TECHNICAL DRAWING

SS 2 LESSON NOTES
WEEK 1: INTERSECTION OF SOLIDS
Intersection of solids reveals the joint for two meeting cylinders, prisms,
cones, e.t.c. either hollow or solid. Intersection is when two solids interpenetrate
and thereby produce a line of intersection. The line of intersection will show the
exact shape of the meeting surfaces.
Skill of true shape is also necessary and useful in metal fabrication
industry where endless combinations of pipe work, chutes ducts, hoppers for
industries such as mining, wine, oil and gas, ship building, food and beverage and
the petro-chemical industry are produced.
Definition of Solid Intersection
Intersection is when two solids interpenetrate and thereby produce a line
of intersection. The line of intersection will show the exact shape of the meeting
surfaces.
Applications of Solid Intersection
Skill of true shape is highly necessary and useful in metal fabrication
industry where endless combinations of pipe work, chutes ducts, hoppers for
industries such as mining, wine, oil and gas, ship building, food and beverage and
the petro-chemical industry are produced. Varieties of shapes that can intersect
each other are categorized in groups as follows:
(i) Prisms
(ii) Cylindrical pipe
(iii) Pyramid
(iv) Conical cylinders
WEEK 2 & 3: PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Perspective drawing makes subjects in a drawing look like they recede into
distant space, appearing smaller the farther they are away. Perspective drawing
makes drawings appear three-dimensional (rather than flat) and more realistic.
Perspective drawings have a horizon line, which is often implied. This line,
directly opposite the viewer’s eye, represents objects infinitely far away.
Definition
Perspective drawing is a drawing that gives the distant part of an object
(e.g. building, road) tapering to a point just as it appears to an observer of the
object. This gives the outlook of the distant objects smaller than their real sizes.
Terms in Perspective Drawing
(i) Horizon Lines: An imaginary horizontal line, at times referred to as eye
level, which divides your line of vision when you look straight ahead.
The horizon lines determine how far the viewer can see based on the
terrain and the distance of the viewer from the ground.
(ii) Vanishing Point: The point on the horizon line where the angular
perspective lines of an object that should continue past its edges and
eventually converge. Note that if the vanishing point is set to the right,
the drawing will look as if the point of view is moved to the left of the
objects. The vanishing point for some objects can also be above or
below the horizon lines depending on the inclination of the planes in
respect to the ground.
(iii) Angular Lines: Angular lines are straight lines that are neither parallel
nor perpendicular to the horizon line.
(iv) Perspective Lines: Perspective lines are straight lines that are drawn at
an angle from the edges of objects, back into expected distant space,
until they finally converge at a point on the horizon line.
Types of Perspective Drawing
(a) One-Point Perspective Drawing: The four parallel edges of the cube or
cuboids are converged at a particular point known as vanishing point.
Uses
One point perspective is commonly used when the object’s front is facing
the viewer. In this type of drawing the horizontal and vertical lines will be
horizontal and vertical respectively in the drawing, and lines getting farther
from the viewer will have an angle towards what is called a “Vanishing
Point”.
(b) Two-Point Perspective Drawing: It contains two vanishing points and the
two appear to end at a point in two directions.
Uses
Two point perspective or perspective with two vanishing points is used
when the objects’ corners are facing the viewer. This method is perfect for
drawing isometric objects.

WEEK 4 & 5: AUXILIARY VIEWS OF GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS

Auxiliary view is an orthographic view drawn in such a way that the lines of
sight are not parallel to the principal projection planes. The regular orthographic
view has a line that represents the edge of the inclined surface. The auxiliary
view is projected, at right angles, from this edge line and drawn parallel to it.
Several objects have sloping or inclined surfaces that are not perpendicular to
the plane of projection. Typical orthographic view represents these surfaces as
distorted and does not show their true shape. When a sloping surface has an
important feature that should be shown without distortion, an auxiliary view is
used.
There are no definite numbers of possible auxiliary views of any given
object. Auxiliary views are used where many objects are quite complex in shape
and the three principal views may not best present the geometry of the part.
Some features may not appear true size and shape in those views, or may be
hidden. In this case, one or more auxiliary views typically are drawn.
Definition of Auxiliary Views of Geometrical Solids
This is the view of a solid in a direction which is not perpendicular to a
principal plane of projection. The auxiliary projection helps to view the object
(mostly more complicated objects) without turning the object round and this is
on a plane other than a principal plane of projection.
Facts about Auxiliary Views of Geometrical Solids
 Auxiliary views are a type of orthographic projection used to determine the
true size and shape of inclined and oblique surfaces of objects.
 Normally, auxiliary views are projected from existing principal views.
 Any number of auxiliary views of an object can be created. Successive
auxiliary views can be created by projecting from an existing auxiliary view.

WEEK 6: AUXILIARY ELEVATION AND PLANS OF GEOMETRICAL SOLIDS

Principles of Projection
 An elevation can only be projected from a plan.
 A plan can only be projected from an elevation.
Types of Auxiliary Projection
(a) First Auxiliary Elevation or Plan: The first auxiliary elevation is projected
from the normal (initial) plan view of the orthographic projection.
The first auxiliary elevation is projected from the normal (initial)
elevation of the orthographic projection.
(b) Second Auxiliary Elevation or Plan: The second auxiliary elevation is
projected from the first auxiliary plan.
The second auxiliary plan is projected from the first auxiliary elevation.
WEEK 7 & 8: COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING (CAD)
Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) has been used in a wide manner to
illustrate virtually everything on computers that is different from text or sound. In
actual fact, the so called computer graphics refers to a lot of several things such
as the representation and manipulation of image data by a computer. The several
technologies used to form and manipulate images a branch of computer science
which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content.
Computer aided drawing is everywhere today. The application of computer
aided drawing is found engineering and other allied professions.
Definition of Computer Aided Drawing (CAD)
Computer aided drawing can be defined as the technology used to create and
manipulate line images on a video screen which include virtually everything on
computers that is different from sound.
Applications of Computer Aided Drawing (CAD)
The use of computer aided drawing is solely in design processes, actually for
engineering and architectural systems. Objects are first displayed in a wireframe
online form that shows the overall sham and internal features of objects.
Software packages for computer aided drawing applications provide the designer
with a multi-window environment. Standard shapes for electrical, logic circuits
and electronic are commonly supplied by the design package.

WEEK 9: USE OF COMPUTER

Harvard Graphics and CorelDraw
At this level, talking about computer aided drawing, this lesson shall be limited t
Harvard graphics and CorelDraw. CorelDraw because it is readily available and is
widely in use.
1. Harvard Graphics: This was the first presentation graphics program to
include graphs, charts and text in one program. Harvard graphics 98 made
 it easy for people to put together presentations with text, slides, charts
based on numeric data and graphics drawn with various tools.
2. CorelDraw Graphics Suite: This is an impressive collection design
software that can tackle all kinds of design jobs. The packages are as
follows:-
o CorelDraw: This is the main application for vector design and layout.
o Corel Photo-Paint: This is for editing and retouching photos.
o Corel Capture: This is used for screen grabs.

WEEK 10: TRACES: Projection of a Line and Point in Space

Points and lines are two of the most important concepts in geometrical
drawing, but they are also the most difficult to define. Sometimes, the view angle
determines how obvious the true length and shape are, most especially if you are
viewing a 3D object on a drawing. The true length of a line and true shape of an
object are their actual lengths and shapes.
Drawing several shapes, especially conical and transition shapes, there are
surface areas and lines that are inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes. As
a result of that, they are not a true length. The reason is that the surface is
inclined (i.e. inclined away or towards you) it is really longer than you what you
can see.
Definitions
Definition of a Point
A point is a particular location in space. A point has no width, length, or depth. A
point can be made with a tip of pencil.
Definition of a Line
A line is represented with two points, that is a line has two ends. A line that has
no limit is described as infinite line. A line exists in one dimension only.
Definition of a Plane
A plane is a flat surface that is drawn in its two dimensions, length and width. A
plane is represented with three points and has no depth.
Definition of a Space
Space exists in three dimensions, length, width and depth. Space is made up of
all necessary planes, lines and points.
Definition of True Length
The true length of a line or object can be defined as the actual length of
that line or object.
Regarded several shapes, especially conical and transition shapes, there
are surface areas and lines that are inclined to the horizontal and vertical planes.
Therefore, they are not a true length. Really the surface is inclined (inclined away
or towards you) but it is actually longer than what one can see.
Application of True Length
Knowledge of true length is highly necessary and useful in metal fabrication
industry where endless combinations of pipe work, chutes ducts, hoppers for
industries such as mining, wine, oil and gas, ship building, food and beverage and
the petro-chemical industry are produced.
There are many different shapes need to be fabricated to cater for above listed
users as follows:
(i) Frustum: A frustum is that part of a solid shape left after a top portion
is cut off with a plane parallel to the base. A frustum does not have an
apex point.
(ii) Truncated Shapes: Truncation is the removal of portions of a solid at
planes which are not parallel to the base or the top. Truncated shapes
are those that do not have their base parallel to the top.
(iii) Right-angled Cone: When a conical shape has the centre 90 degrees to
the base, then it is called a right angled cone.
(iv) Oblique Cylinder and Oblique Cone: When the centre of a cylinder or
pipe is not 90 degrees to the base, then it is called an oblique cylinder or
an oblique cone. The centre of an oblique cylinder and an oblique cone
is not 90 degrees to the base.