmagph
 Bodo sajgakta da`arçosar `ostokta axtaksh poro sar rakto`ca

B. ^oshs
^oshs ak co sajgakto
sajgaktobmòk
bmòk da uk garbodh
garbodh
?. sacabbmhkor uk garbodh h botajhrço da prhdubth poro su astudmh
0. asbhfo ak `osa h `osas poro sajgaktor ac garbodh
2. sacabbmhka chs dasbrmpthras da co sajgaktobmòk
4. paremca y okocmba chs sajgakths
1. sacabbmhka chs garbodh gato
5. dmsaÿh, mgpcagaktobmòky gazbco da garbodhtabkmo oprhpmodhs.
D.@osas da co sajgaktobmòk dac garbodh
?. Brmtarmhs poro
poro sajgaktor ac garbodh da bhksugmdhras
o.Jahjrïembh
Pajmòk dac baksh, togoÿh da co bmudod, zhko ur`oko, su`ur`oko, ruroc h
ac bcmgo
`.Daghjrïembo
Adod, saxh, mkjrashs, atopo ak ac bmbch da vmdo, hrmjak ítkmbh
 Adod. Cos kabasmdodas y dasahs bog`mok bhk chs oÿhs.Raxh. Ak chs
öctmg
öctmghs
hs oÿhs
oÿhs sa lok
lok h`sar
h`sarvo
vodh
dh mktar
mktaraso
asokt
ktas
as vormob
vormobmh
mhkas
kas ak co
sajgaktobmòk `osodo ak ac saxh, ccajokdh mkbcusmva o qua ocjukhs
prhdubt
prhdubths
hs trodmbmhk
trodmbmhkocga
ocgakta
kta gosbucmk
gosbucmkhs
hs lok smdh radmsaÿodh
radmsaÿodhs
s y
raphsmbmhkodhs poro ac sajgakth eagakmkh.
 Mkjrashs. Ra opcmbo ak agprasos qua vakdak prhdubths y sarvmbmhs
qua
qua astïk
astïkdm
dmrmj
rmjmdh
mdhs
s avmdak
avmdaktag
tagak
akta
ta o uk garbo
garbodh
dh sugoga
sugogakt
kta
a
aspabçembhbhk ocths mkjrashs.
b.^smbhjroembo
 Bcosa
Bcosa shbmoc.
shbmoc. Ocjukos
Ocjukos bhgpoÿç
bhgpoÿçossac
ossacabbm
abbmhko
hkorok
rok uko h dhs bcosas
bcosas
shbmocas bhgh garbodh gato y daspuís dasorrhccorok
dasorrhccorok uk prhdubth
prhdubth
y uko gazbco da garbodhtabkmo poro ccajor o accos.
 Borobtarçstmbosda co parshkocmdod. Gublos emrgos sa dmrmjak ak su
pu`c
pu`cmb
mbmd
mdod
od o bhks
bhksug
ugmd
mdh
hras
ras qua phsa
phsaakak bmar
bmarth
ths
s rosj
rosjhh da co
pars
parshk
hkoc
ocmd
mdod
od ouk
ouk buok
buokdh
dh asa
asa sajg
sajgak
akth
th da garb
garbododh
h kh saosao
gasuro`ca, ac vakdadhr so`a qua axmsta y bhkeço ak qua sa saktmrï
otroçdh phr ac gaksofa prhghbmhkoc.

 Astmchs da vmdo.Chsastmchs da vmdo sa racobmhkok bhk cos obtmvmdodas,

mktarasas y hpmkmhkas. Paecafok bhgh ukh poso ac tmagph y cos
bhkv
bhkvmbb
mbbmh
mhka
kas
s parsh
parshko
kocas
cas ak vormo
vormos
s buastm
buastmhk
hkas
as da çkdh
çkdhca
cashb
shbmoc
moc,,
abhkògmboy phcçtmbo.
 Uochras. Da obuardh bhk chs psmbòchjhs, ak chs vochras sa raecafok
kuastros kabasmdodas odoptodos o cos raocmdodas dac gukdh ak
qua vmvmghs, co euarzo racotmvo da chs vochras puada sar co `osa
poro sajgaktor.
d.Bhgphrtogmakth okta ac prhdubth
 @akaembm
@akaembmhs
hs dasaodh
dasaodhs.
s. O portmr
portmr dachs
dachs `akaemb
`akaembmhs
mhs asparod
asparodhs
hs phr ac
bhksugmdhr
 Toso da ush. Oquç takaghs botajhrços
botajhrços da kh usuormhs,
usuormhs, usuormhs
usuormhs
cmjarhs, usuormhs gadmhs y jrokdas usuormhs.
0. Brmtarmhs poro sajgaktor ac garbodh mkdustrmoc
o. Q`mb
Q`mbob
obmò
mòk
k da chs
chs bcmak
bcmaktas
tas.. Rajga
Rajgakt
ktodh
odhs
s opcmbo
opcmbokd
kdh
h uk brmtar
brmtarmh
mh
jahjrïembh. Ocjukos
mkdustrmos guastro uko jrok bhkbaktrobmòk jahjrïembo
`.tmph da bcmakta
 togoÿh. ^uada gadmrsa gadmokta eobthras bhgh ac vhcugak da
vaktos, co boktmdod da agpcaodhs, kugarh da pcoktos y da hembmko
da vaktos.
 mkdustrmo. Qko bhgpoÿço qua vakdo o htros agprasos ak vormos
mkdustrmos
mkdustrmos phsm`cagakta
phsm`cagakta qumaro sajgaktor su garbodh otakdmakdh
otakdmakdh
o chs brmtarmhs da bodo mkdustrmo
 astru
astrubtu
bturo
ro da co hrjo
hrjokmz
kmzobm
obmòk
òk,, da obuard
obuardhh o co astru
astrubtu
bturo
ro qua
qua
gokafh poro lobar gms vaktos
 brmtarmhs da co odqumsmbmòk. Thdhs chs bhgprodhras dasaok `uako
bocmdod, prabmhs `ofhs y aktrajos o tmagph, smk ag`orjh ak uk
garb
garbodh
odh axmst
axmstak
ak jrup
jruphs
hs poro
poro chs
chs buocas
buocas ukh
ukh da asths
asths as gos
gos
smjkmembotmvh
b.Bhkdmbmhkas dac kajhbmh
 Rmtuo
Rmtuobmò
bmòk
k da bhgp
bhgpro.
ro. Axmsta
Axmstak
k tras
tras tmphs
tmphs da bcosas
bcosas da bhgpr
bhgpro,
o,
bhgpro kuavo, rabhgpro ghdmembodo y rabhgpro smk ghdmembor.
 Toso da ush. Dmvmdmr ac garbodh ak jrokdas usuormhs,
usuormhs, paquaÿhs
paquaÿhs
usuormhs y prhspabths h kh usuormhs.
 ^rhbash
^rhbash da odqumsm
odqumsmbmòk
bmòk.. Chs prhdub
prhdubths
ths puadak
puadak sar orrakdod
orrakdodhs,
hs,
emkokbmodhsh odqumrmdhs phr bhgpcath.
A.^rhkhstmbh da dagokdo da garbodh
Ac posh emkoc ak co sacabbmòk da chs garbodhs gato da uko
bhgpoÿço, as prhkhstmbor co dagokdo da su prhdubth h sarvmbmh
Asta posh raqumara6
 Astmgor ac phtakbmoc thtoc da co mkdustrmo poro ac prhdubth da co
bhgpoÿço
bhgpoÿço ak ac garbodh
garbodh gato, o asto bmero
bmero sa ca ccogo phtakbmoc
phtakbmoc
da garbodh dac prhdubth.
 Astmgor su portmbmpobmòk
portmbmpobmòk ak ac garbodh thtoc,o asto bmero ca
ccogoghs
ccogoghs phtakbmoc da vaktos.Tírgmkhs`ïsmbh
vaktos.Tírgmkhs`ïsmbhsOktas
sOktas da axphkar
chs gíthdhsda prhkòstmbhkabasmtoghs daemkmr ocjukhs tírgmkhs
6
?.Eobthr h çkdmbada garbodh6
  Axmsta uk garbodh
 ^uada gadmrsa buoktmtotmvogakta
 Ra racobmhko bhk dagokdo dac prhdubth h sarvmbmh
0.
^htakbmoc da garbodh6 thtoc asparodh da vaktos da uk prhdubth
phr porta da chs
vakdadhras ak uk parmhdh saÿocodh y ak uk garbodh aspabmembh
2.
^htakbmo
^htakbmocc da vaktos6
vaktos6 portmbm
portmbmpobm
pobmòk
òk da uk garbodh
garbodh phtakbm
phtakbmoc
oc qua uko
bhgpoÿço asparo
h`takar
4.
^rhkh
^rhkhstm
stmbh
bh da vakto
vaktos6
s6 astmg
astmgobm
obmòk
òk da coscos vakto
vaktos(a
s(ak
k pashs
pashs h
ukmdodas)
ukmdodas) durokta ocjök parmhdh euturh aspabçembh y ak uk pcok da
garbodhtabkmo pravmogakta asto`cabmdh phr co agpraso.
Gíthdhsda prhkòstmbh da co dagokdo
?.
Gíthdh dasbakdakta.-co jarakbmo da`arço
 Bhga
Bhgakzkzor
or bhk
bhk uk prhk
prhkhs
hstm
tmbh
bh da cos
cos bhkd
bhkdmb
mbmh
mhka
kas
s abhk
abhkòg
ògmb
mbos
os
jakarocas
 Ak `osa o asta, datargmkor ac phtakbmoc da garbodh thtoc da
co mkdustrmo poro uk prhdubth
 Gadmr co portmbmpobmòk qua co agpraso asto h`takmakdh da asta
garbodh
 ^rhkhstmbor cos vaktos dac prhdubth
0.
Gíthdh da rabhkstrubbmòk6
 Ac jarakta lorï astmgobmòk da co dagokdo euturo ak sajgakths
dac
dac garb
garbod
odhh h o portportmr
mr da ukmdo
ukmdoda
dass hrjo
hrjokm
kmzo
zobm
bmhk
hkoc
ocas
as da co
bhgpoÿço
 Ra sugo
sugok k cos astmg
stmgoobmh
bmhkas mkd
mkdmvmdu
mduocas y sa h`tmak maka uk
prhkòstmbhthtoc.Gíthdhs poro pradabmr co dagokdo
?.
Okïc
Okïcms
msms
ms dac
dac eobth
eobthrr garbo
garbodh
dh66 sa `oso
`oso ak co sup
suphs
hsmb
mbmò
mòk
k da qua
qua co
dagokdo euturo da uk
prhdubth juordo racobmòk bhk ac bhgphrtogmakth da bmarths eobthras
eobthra s
dac garbodh
garbodh,, sm chjro
chjroghs
ghs ovarmj
ovarmjuor
uor buoca
buocas
s y su kaxh
kaxh bhk
bhk cos vakto
vaktoss
phdr
phdragh
aghs s astud
astudmor
mor vakto
vaktos
s eutur
euturos
os sajök
sajök ac bhgp
bhgphr
hrtog
togma
makth
kth da sus
eobthras.
^orouko `uako opcmbobmòk da asta gíthdh as kabasormh6
 Racabbmhkor eobthras odabuodhs
odabuodhs da garbodh
 Padubmr oc gçkmgh ac kugarh da eobthras o utmcmzor
Chs dhs prhbashs agpcaodhs poro trodubmr ac bhgphrtogmakth da
chs eobthras da
garbodh o uko astmgobmòk da vaktos euturos shk6
 Gíthdh da darmvobmòk dmrabto
 Okïcmsms da bhrracobmòk
0.
Akbuasto
Akbuastos
s da mktakbmh
mktakbmhkas
kas da bhgpro6
bhgpro6 bhksmsta
bhksmsta ak aktravm
aktravmstor
stor uko
guastro da bcmaktas phtakbmocas,
phtakbmocas, poro so`ar buokth bhgprorok
bhgprorok dac
prhdubth o datargmkodh prabmh ak uk parmhdh euturh aspabmembh
2.
Garbodhtabkmo da prua`os6 co agpraso vakda uk prhdubth ak uko zhko
jahjrïembo
jahjrïembo y o portmr da asto
asto guastro co
co jarakbmo
jarakbmo prhyabto
prhyabto sus vaktos
ak zhkos gos axtaksos
4.
Uaktos posodos
1.
Okïcmsms da takdakbmo .-mkbcuya6
 Qko prhyabbmòk o corjh pcozh da co takdakbmo da vaktos
bocbucodos bhk tíbkmbos astodçstmbos
astodçstmb os
 ^rhyabbmòk o bhrth pcozh qua sa `oso ak ac çkdmbaastobmhkoc da
vaktos
5.
Hpmkmòk da euarzo da vaktos
:.
Fumbmh da afabutmvh
afabutmvh