Comparing The Antimicrobial Properties of Medicinal Plant

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COMPARING THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT

LOKESH NANDHA K, GOWTHAM S, Dr.GOPLA SAMY B
* *1,2Student, Department Of Biotechnology, VSB Engineering College, Karur, Tamil Nadu, India.
*3Assistant Professor, Department Of Biotechnology, VSB Engineering College,
Karur, Tamil Nadu India.
ABSTRACT
Because of their bioactive components, medicinal plants are known to house potential endophytic bacteria.
Endophytic bacteria were identified from two medicinal plants, Hypericum perforatum and Ziziphora capitata,
with differing antibacterial properties from the plant growth promotion in an initial investigation of ongoing
research. Plant extracts from H. perforatum showed considerable antibiotic action against bacterial and fungal
diseases, but extracts from Z. capitata showed no such activity. Eight taxa are included among the isolated
culturable endophytes associated with H. perforatum.
Plant-associated culturable endophytic bacteria were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption
ionisation (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). (Arthrobacter, Achromobacter, Bacillus,
Enterobacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas spp., Pantoea spp., Serratia spp., and Stenotrophomonas spp.) Except for
Arthrobacter, Serratia, and Stenotrophomonas, the endophytic isolates from Z. capitata also comprise those
genera. H. perforatum (H. perforatum) The cultivation of medicinal plants provides significant opportunities for
rural employment and foreign exchange profits. India is already a big medicinal plant exporter. Infectious
infections are a major health danger in both developing and developed countries across the world. Infections
and communicable illnesses are treated using a variety of synthetic antibiotics (Sereiti et al., 1999). Because
hazardous germs may regulate medications, many drug resistant bacteria have emerged, resulting in
frightening clinical conditions in the treatment of illnesses. The pharmaceutical industry has generated a large
number of novel antibiotics, and microorganism resistance to these medications has grown. Bacteria have the
potential to transfer and acquire resistance to synthetic medications that are used as therapeutic agents in
general.
Keywords:Enterobacter,Erwinia,Pseudomonasspp,Hypericumperforatum
1.INTRODUCTION
Herbal medicines have been used by humans for millennia. Traditional medicine practitioners have
highlighted the therapeutic usefulness of various indigenous plants for a variety of ailments (Natrajan et
al.2003).The antimicrobial capabilities of medicinal plants are becoming more well recognised. reports from
various corners of the globe The World Health Agency (WHO) is a global health organisation that
Plant extracts or their active ingredients are estimated to be utilised as folk medicine.80 percent of the
world's population uses traditional remedies (Ahmed).Adiguzel and colleagues (Adiguzel et al., 2005).India has
around 2000 medical plant species and a big medicinal plant industry.a geographical location with a high
potential for production and a wide range of agro-climatic conditions. Plants have been an important source of
food for a long time.last decade, with more natural products for sustaining human health Natural remedies are
the subject of extensive research. The cultivation of medicinal plants provides significant opportunities for
rural employment and foreign exchange profits. India has already established itself as a significant exporter of
medicinal herbs. Infectious infections are a major health danger in both developing and developed countries
around the world. Infections and communicable diseases are treated using a variety of synthetic antibiotics
(Sereiti et al., 1999).
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Drugs can control harmful microbes, but this has resulted in the emergence of many drug-resistant bacteria,
resulting in frightening clinical conditions in the treatment of illnesses. The pharmaceutical industry has
developed a variety of novel antibiotics, yet bacterial resistance to these medications has increased. Bacteria
have the genetic potential to transfer and acquire resistance to manmade chemicals in general. pharmaceuticals
that are used as medicinal agents
As a result, steps must be made to mitigate the problem, such as reducing antibiotic use, conducting research to
better understand the genetic mechanisms of resistance in microorganisms, and continuing research to
discover new medications, synthetic or natural, to control pathogenic microorganisms.
Vepillai is the local name for Azadirachta indica. Young fruits are said to have astringent, tonic, and antiperiodic
effects, and neem extracts are said to have anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, and anti-viral characteristics. The herb
aids in the treatment of malaria and skin illnesses. Neem's bark, leaf, root, flower, and fruit are all utilised in
ayurvedic, unani, and homoeopathic medicine to treat blood morbidity, biliary ailments, itching, skin ulcers,
and burning sensations. As a folk medicine, neem oil, bark, and leaf extracts have been used to treat leprosy,
intestinal helminthiasis, epistaxis, anorexia, respiratory problems, constipation, and as a general health
promoter. These plants are used to make medications in the Indian medical systems of Allopathy, Ayurveda,
Unani, Siddha, and Homeopathy.
Keezhanelli is the common name for Phyllanthus amarus. It has antihepatotoxic and liver cell regenerating
potentials as well as immunodulating 4 qualities, making it effective for the treatment of hepatitis B (acute and
chronic), hepatitis C (acute and chronic), and other associated viral infections of the liver. Jaundice,
ingastropathy, dropsy, diarrhoea, fever, opthalmopathy, scabies, ulcers, and wounds have all been
demonstrated to be effective treatments. The plant's decoction is used to treat spleen and liver infracts that
come and go. Bitter, astringent, stomachic, febrifuge, antiseptic, and used for menorrhagia and genital diseases,
the plant is bitter, astringent, stomachic, febrifuge, and antiseptic. Pimples are treated using the juice of the leaf.
Also works well as a diuretic and tonic. Ayurvedic medicine is its primary use.
Manathakalli is the local name for Solanum nigrum. The herb is a purgative that is diaphoretic, anodyne, and
narcotic. Antiseptic and anti-dysenteric effects are found in this herb. For newborns with stomach troubles, a
plant infusion is administered as an enema. It's a home cure for anthrax pustule that's only used locally. Root
bark is a laxative that can help with ear, eye, and nose problems, as well as ulcers, neck pain, throat burning,
liver inflammation, and persistent fever. Poisonous berries are present. It was utilised in the early days of
Ayurveda, along with other substances, to cure heart problems.
Arugampul is the common name for Cynodon dactylon. It is a high-nutrient feed, particularly for horses. Durva
is commonly used to treat epitaxis, haematuria, and scabies. Inflamed tumours, whitlows, and fleshy
excrescences are treated with this plant. The astringent juice of the plant is applied to new cuts and wounds in a
5 application. Root decoction is diuretic and used to treat dropsy. To halt bleeding from piles, a root infusion is
utilised. It's used to treat conditions including asthma, diabetes, urinary tract infections, persistent diarrhoea,
and infections of any kind. Ring worm is treated using the juice of the leaf. Several thousand enterprises in India
produce Ayurvedic medications.
II.METHODOLOGY
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Plant Collection and Identification
Fresh samples of Solanum nigrum L free from disease were collected from dry and shady areas of different
localities of Trichy district. The plant materials were identified as per method (Jain & Rao, 1976) and herbarium
deposited in Department of Life Sciences, Liatris Biosciences LLP, Cochin.
Preparation of Plant Material
The leaves, internode and fruits were washed thoroughly 2-3 times with running tap water, and then air dried
under shade. After complete shade drying the plant materials were grinded in the mixer and the powder was
kept in small plastic bags with proper labelling.
Extraction of Plant Material
An electronic scale was used to weigh 5 gm of powdered plant material, which was combined with 5 gm of
crushed plant material in 25 ml of sterile water. This combination was then heated to 60 degrees Celsius before
being filtered through Whattman no.1 filter paper. The filtrate was centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2500 rpm,
collected in sterile bottles, and kept at 5° C until use (Harborne, 1973).
COLD WATER EXTRACT

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Five grammes of shade dried medicinal plant leaves were homogenised in 5ml of sterile
distilled water (1:1 w/v) with a pestle and mortar, then filtered through a double layered
cheese cloth. At room temperature, the filtrate was collected and evaporated. A typical cold
water medicinal plant extract (1000g ml-1) was made by dissolving 5mg of collected residue
in 5ml of 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).
HOT WATER EXTRACT
5 grammes of powdered medicinal leaves were soaked in water after drying in the shade.5ml
water (1:1 w/v), poured into a beaker, then warmed over a water bath at Preheat oven to
800 degrees Fahrenheit and bake for 10 minutes. After then, the materials were screened
twice.The filtrate was collected using layered cheese cloth. It dissipated in the confines of the
room.The temperature as well as the residues were measured. In 5ml of water, 5mg of
residue was dissolved.34DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) (DMSO) (5% g ml-1 water extract)
METHANOL EXTRACT
Using a pestle and mortar, five gramme of shade dried medicinal plant leaves were
macerated with five ml of methanol (1:1 w/v). It was filtered via double-layered cheese cloth
after maceration. The filtrate was then evaporated at room temperature, with the residues
being recovered. A standard methanol plant leaves extract (1000 g ml-1) was prepared by
dissolving 5 mg of residue in 5 ml of 5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).
III.MODELING AND ANALYSIS
Immunostimulant activity
Neem cell-mediated immune pathways in order to elicit a better response to a future mitogenic or antigenic
assault.bark and leaf aqueous extracts have anticomplement and immunostimulant properties. Neem oil has
been found to have efficacy by selectively stimulating
Hypoglycaemic activiy
Neem bark and leaf aqueous extracts have anticomplement and immunostimulant properties. Neem oil has
been found to have efficacy by selectively stimulating cell-mediated immune pathways in order to elicit a better
response to a future mitogenic or antigenic assault.
Antiulcer effect
Aqueous extracts of neem leaf and bark have strong antiacid secretory and antiulcer properties.
Antifertility effect
Prior to coitus, neem oil can be used intravaginally to prevent pregnancy. It might be a revolutionary
contraceptive approach.
Antimalarial activity
Both choroquin-resistant and sensitive strain malarial parasites are susceptible to neem seed and leaf extracts.
Antifungal activity
Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, Microspor Trichosporon, Geotricum, and Candida are all susceptible to neem
leaf extracts and neem oil seed kernels.
CLEANING OF GLASS WARES

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All of the glassware was first steeped for 12 hours in a cleaning solution (100g potassium dichromate in 100 ml
distilled water, followed by 50 ml concentrated sulphuric acid) before being rinsed in tap water. They were
then cleaned in tap water after being boiled in soap water. They were then washed in distilled water, dried, and
utilised in the experiment.
STERILIZATION
All of the media were sterilised in an autoclave for 20 minutes at 15 pounds of pressure.
minutes. In a hot air oven, the glassware was sterilised at 1800C for 3 hours.
CHEMICALS
All of the chemicals used in the studies were analytical reagents (AR) grade, and glass distilled water was
utilised throughout.
AGAR WELL DIFFUSION METHOD
The antibacterial activity of four medicinal plant extracts was assessed using the agar well diffusion technique.
Muller hinton agar medium was made and autoclaved for 20 minutes at 15 lb pressure, then chilled to 450°C.
To create seeded media, cell suspensions of the test organisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli, were added individually to muller hinton agar medium at 1ml|100ml of
medium. Seeded material was placed into sterile petriplates and allowed to solidify before using stainless steel
bores to punch holes in agar media. Each well was filled with varied concentrations of cold water, hot water,
and methanol extracts of the four medicinal herbs, i.e. 1000, 500, and 250 g/ml. The plates were incubated for
24 hours at 370°C.
PAPER DISC ASSAY METHOS
The antibacterial activity of four medicinal plant extracts was assessed using the paper disc test technique. Cell
suspension (106 cells/ ml) of the test organism, Staphylococcus aureus, was produced and autoclaved at 15lb
pressure for 20 minutes before cooling to 450C.To make seeded media, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and
Escherichia coli were introduced separately to nutritional agar medium at a ratio of 1 mL per 100 mL of
medium.Seeded media was placed onto sterile petriplates, allowed to solidify, and then filled with cold water,
hot water, and methanol extracts of four medicinal plants at various concentrations (1000, 500, and 250 g/ml)
and impregnated with Whatman No. 1 sterile paper discs (6mm diameter). A sterile paper disc was dipped in a
5% solution. The control was DMSO. A total of three replications were kept.
TUBE DILUTION METHOD
The antibacterial activity of four medicinal plant extracts was assessed using the minimum inhibitory
concentration approach. The test cell suspension (106 cells/ml) was produced and autoclaved at 15lb pressure
for 20 minutes. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli were each introduced
individually to nutritional broth at a concentration of 1 mL per 100 mL of medium. Cold water, boiling water,
and methanol extracts of four medicinal herbs were applied at varying concentrations (125,250,500,1000g/ml)
to nutrient broth in sterile test tubes. After a 24-hour incubation period at 370°C, the tubes were examined for
the presence or lack of growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the organism is defined as the
concentration at which no growth was observed.
IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

ANTIMCROBIAL ACTIVITY OF FOUR MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS
The antimicrobial effect of cold water, hot water, and methanol extracts of four medicinal plants,
Azadirachtaindica, Phyllanthus amarus, Solanum nigrum, and Cynodon dactylon, was investigated using three
methodsagainst the test organisms Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli.

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FIG NO 1 FIG NO 2
FIG NO 3 FIG NO 4
Staphylococcus aureus by agar well diffusion method
The diameter of the inhibition zone was 4.5 mm for Azadirachta indica cold water extract at 1000g/ml,
followed by Phyllanthus amarus (4.0 mm), Solanum nigrum (3.8 mm), and Cynodon dactylon (2.9 mm) against
the test pathogens of Staphylococcus aureus.The diameter of the inhibition zone for the test pathogens of
Staphylococcus aureus was 9.0 mm for Azadirachta indica hot water extract at 1000g/ml, followed by
Phyllanthus amarus (7.0 mm), Solanum nigrum (5.5 mm), and Cynodon dactylon (4.8 mm).The diameter of the
inhibition zone (15.0 mm) was observed by Azadirachta indica methanol water extract at 1000g/ml, followed
by 41 Phyllanthus amarus (9.0 mm), Solanum nigrum (6.8 mm), and Cynodon dactylon (6.0 mm) against the
test pathogens of Staphylococcus aureus.

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FIG NO 5
Fig no 6
Staphylococcus aureus by paper disc assay method

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Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus amarus, Solanum nigrum, and Cynodon dactylon were the four medicinal plants
studied.The activity of different concentrations against Staphylococcus aureus was compared to the control.
The inhibitory impact was stronger when the dose was raised .a measure of the extracts' concentration
Methanol extracts had a higher inhibitory effect. hot water and cold water extracts have a different impact
FIG NO 7
FIG NO 8
Staphylococcus aureus by tube dilution method

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For Staphylococcus aureus, the minimum inhibitory concentration of Azadirachta indica was 500g/ml for cold
water extract, 250g/ml for hot water extract, and 125g/ml for methanol extract .For Staphylococcus aureus, the
minimum inhibitory concentration of Phyllanthus amarus was 1000g/ml for cold water extract, 500g/ml for
hot water extract, and 250g/ml for methanol extract. At all concentrations examined (125-1000 g/ml), the
Solanum nigurm plant extract failed to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus in cold water extract. Solanum nigrum
had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1000 g/ml for hot water extract and 500 g/ml for methanol extract
against Staphylococcus aureus. In cold water and hot water extracts, the Cynodon dactylon plant extract failed
to suppress Staphylococcusaureus at all concentrations tested 61 (125-1000 g/ml). Cynodon dactylon's
minimum inhibitory concentration
GROWTH =+ FIG NO 9
NON GROWTH=-

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FIG NO 10
V.CONCLUSION
The antibacterial activity of medicinal herbs Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus amarus, and
Solanum nigrum was investigated in this study. The effectiveness of Cynodon dactylon
against common microorganisms is summarised here. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli bacterial cultures were obtained from Christian Medical
College, Vellore, and tested against the aforesaid therapeutic plant extracts.The antibacterial
efficacy of the four medicinal herbs against pathogenic microorganisms was investigated in
vitro. The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts of medicinal herbs was higher than that
of hot water extract and cold water extract. For all three pathogenic bacteria examined, plant
extracts of the four plants exhibited a rise in the diameter of inhibition when the quantity of
extract was raised from 250 g/ml to 1000 g/ml. For the three harmful bacteria studied, the
inhibition of bacterial growth increased when the concentration of plant extract was raised
from 125 g/ml to 1000 g/ml. In a tube dilution approach, the minimum inhibitory
concentration of Azadirachta indica for Staphylococcus aureus was 125g/ml, followed by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (250g/ml) and Escherichia coli (500g/ml).The findings suggest
that these herbal medicines have the potential to cure cutaneous microbial infections. As a
result, their stated uses in the treatment of many skin problems are justified. The bulk of
them are caused by infectious diseases. In comparison to other extracts, the methanol extract
exhibits a higher and broader spectrum of antibacterial activity, according to these findings.
VI.REFERENCES
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properties of various Indian medicinal herbs were investigated.
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Ethnopharmacology. Meryem Sengul, Ahmed Adiguzel, Medube Gullce (2005). Ocimum basilicum (labiatae)
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Cajanus cajan, Garcinia kola, and Xylopia Cthioplica have antimicrobial properties.

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International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science

COMPARING THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT

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COLD WATER EXTRACT

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CLEANING OF GLASS WARES

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IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Staphylococcus aureus by paper disc assay method

Staphylococcus aureus by tube dilution method

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