Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 41

Chapter 18

SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES


WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS

18.1 GENERAL
18.1.3 Notation
The following notations apply to the provisions
18.1.1 Scope of this chapter:
Every structure with a damping system and every
portion thereof shall be designed and constructed in B1D = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
accordance with the requirements of this standard as
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to ml
modified by this section. Where damping devices are
(m = 1) and period of structure equal to T1D
used across the isolation interface of a seismically
B1E = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
isolated structure, displacements, velocities, and
18.6-1 for the effective damping equal to
accelerations shall be determined in accordance with
I + V1 and period equal to T1
Chapter 17.
B1M = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mM
18.1.2 Definitions (m = 1) and period of structure equal to T1M
The following definitions apply to the provisions BmD = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
of Chapter 18:
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to ml and
DAMPING DEVICE: A flexible structural period of structure equal to Tm
element of the damping system that dissipates energy BmM = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
due to relative motion of each end of the device.
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mM
Damping devices include all pins, bolts, gusset plates, and period of structure equal to Tm
brace extensions, and other components required to BR = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
connect damping devices to the other elements of the
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to R and
structure. Damping devices may be classified as either
period of structure equal to TR
displacement-dependent or velocity-dependent, or a
BV + I = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
combination thereof, and may be configured to act in 18.6-1 for effective damping equal to the
either a linear or nonlinear manner. sum of viscous damping in the fundamental
DAMPING SYSTEM: The collection of mode of vibration of the structure in the
structural elements that includes all the individual direction of interest, Vm (m = 1), plus
damping devices, all structural elements or bracing
inherent damping, I, and period of structure
required to transfer forces from damping devices to
equal to T1
the base of the structure, and the structural elements
CmFD = force coefficient as set forth in Table 18.7-1
required to transfer forces from damping devices to
CmFV = force coefficient as set forth in Table 18.7-2
the seismic force-resisting system.
CS1 = seismic response coefficient of the funda-
DISPLACEMENT-DEPENDENT DAMPING
mental mode of vibration of the structure in
DEVICE: The force response of a displacement- the direction of interest, Section 18.4.2.4 or
dependent damping device is primarily a function of 18.5.2.4 (m = 1)
the relative displacement between each end of the
CSm = seismic response coefficient of the mth mode
device. The response is substantially independent of
of vibration of the structure in the direction
the relative velocity between each of the devices and/
of interest, Section 18.4.2.4 (m = 1) or
or the excitation frequency.
Section 18.4.2.6 (m > 1)
VELOCITY-DEPENDENT DAMPING
CSR = seismic response coefficient of the residual
DEVICE: The force-displacement relation for a mode of vibration of the structure in the
velocity-dependent damping device is primarily a direction of interest, Section 18.5.2.8
function of the relative velocity between each
D1D = fundamental mode design displacement
end of the device and could also be a function
at the center rigidity of the roof level of the
of the relative displacement between each end of
structure in the direction under consideration,
the device.
Section 18.5.3.2

179
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS

D1M = fundamental mode maximum displacement at mode of vibration of the structure in the
the center of rigidity of the roof level of the direction of interest, Section 18.7.2.5
structure in the direction under consideration, T1 = the fundamental period of the structure in the
Section 18.5.3.5 direction under consideration
DmD = design displacement at the center of rigidity T1D = effective period, in seconds, of the funda-
of the roof level of the structure due to the mental mode of vibration of the structure at
mth mode of vibration in the direction under the design displacement in the direction
consideration, Section 18.4.3.2 under consideration, as prescribed by Section
DmM = maximum displacement at the center of 18.4.2.5 or 18.5.2.5
rigidity of the roof level of the structure due T1M = effective period, in seconds, of the funda-
to the mth mode of vibration in the direction mental mode of vibration of the structure at
under consideration, Section 18.4.3.5 the maximum displacement in the direction
DRD = residual mode design displacement at the under consideration, as prescribed by Section
center of rigidity of the roof level of the 18.4.2.5 or 18.5.2.5
structure in the direction under consideration,
TR = period, in seconds, of the residual mode of
Section 18.5.3.2
vibration of the structure in the direction
DRM = residual mode maximum displacement at the under consideration, Section 18.5.2.7
center of rigidity of the roof level of the Vm = design value of the seismic base shear
structure in the direction under consideration, of the mth mode of vibration of the
Section 18.5.3.5 structure in the direction of interest,
DY = displacement at the center of rigidity of the Section 18.4.2.2
roof level of the structure at the effective Vmin = minimum allowable value of base shear
yield point of the seismic force-resisting permitted for design of the seismic force-
system, Section 18.6.3 resisting system of the structure in the
fi = lateral force at Level i of the structure direction of interest, Section 18.2.2.1
distributed approximately in accordance with VR = design value of the seismic base shear of the
Section 12.8.3, Section 18.5.2.3 residual mode of vibration of the structure in
Fi1 = inertial force at Level i (or mass point i) in a given direction, as determined in Section
the fundamental mode of vibration of the
structure in the direction of interest, Section _ 18.5.2.6
W1 = effective fundamental mode seismic weight
18.5.2.9
determined in accordance with Eq. 18.4-2b
Fim = inertial force at Level i (or mass point i) in
_ for m = 1
the mth mode of vibration of the structure in
WR = effective residual mode seismic weight
the direction of interest, Section 18.4.2.7
determined in accordance with Eq. 18.5-13
FiR = inertial force at Level i (or mass point i) in
 = velocity exponent relating damping device
the residual mode of vibration of the struc-
force to damping device velocity
ture in the direction of interest, Section
mD = total effective damping of the mth mode of
18.5.2.9
vibration of the structure in the direction of
hr = height of the structure above the base to the
interest at the design displacement, Section
roof level, Section 18.5.2.3
18.6.2
qH = hysteresis loop adjustment factor as deter-
mM = total effective damping of the mth mode of
mined in Section 18.6.2.2.1
vibration of the structure in the direction of
QDSD = force in an element of the damping system
interest at the maximum displacement,
required to resist design seismic forces of
Section 18.6.2
displacement-dependent damping devices,
Section 18.7.2.5 HD = component of effective damping of the
structure in the direction of interest due to
QmDSV = forces in an element of the damping system
post-yield hysteretic behavior of the seismic
required to resist design seismic forces of
force-resisting system and elements of the
velocity-dependent damping devices due to
damping system at effective ductility demand
the mth mode of vibration of the structure in
μD, Section 18.6.2.2
the direction of interest, Section 18.7.2.5
QmSFRS = force in an element of the damping system HM = component of effective damping of the
equal to the design seismic force of the mth structure in the direction of interest due to
post-yield hysteretic behavior of the seismic

180
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

force-resisting system and elements of the


mD = design story drift due to the mth mode of
damping system at effective ductility
vibration of the structure in the direction of
demand, μM, Section 18.6.2.2
interest, Section 18.4.3.3
I = component of effective damping of the RD = design story drift due to the residual mode of
structure due to the inherent dissipation of
vibration of the structure in the direction of
energy by elements of the structure, at or just
interest, Section 18.5.3.3
below the effective yield displacement of the
μ = effective ductility demand on the seismic
seismic force-resisting system, Section
force-resisting system in the direction of
18.6.2.1
interest
R = total effective damping in the residual μD = effective ductility demand on the seismic
mode of vibration of the structure in the force-resisting system in the direction of
direction of interest, calculated in accordance interest due to the design earthquake ground
with Section 18.6.2 (using μD = 1.0 and motions, Section 18.6.3
μM = 1.0)
μM = effective ductility demand on the seismic
Vm = component of effective damping of the mth force-resisting system in the direction
mode of vibration of the structure in the of interest due to the maximum
direction of interest due to viscous dissipa- considered earthquake ground motions,
tion of energy by the damping system, at or Section 18.6.3
just below the effective yield displacement of
μmax = maximum allowable effective ductility
the seismic force-resisting system, Section
demand on the seismic force-resisting system
18.6.2.3
due to the design earthquake ground motions,
i = elastic deflection of Level i of the structure Section 18.6.4
due to applied lateral force, fi, Section
i1 = displacement amplitude at Level i of the
18.5.2.3
fundamental mode of vibration of the
i1D = fundamental mode design deflection of
structure in the direction of interest, normal-
Level i at the center of rigidity of the
ized to unity at the roof level, Section
structure in the direction under consideration,
18.5.2.3
Section 18.5.3.1
iR = displacement amplitude at Level i of
iD = total design deflection of Level i at
the residual mode of vibration of the
the center of rigidity of the structure
structure in the direction of interest
in the direction under consideration,
normalized to unity at the roof level,
Section 18.5.3
Section 18.5.2.7
iM = total maximum deflection of Level i
1 = participation factor of the fundamental mode
at the center of rigidity of the structure
of vibration of the structure in the direction
in the direction under consideration,
of interest, Section 18.4.2.3 or 18.5.2.3
Section 18.5.3
(m = 1)
iRD = residual mode design deflection of Level i
m = participation factor in the mth mode of
at the center of rigidity of the structure
vibration of the structure in the direction of
in the direction under consideration,
interest, Section 18.4.2.3
Section 18.5.3.1
R = participation factor of the residual mode of
im = deflection of Level i in the mth mode of
vibration of the structure in the direction of
vibration at the center of rigidity of the
interest, Section 18.5.2.7
structure in the direction under consideration,
1D = design story velocity due to the fundamental
Section 18.6.2.3
mode of vibration of the structure in the
1D = design story drift due to the fundamental direction of interest, Section 18.5.3.4
mode of vibration of the structure in the D = total design story velocity of the structure in
direction of interest, Section 18.5.3.3 the direction of interest, Section 18.4.3.4
D = total design story drift of the structure M = total maximum story velocity of the
in the direction of interest, Section structure in the direction of interest,
18.5.3.3 Section 18.5.3
M = total maximum story drift of the mD = design story velocity due to the mth mode of
structure in the direction of interest, vibration of the structure in the direction of
Section 18.5.3 interest, Section 18.4.3.4

181
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS

18.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS be taken as less than 1.0V, if either of the following
conditions apply:
18.2.1 Seismic Design Category A a. In the direction of interest, the damping system
Seismic Design Category A structures with a has less than two damping devices on each floor
damping system shall be designed using the design level, configured to resist torsion.
spectral response acceleration determined in accor- b. The seismic force-resisting system has
dance with Section 11.4.4 and the analysis methods horizontal irregularity Type 1b (Table 12.3-1) or
and design requirements for Seismic Design Category vertical irregularity Type 1b (Table 12.3-2).
B structures. 2. Minimum strength requirements for elements of
the seismic force-resisting system that are also
18.2.2 System Requirements
elements of the damping system or are otherwise
Design of the structure shall consider the basic
required to resist forces from damping devices
requirements for the seismic force-resisting system
shall meet the additional requirements of
and the damping system as defined in the following
Section 18.7.2.
sections. The seismic force-resisting system shall
have the required strength to meet the forces
18.2.2.2 Damping System
defined in Section 18.2.2.1. The combination of the
Elements of the damping system shall be
seismic force-resisting system and the damping
designed to remain elastic for design loads including
system is permitted to be used to meet the drift
unreduced seismic forces of damping devices as
requirement.
required in Section 18.7.2.1, unless it is shown by
analysis or test that inelastic response of elements
18.2.2.1 Seismic Force-Resisting System
would not adversely affect damping system function
Structures that contain a damping system are
and inelastic response is limited in accordance with
required to have a seismic force-resisting system that,
the requirements of Section 18.7.2.6.
in each lateral direction, conforms to one of the types
indicated in Table 12.2-1.
18.2.3 Ground Motion
The design of the seismic force-resisting system
in each direction shall satisfy the requirements of
Section 18.7 and the following: 18.2.3.1 Design Spectra
Spectra for the design earthquake ground
1. The seismic base shear used for design of the motions and maximum considered earthquake ground
seismic force-resisting system shall not be less motions developed in accordance with Section 17.3.1
than Vmin, where Vmin is determined as the greater shall be used for the design and analysis of a structure
of the values computed using Eqs. 18.2-1 and with a damping system. Site-specific design spectra
18.2-2: shall be developed and used for design of a structure
with a damping system if either of the following
Vmin V (18.2-1) conditions apply:
 BV 
1. The structure is located on a Class F site.
I

Vmin = 0.75V (18.2-2) 2. The structure is located at a site with S1 greater


where than or equal to 0.6.
V = seismic base shear in the direction of
18.2.3.2 Ground Motion Histories
interest, determined in accordance with
Ground motion histories for the design
Section 12.8
earthquake and the maximum considered earthquake
BV + I = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
developed in accordance with Section 17.3.2 shall be
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to the
sum of viscous damping in the fundamental used for design and analysis of all structures with a
mode of vibration of the structure in the damping system if either of the following conditions
apply:
direction of interest, Vm (m = 1), plus
inherent damping, I, and period of 1. The structure is located at a site with S1 greater
structure equal to T1 than or equal to 0.6.
2. The damping system is explicitly modeled and
EXCEPTION: The seismic base shear used for
analyzed using the response-history analysis
design of the seismic force-resisting system shall not
method.
182
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

18.2.4 Procedure Selection maximum considered earthquake ground motions and


A structure with a damping system shall be consideration of the following:
designed using linear procedures, nonlinear proce-
dures, or a combination of linear and nonlinear 1. Low-cycle, large-displacement degradation due to
procedures, as permitted in this section. seismic loads.
Regardless of the analysis method used, the peak 2. High-cycle, small-displacement degradation due to
dynamic response of the structure and elements of the wind, thermal, or other cyclic loads.
damping system shall be confirmed by using the 3. Forces or displacements due to gravity loads.
nonlinear response-history procedure if the structure is 4. Adhesion of device parts due to corrosion or
located at a site with S1 greater than or equal to 0.6. abrasion, biodegradation, moisture, or chemical
exposure.
18.2.4.1 Nonlinear Procedures 5. Exposure to environmental conditions, including,
The nonlinear procedures of Section 18.3 are but not limited to, temperature, humidity,
permitted to be used for design of all structures with moisture, radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light),
damping systems. and reactive or corrosive substances (e.g., salt
water).
18.2.4.2 Response-Spectrum Procedure Damping devices subject to failure by low-cycle
The response-spectrum procedure of Section 18.4 fatigue shall resist wind forces without slip, move-
is permitted to be used for design of a structure with a ment, or inelastic cycling.
damping system provided that The design of damping devices shall incorporate
the range of thermal conditions, device wear, manu-
1. In the direction of interest, the damping system has facturing tolerances, and other effects that cause
at least two damping devices in each story, device properties to vary during the design life of the
configured to resist torsion. device.
2. The total effective damping of the fundamental
mode, mD (m = 1), of the structure in the direction
of interest is not greater than 35 percent of critical. 18.2.5.2 Multiaxis Movement
Connection points of damping devices shall
provide sufficient articulation to accommodate
18.2.4.3 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure
simultaneous longitudinal, lateral, and vertical
The equivalent lateral force procedure of Section
displacements of the damping system.
18.5 is permitted to be used for design of a structure
with a damping system provided that
18.2.5.3 Inspection and Periodic Testing
1. In the direction of interest, the damping system has Means of access for inspection and removal of all
at least two damping devices in each story, damping devices shall be provided.
configured to resist torsion. The registered design professional responsible for
2. The total effective damping of the fundamental design of the structure shall establish an appropriate
mode, mD (m = 1), of the structure in the direction inspection and testing schedule for each type of
of interest is not greater than 35 percent of critical. damping device to ensure that the devices respond in
3. The seismic force-resisting system does not have a dependable manner throughout their design life. The
horizontal irregularity Type 1a or 1b (Table 12.3-1) degree of inspection and testing shall reflect the
or vertical irregularity Type 1a, 1b, 2, or 3 (Table established in-service history of the damping devices
12.3-2). and the likelihood of change in properties over the
4. Floor diaphragms are rigid as defined in Section design life of the devices.
12.3.1.
5. The height of the structure above the base does not
exceed 100 ft (30 m). 18.2.5.4 Quality Control
As part of the quality assurance plan developed in
accordance with Section 11A.1.2, the registered
18.2.5 Damping System design professional responsible for the structural
design shall establish a quality control plan for the
18.2.5.1 Device Design manufacture of damping devices. As a minimum, this
The design, construction, and installation of plan shall include the testing requirements of Section
damping devices shall be based on response to 18.9.2.

183
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS

18.3 NONLINEAR PROCEDURES dependent behavior of the devices were explicitly


modeled.
The stiffness and damping properties of the damping
devices used in the models shall be based on or 18.3.1.2 Response Parameters
verified by testing of the damping devices as specified
In addition to the response parameters given in
in Section 18.9. The nonlinear force-deflection
Section 16.2.4, for each ground motion used for
characteristics of damping devices shall be modeled,
response-history analysis, individual response param-
as required, to explicitly account for device depen-
eters consisting of the maximum value of the discrete
dence on frequency, amplitude, and duration of
damping device forces, displacements, and velocities,
seismic loading.
in the case of velocity-dependent devices, shall be
determined.
18.3.1 Nonlinear Response-History Procedure If at least seven pairs of ground motions are used
A nonlinear response-history analysis shall for response-history analysis, the design values of the
utilize a mathematical model of the structure and the damping device forces, displacements, and velocities
damping system as provided in Section 16.2.2 and are permitted to be taken as the average of the values
this section. The model shall directly account for the determined by the analyses. If less than seven pairs of
nonlinear hysteretic behavior of elements of the ground motions are used for response-history analysis,
structure and the damping devices to determine its the design damping device forces, displacements,
response. and velocities shall be taken as the maximum value
The analysis shall be performed in accordance determined by the analyses. A minimum of three pairs
with Section 16.2 together with the requirements of of ground motions shall be used.
this section. Inherent damping of the structure shall
not be taken as greater than 5 percent of critical 18.3.2 Nonlinear Static Procedure
unless test data consistent with levels of deformation The nonlinear modeling described in Section
at or just below the effective yield displacement of 16.2.2 and the lateral loads described in Section 16.2
the seismic force-resisting system support higher shall be applied to the seismic force-resisting system.
values. The resulting force-displacement curve shall be used
If the calculated force in an element of the in lieu of the assumed effective yield displacement,
seismic force-resisting system does not exceed 1.5 DY, of Eq. 18.6-10 to calculate the effective ductility
times its nominal strength, that element is permitted to demand due to the design earthquake ground motions,
be modeled as linear. D, and due to the maximum considered earthquake
ground motions, M, in Eqs. 18.6-8 and 18.6-9,
respectively. The value of (R/Cd) shall be taken as
18.3.1.1 Damping Device Modeling 1.0 in Eqs. 18.4-4, 18.4-5, 18.4-8, and 18.4-9 for the
Mathematical models of displacement-dependent response-spectrum procedure, and in Eqs. 18.5-6,
damping devices shall include the hysteretic behavior 18.5-7, and 18.5-15 for the equivalent lateral force
of the devices consistent with test data and accounting procedure.
for all significant changes in strength, stiffness, and
hysteretic loop shape. Mathematical models of
velocity-dependent damping devices shall include
18.4 RESPONSE-SPECTRUM PROCEDURE
the velocity coefficient consistent with test data.
If this coefficient changes with time and/or tempera-
Where the response-spectrum procedure is used to
ture, such behavior shall be modeled explicitly.
analyze a structure with a damping system, the
The elements of damping devices connecting
requirements of this section shall apply.
damper units to the structure shall be included in
the model.
18.4.1 Modeling
EXCEPTION: If the properties of the
A mathematical model of the seismic force-resist-
damping devices are expected to change during
ing system and damping system shall be constructed
the duration of the time history analysis, the
that represents the spatial distribution of mass,
dynamic response is permitted to be enveloped
stiffness, and damping throughout the structure. The
by the upper and lower limits of device properties.
model and analysis shall comply with the require-
All these limit cases for variable device properties
ments of Section 12.9 for the seismic force-resisting
must satisfy the same conditions as if the time-
system and to the requirements of this section for the

184
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

damping system. The stiffness and damping properties where


of the damping devices used in the models shall be
Cs = seismic response coefficient of the mth mode of
based on or verified by testing of the damping devices m vibration of the structure in the direction of
as specified in Section 18.9.
interest as determined from Section 18.4.2.4
The elastic stiffness of elements of the damping
system other than damping devices shall be explicitly (m = 1) or Section 18.4.2.6 (m > 1)
_
modeled. Stiffness of damping devices shall be Wm = effective seismic weight of the mth mode of
modeled depending on damping device type as vibration of the structure
follows:
1. Displacement-dependent damping devices: 18.4.2.3 Modal Participation Factor
Displacement-dependent damping devices shall be The modal participation factor of the mth mode of
modeled with an effective stiffness that represents vibration, m, of the structure in the direction of
damping device force at the response displacement interest shall be determined in accordance with Eq.
of interest (e.g., design story drift). Alternatively, 18.4-3:
the stiffness of hysteretic and friction damping
devices is permitted to be excluded from response m Wm (18.4-3)
  n
spectrum analysis provided design forces in  wi im
displacement-dependent damping devices, QDSD, i 1
are applied to the model as external loads where
(Section 18.7.2.5). im = displacement amplitude at the ith level of the
2. Velocity-dependent damping devices: Velocity- structure in the mth mode of vibration in the
dependent damping devices that have a stiffness direction of interest, normalized to unity at the
component (e.g., viscoelastic damping devices) roof level.
shall be modeled with an effective stiffness
corresponding to the amplitude and frequency of
interest. 18.4.2.4 Fundamental Mode Seismic
Response Coefficient
18.4.2 Seismic Force-Resisting System The fundamental mode (m = 1) seismic response
coefficient, CS1, in the direction of interest shall be
18.4.2.1 Seismic Base Shear determined in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-4 and
The seismic base shear, V, of the structure in a 18.4-5:
given direction shall be determined as the combina- For T1D < TS,
tion of modal components, Vm, subject to the limits of  R SDS (18.4-4)
C 
Eq. 18.4-1: S1  
  0 B1D
V  Vmin (18.4-1) For T1D  TS, Cd
The seismic base shear, V, of the structure shall be  R  SD1
C  (18.4-5)
determined by the sum of the square root method S1  
(SRSS) or complete quadratic combination of modal  d  0 B1D 
base shear components, Vm. C T1D

18.4.2.5 Effective Fundamental Mode


18.4.2.2 Modal Base Shear Period Determination
Modal base shear of the mth mode of vibration, The effective fundamental mode (m = 1) period
Vm, of the structure in the direction of interest shall be at the design earthquake ground motion, T1D, and
determined in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-2: at the MCER ground motion, T1M, shall be based
_ on either explicit consideration of the post-yield
Vm = CsmW (18.4-2a) force deflection characteristics of the structure or
 n 2 determined in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-6 and
  i 1
  wi
n 4-2b)
18.4-7:
Wm 
im  (1
8.
185
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
 T1 (18.4-6)
T D
w 2
i im
i 1  T1M  T1 M (18.4-7)

186
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

18.4.2.6 Higher Mode Seismic Response Coefficient 18.4.3.1 Design Earthquake Floor Deflection
Higher mode (m > 1) seismic response coeffi- The deflection of structure due to the design
cient, CSm, of the mth mode of vibration (m > 1) of the earthquake ground motions at Level i in the mth mode
structure in the direction of interest shall be deter-
of vibration, imD, of the structure in the direction of
mined in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-8 and 18.4-9: interest shall be determined in accordance with Eq.
For Tm < TS, 18.4-11:
 R S
C
   D1 (18.4-8) imD = DmDim (18.4-11)
Sm  B
C
For Tm  TS, d 0 mD The total design deflection at each floor of the
structure shall be calculated by the SRSS or complete
 R  SD1 quadratic combination of modal design earthquake
CSm    (18.4-9) deflections.
 d  Tm 0 BmD
where  18.4.3.2 Design Earthquake Roof Displacement
C Fundamental (m = 1) and higher mode (m > 1)
Tm = period, in seconds, of the mth mode of vibration roof displacements due to the design earthquake
of the structure in the direction under ground motions, D1D and DmD, of the structure in the
consideration direction of interest shall be determined in accordance
BmD = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table with Eqs. 18.4-12 and to 18.4-13:
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mD and For m = 1,
period of the structure equal to Tm  g  2SDST  g  SDST12
D1D   1 , T1D  TS
1D
  1 
18.4.2.7 Design Lateral Force  4 2 B1D  4 2 B1
Design lateral force at Level i due to the mth   E (18.4-12a)
mode of vibration, Fim, of the structure in the direction
 g  S T  g  SD1T1
of interest shall be determined in accordance with D   D1 1D  1 , T1D  T
Eq. 18.4-10: 1D  2 B1D  4 2  B1E
1  4 
m (18.4-12b)
Fim  wiim
(18.4-10) For m > 1,
Vm
Wm
Design forces in elements of the seismic force-  g  SD1Tm  g  S 2
Dm   m   m T DS m (18.4-13)
resisting system shall be determined by the SRSS or D  4 2 Bm  4 2 BmD
  D
 
complete quadratic combination of modal design
18.4.3.3 Design Earthquake Story Drift
forces.
Design story drift in the fundamental mode, 1D,
and higher modes, mD (m > 1), of the structure in the
18.4.3 Damping System direction of interest shall be calculated in accordance
Design forces in damping devices and other with Section 12.8.6 using modal roof displacements of
elements of the damping system shall be determined Section 18.4.3.2.
on the basis of the floor deflection, story drift, and Total design story drift, D, shall be determined
story velocity response parameters described in the by the SRSS or complete quadratic combination of
following sections. modal design earthquake drifts.
Displacements and velocities used to determine
maximum forces in damping devices at each story 18.4.3.4 Design Earthquake Story Velocity
shall account for the angle of orientation of each Design story velocity in the fundamental
device from the horizontal and consider the effects of mode, 1D, and higher modes, mD (m > 1), of
increased response due to torsion required for design the structure in the direction of interest shall be
of the seismic force-resisting system. calculated in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-14 and
Floor deflections at Level i, iD and iM, story 18.4-15:
187
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
drifts, D and M, and story velocities, D and M, 1D
shall be calculated for both the design earthquake For m = 1, = 2 (18.4-14)
1D T1D
ground motions and the maximum considered
mD
earthquake ground motions, respectively, in accor- For m > 1, mD = 2 (18.4-15)
dance with this section. Tm

188
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

Total design story velocity, D, shall be determined


Damping devices need not be explicitly modeled
by the SRSS or complete quadratic combination of
provided effective damping is calculated in accor-
modal design velocities.
dance with the procedures of Section 18.6 and used to
modify response as required in Sections 18.5.2 and
18.4.3.5 Maximum Considered Earthquake Response 18.5.3.
Total modal maximum floor deflection at Level i, The stiffness and damping properties of the
design story drift values, and design story velocity damping devices used in the models shall be based on
values shall be based on Sections 18.4.3.1, 18.4.3.3, or verified by testing of the damping devices as
and 18.4.3.4, respectively, except design roof specified in Section 18.9.
displacement shall be replaced by maximum roof
displacement. Maximum roof displacement of
the structure in the direction of interest shall be 18.5.2 Seismic Force-Resisting System
calculated in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-16 and
to 18.4-17: 18.5.2.1 Seismic Base Shear
For m = 1, The seismic base shear, V, of the seismic force-resist-
ing system in a given direction shall be determined as
g  SMST 2
D1M   1M
 g  SMST12
1 , T1M  TS
the combination of the two modal components, V1 and

 1   VR, in accordance with Eq. 18.5-1:
 4 2 B 1  4 2 B 1E
 M
 V1 2  VR
(18.4-16a) V 2
 (18.5-1)
Vmin
D  SM1T1
g  SM1T1M ,T T
   g  where
1M  2
 1M S
 4  B1  4 2 B1
 1 V1 = design value of the seismic base shear of the
1 M E (18.4-16b)
 fundamental mode in a given direction of
For m >1, response, as determined in Section 18.5.2.2
 g  2 VR = design value of the seismic base shear of the
S T
DmM
m   m M1  g  SMS m residual mode in a given direction, as deter-
 4 2 BmM 
T  4 2  m BmM
mined in Section 18.5.2.6
  (18.4-17) Vmin = minimum allowable value of base shear
where permitted for design of the seismic force-
resisting system of the structure in direction of
BmM = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table the interest, as determined in Section 18.2.2.1
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mM and
period of the structure equal to Tm
18.5.2.2 Fundamental Mode Base Shear
The fundamental mode base shear, V1, shall be
18.5 EQUIVALENT determined in accordance with Eq. 18.5-2:
LATERAL FORCE _
PROCEDURE V1 = CS1W1 (18.5-2)

Where the equivalent lateral force procedure is used where


to design structures with a damping system, the
CS1 = the fundamental mode seismic response coef-
requirements of this section shall apply.
_ ficient, as determined in Section 18.5.2.4
18.5.1 Modeling seismic force-resisting system. The effective stiffness
Elements of the seismic force-resisting system
shall be modeled in a manner consistent with the
requirements of Section 12.8. For purposes of
analysis, the structure shall be considered to be fixed
at the base.
Elements of the damping system shall be modeled
as required to determine design forces transferred
from damping devices to both the ground and the

189
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
W1 = the effective fundamental mode seismic The fundamental mode shape, i1, and participa-
weight including portions of the live load as tion factor, 1, shall be determined by either dynamic
defined by Eq. 18.4-2b for m = 1 analysis using the elastic structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the resisting elements
18.5.2.3 Fundamental Mode Properties or using Eqs. 18.5-3 and 18.5-4:
of velocity-dependent damping devices shall be   hi (18.5-3)
modeled. i1 hr

190
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

W1 ered earthquake, T1M, shall be based on explicit


(18.5-4)
1  n consideration of the post-yield force deflection
characteristics of the structure or shall be calculated
 using Eqs. 18.5-8 and 18.5-9:
wiil i
1
where
T1D  (18.5-8)
hi = the height above the base to Level i
hr = the height of the structure above the base to the T1 T1M  D (18.5-9)
roof level
wi = the portion of the total effective seismic weight, T1 M

18.5.2.6 Residual Mode Base Shear


W, located at or assigned to Level i Residual mode base shear, VR, shall be deter-
mined in accordance with Eq. 18.5-10:
The fundamental period, T1, shall be determined _
either by dynamic analysis using the elastic structural VR = CSRWR (18.5-10)
properties and deformational characteristics of the
where
resisting elements, or using Eq. 18.5-5 as follows:
CSR = the residual mode seismic response coefficient
n

T1  2 w 
i 1
2
i 1 _ as determined in Section 18.5.2.8
WR = the effective residual mode effective
(18.5-5)
n weight of the structure determined using
g fii Eq. 18.5-13
i 1

where 18.5.2.7 Residual Mode Properties


fi = lateral force at Level i of the structure distributed Residual mode shape, iR, participation factor, R,
in accordance with Section 12.8.3 effective re_sidual mode seismic weight of the
i = elastic deflection at Level i of the structure due to structure, WR, and effective period, TR, shall be
applied lateral forces fi determined using Eqs. 18.5-11 through 18.5-14:

18.5.2.4 Fundamental Mode Seismic iR  1  1i1 (18.5-11)


1  1
Response Coefficient
 =1– (18.5-12)
The fundamental mode seismic response coefficient, R 1

CS1, shall be determined using Eq. 18.5-6 or 18.5-7: _ _


For T1D < TS, WR = W – W1 (18.5-13)

CS1   R  SD1 (18.5-6) TR = 0.4T1 (18.5-14)


 Cd  0
For T1D  TS, B1D
18.5.2.8 Residual Mode Seismic
 R  SD1 Response Coefficient
C  (18.5-7)
d
S1   The residual mode seismic response coefficient,
where   0 B1D CSR, shall be determined in accordance with
C T1D  Eq. 18.5-15:
SDS = the design spectral response acceleration  R SDS
 (18.5-15)
C
parameter in the short period range SR  
SD1 = the design spectral response acceleration  d  0 BR
parameter at a period of 1 s where
C
B1D = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mD 18.5.2.5 Effective Fundamental Mode
(m = 1) and period of the structure equal to T1D Period Determination
191
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
The effective fundamental mode period at the BR = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table 18.6-1
design earthquake, T1D, and at the maximum consid- for effective damping equal to R, and period of
the structure equal to TR

18.5.2.9 Design Lateral Force


The design lateral force in elements of the
seismic force-resisting system at Level i due to
fundamental mode response, Fi1, and residual mode

192
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

response, FiR, of the structure in the direction of DRD = residual mode design displacement at the center
interest shall be determined in accordance with Eqs. of rigidity of the roof level of the structure in
18.5-16 and 18.5-17: the direction under consideration, Section
1 18.5.3.2
Fi1  wi i1 (18.5-16)
W
V1
1

18.5.3.2 Design Earthquake Roof Displacement


FiR  wi iR R (18.5-17) Fundamental and residual mode displacements
VR
WR due to the design earthquake ground motions,
Design forces in elements of the seismic force- D1D and D1R, at the center of rigidity of the roof
resisting system shall be determined by taking the level of the structure in the direction of interest
SRSS of the forces due to fundamental and residual shall be determined using Eqs. 18.5-20 and
modes. 18.5-21:
 g  S T  g  SDST 2
2 DS

18.5.3 Damping System D1D   1


1D 1
, T1D  TS
1 
Design forces in damping devices and other 2
 4 
2
B1D  4  B1D
elements of the damping system shall be determined  g  S T SD1T1 (18.5-20a)
on the basis of the floor deflection, story drift, and D   D1 1D  g  ,T T
 
1
story velocity response parameters described in the 1D    1D S
2
 4  B1D  42 B1
following sections. 
1 E (18.5-20b)

Displacements and velocities used to determine  g  S T 2
R 
maximum forces in damping devices at each story DRD  R D1  g  SDS R (18.5-21)

T  R
shall account for the angle of orientation of each  42  BR  42  BR
device from the horizontal and consider the effects of
increased response due to torsion required for design 18.5.3.3 Design Earthquake Story Drift
of the seismic force-resisting system. Design story drifts, D, in the direction of interest
Floor deflections at Level i, iD and iM, story shall be calculated using Eq. 18.5-22:
drifts, D and M, and story velocities, D and M,
D  2  RD
1D
2
(18.5-22)
shall be calculated for both the design earthquake
ground motions and the maximum considered where
earthquake ground motions, respectively, in
1 = design story drift due to the fundamental mode
accordance with the following sections. D of vibration of the structure in the direction of
interest
18.5.3.1 Design Earthquake Floor Deflection RD = design story drift due to the residual mode of
The total design deflection at each floor of vibration of the structure in the direction of
the structure in the direction of interest shall be interest
calculated as the SRSS of the fundamental and
residual mode floor deflections. The fundamental Modal design story drifts, 1D and RD,
and residual mode deflections due to the design shall be determined as the difference of the
earthquake ground motions, i1D and iRD, at the center deflections at the top and bottom of the story
of rigidity of Level i of the structure in the direction under consideration using the floor deflections of
of interest shall be determined using Eqs. 18.5-18 Section 18.5.3.1.
and 18.5-19:
i1D = D1Di1 (18.5-18) 18.5.3.4 Design Earthquake Story Velocity
Design story velocities, D, in the direction of
iRD = DRDiR (18.5-19) interest shall be calculated in accordance with Eqs.
18.5-23 through 18.5-25:
where
193
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
D1D = fundamental mode design displacement at the D  1D
2
 2RD (18.5-23)
center of rigidity of the roof level of the
structure in the direction under consideration, 1D
Section 18.5.3.2 1D  2 (18.5-24)
T1D

194
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
RD
  2
(18.5-25) Table 18.6-1 Damping Coefficient, BV+I, B1D, BR,
RD
TR B1M, BmD, BmM (Where Period of the Structure ≥ T0)
where
Effective Damping,  Bv+I, B1D, BR, B1M, BmD, BmM
1D = design story velocity due to the fundamental (percentage of critical) (where period of the structure  T0)
mode of vibration of the structure in the 2 0.8
direction of interest 5 1.0
RD = design story velocity due to the residual mode 10 1.2
of vibration of the structure in the direction of 20 1.5
interest 30 1.8
40 2.1
50 2.4
18.5.3.5 Maximum Considered Earthquake Response 60 2.7
Total and modal maximum floor deflections at 70 3.0
Level i, design story drifts, and design story velocities 80 3.3
shall be based on the equations in Sections 18.5.3.1, 90 3.6
18.5.3.3, and 18.5.3.4, respectively, except that design 100 4.0
roof displacements shall be replaced by maximum
roof displacements. Maximum roof displacements
shall be calculated in accordance with Eqs. 18.5-26
and 18.5-27: 18.6.1 Damping Coefficient
 g  Where the period of the structure is greater than
S T
2  g  S T2
D1M  1
MS 1
, T1M  TS or equal to T0, the damping coefficient shall be as
 
 1
MS 1M
 
 42 B1  42 B1 prescribed in Table 18.6-1. Where the period of the
 M  E (18.5-26a) structure is less than T0, the damping coefficient shall
SM1T1
D  g  SM1T1M , T T be linearly interpolated between a value of 1.0 at a
   g 
  1
1M  2 1  42  1M S 0-second period for all values of effective damping
B  4  B
1M
and the value at period T0 as indicated in Table 18.6-1.
1E (18.5-26b)
 g  SM1T  g  S T2 18.6.2 Effective Damping
R
DRM   R (18.5-27)
MS R
 
 42  BR  42  R The effective damping at the design displace-
BR ment, mD, and at the maximum displacement, mM, of
where the mth mode of vibration of the structure in the
SM1 = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral response direction under consideration shall be calculated using
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 s Eqs. 18.6-1 and 18.6-2:
adjusted for site class effects as defined in mD  I  Vm D  HD (18.6-1)
Section 11.4.3
SMS = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral response mM  I  Vm M  HM (18.6-2)
acceleration parameter at short periods
adjusted for site class effects as defined in where
Section 11.4.3 As required in Sections 18.4 and 18.5, response of the
B1M = numerical coefficient as set forth in structure shall be modified for the effects of the damping
Table 18.6-1 for effective damping equal to system.
mM (m = 1) and period of structure equal
to T1M

18.6 DAMPED RESPONSE MODIFICATION

195
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
HD = component of effective damping of the
structure in the direction of interest due to
post-yield hysteretic behavior of the
seismic force-resisting system and
elements of
the damping system at effective ductility
demand, D
HM = component of effective damping of the struc-
ture in the direction of interest due to post-
yield hysteretic behavior of the seismic force-
resist- ing system and elements of the
damping system at effective ductility demand,
M
I = component of effective damping of the struc-
ture due to the inherent dissipation of energy

196
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

by elements of the structure, at or just below Unless analysis or test data supports other
the effective yield displacement of the seismic values, the hysteretic damping of higher modes of
force-resisting system vibration in the direction of interest shall be taken
Vm = component of effective damping of the mth as zero.
mode of vibration of the structure in the
direction of interest due to viscous dissipation
18.6.2.2.1 Hysteresis Loop Adjustment Factor The
of energy by the damping system, at or just
calculation of hysteretic damping of the seismic
below the effective yield displacement of the
force-resisting system and elements of the damping
seismic force-resisting system
system shall consider pinching and other effects that
D = effective ductility demand on the seismic
reduce the area of the hysteresis loop during repeated
force-resisting system in the direction of interest
cycles of earthquake demand. Unless analysis or test
due to the design earthquake ground motions
data support other values, the fraction of full hyster-
M = effective ductility demand on the seismic
etic loop area of the seismic force-resisting system
force-resisting system in the direction of
used for design shall be taken as equal to the factor,
interest due to the maximum considered
qH, calculated using Eq. 18.6-5:
earthquake ground motions
TS
Unless analysis or test data supports other values, q H  0.67 (18.6-5)
the effective ductility demand of higher modes of T1
vibration in the direction of interest shall be taken where
as 1.0. TS = period defined by the ratio, SD1/SDS
T1 = period of the fundamental mode of vibration of
18.6.2.1 Inherent Damping the structure in the direction of the interest
Inherent damping, I, shall be based on the
material type, configuration, and behavior of the The value of qH shall not be taken as greater than
structure and nonstructural components responding 1.0 and need not be taken as less than 0.5.
dynamically at or just below yield of the seismic
force-resisting system. Unless analysis or test data 18.6.2.3 Viscous Damping
supports other values, inherent damping shall be taken Viscous damping of the mth mode of vibration of
as not greater than 5 percent of critical for all modes the structure, Vm, shall be calculated using Eqs.
of vibration. 18.6-6 and 18.6-7:

18.6.2.2 Hysteretic Damping W mj

j
Hysteretic damping of the seismic force-resisting Vm  (18.6-6)
system and elements of the damping system shall be 4Wm
based either on test or analysis or shall be calculated 1
using Eqs. 18.6-3 and 18.6-4:
Wm 
2
F
j

im im
(18.6-7)
 1
  q 0.64    1 
(18.6-3) where
HD H I
  D
 Wmj = work done by jth damping device in one


 1 complete cycle of dynamic response corre-
  q 0.64    1  (18.6-4)
 sponding to the mth mode of vibration of the
HM H I 
structure in the direction of interest at modal
where  M  displacements, im

qH = hysteresis loop adjustment factor, as defined in Wm = maximum strain energy in the mth mode of
 Section 18.6.2.2.1 vibration of the structure in the direction of
interest at modal displacements, im
D = effective ductility demand on the seismic Fi = mth mode inertial force at Level
force-resisting system in the direction of interest th i
m

due to the design earthquake ground motions im = deflection of Level i in the m mode of
M = effective ductility demand on the seismic due to the maximum considered earthquake ground
force-resisting system in the direction of interest motions
197
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
vibration at the center of rigidity of the
struc- ture in the direction under
consideration
Viscous modal damping of displacement-
dependent damping devices shall be based on a

198
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

response amplitude equal to the effective yield


The design ductility demand, D, shall not exceed
displacement of the structure.
the maximum value of effective ductility demand,
The calculation of the work done by individual
max, given in Section 18.6.4.
damping devices shall consider orientation and
participation of each device with respect to the mode
18.6.4 Maximum Effective Ductility Demand
of vibration of interest. The work done by individual
For determination of the hysteresis loop adjust-
damping devices shall be reduced as required to
ment factor, hysteretic damping, and other parameters,
account for the flexibility of elements, including pins,
the maximum value of effective ductility demand, max,
bolts, gusset plates, brace extensions, and other
shall be calculated using Eqs. 18.6-11 and 18.6-12:
components that connect damping devices to other
For  TS,
elements of the structure.
T1D
μmax = 0.5[(R/(0Ie))2 + 1] (18.6-11)
18.6.3 Effective Ductility Demand
For T1  TS,
The effective ductility demand on the seismic
force-resisting system due to the design earthquake μmax = R/(0Ie) (18.6-12)
ground motions, D, and due to the maximum
where
considered earthquake ground motions, M, shall be
calculated using Eqs. 18.6-8, 18.6-9, and 18.6-10: Ie = the importance factor determined in accordance
D1D with Section 11.5.1
  
D DY 1.0 (18.6-8) T1D = effective period of the fundamental mode of
vibration of the structure at the design displace-
D1M ment in the direction under consideration
   1.0 (18.6-9)
M
DY For T1 < TS < T1D, max shall be determined by
 g  0Cd  linear interpolation between the values of Eqs.
D  2
C T (18.6-10)
 1 S1 1 18.6-11 and 18.6-12.
Y
 42 R
 
where  
 18.7 SEISMIC LOAD CONDITIONS AND

D1D = fundamental mode design displacement at the the structure in the direction of interest
center of rigidity of the roof level of the
structure in the direction under consideration,
Section 18.4.3.2 or 18.5.3.2
D1M = fundamental mode maximum displacement at
the center of rigidity of the roof level of the
structure in the direction under consideration,
Section 18.4.3.5 or 18.5.3.5
DY = displacement at the center of rigidity of the
roof level of the structure at the effective yield
point of the seismic force-resisting system
R = response modification coefficient from Table
12.2-1
Cd = deflection amplification factor from Table
12.2-1
0 = overstrength factor from Table 12.2-1
1 = participation factor of the fundamental mode of
vibration of the structure in the direction of
interest, Section 18.4.2.3 or 18.5.2.3 (m = 1)
CS1 = seismic response coefficient of the fundamental
mode of vibration of the structure in the
direction of interest, Section 18.4.2.4 or
18.5.2.4 (m = 1)
T1 = period of the fundamental mode of vibration of
199
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

For the nonlinear procedures of Section 18.3, the


seismic force-resisting system, damping system,
loading conditions, and acceptance criteria for
response parameters of interest shall conform with
Section 18.7.1. Design forces and displacements
determined in accordance with the response-
spectrum
procedure of Section 18.4 or the equivalent lateral
force procedure of Section 18.5 shall be checked using
the strength design criteria of this standard and the
seismic loading conditions of Section 18.7.1 and
18.7.2.

18.7.1 Nonlinear Procedures


Where nonlinear procedures are used in
analysis, the seismic force-resisting system,
damping system, seismic loading conditions, and
acceptance criteria shall conform to the following
subsections.

18.7.1.1 Seismic Force-Resisting System


The seismic force-resisting system shall satisfy
the strength requirements of Section 12.2.1 using
the seismic base shear, Vmin, as given by Section
18.2.2.1. The story drift shall be determined using
the design earthquake ground motions.

200
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

18.7.1.2 Damping Systems shall be combined in accordance with Section 12.4


The damping devices and their connections shall using the effect of horizontal seismic forces, QE,
be sized to resist the forces, displacements, and determined in accordance with Section 18.7.2.5. The
velocities from the maximum considered earthquake
redundancy factor, , shall be taken equal to 1.0 in all
ground motions.
cases, and the seismic load effect with overstrength
18.7.1.3 Combination of Load Effects factor of Section 12.4.3 need not apply to the design
of the damping system.
The effects on the damping system due to gravity
loads and seismic forces shall be combined in accor-
dance with Section 12.4 using the effect of horizontal 18.7.2.4 Modal Damping System Design Forces
seismic forces, QE, determined in accordance with the Modal damping system design forces shall be
analysis. The redundancy factor, , shall be taken calculated on the basis of the type of damping devices
equal to 1.0 in all cases, and the seismic load effect and the modal design story displacements and
with overstrength factor of Section 12.4.3 need not velocities determined in accordance with either
apply to the design of the damping system. Section 18.4.3 or 18.5.3.
Modal design story displacements and velocities
18.7.1.4 Acceptance Criteria for the Response shall be increased as required to envelop the total
Parameters of Interest design story displacements and velocities determined
The damping system components shall be in accordance with Section 18.3 where peak response
evaluated using the strength design criteria of this is required to be confirmed by response-history
standard using the seismic forces and seismic loading analysis.
conditions determined from the nonlinear procedures
and  = 1.0. The members of the seismic force-resist- 1. Displacement-dependent damping devices: Design
ing system need not be evaluated where using the seismic force in displacement-dependent damping
nonlinear procedure forces. devices shall be based on the maximum force in
the device at displacements up to and including the
18.7.2 Response-Spectrum and Equivalent Lateral design story drift, D.
Force Procedures 2. Velocity-dependent damping devices: Design
Where response-spectrum or equivalent lateral seismic force in each mode of vibration in veloc-
force procedures are used in analysis, the seismic ity-dependent damping devices shall be based on
force-resisting system, damping system, seismic the maximum force in the device at velocities up to
loading conditions, and acceptance criteria shall and including the design story velocity for the
conform to the following subsections. mode of interest.
Displacements and velocities used to determine
18.7.2.1 Seismic Force-Resisting System
design forces in damping devices at each story
The seismic force-resisting system shall satisfy
shall account for the angle of orientation of the
the requirements of Section 12.2.1 using seismic base
damping device from the horizontal and consider the
shear and design forces determined in accordance
effects of increased floor response due to torsional
with Section 18.4.2 or 18.5.2.
motions.
The design story drift, D, as determined in either
Section 18.4.3.3 or 18.5.3.3 shall not exceed (R/Cd)
times the allowable story drift, as obtained from Table 18.7.2.5 Seismic Load Conditions and Combination
12.12-1, considering the effects of torsion as required of Modal Responses
in Section 12.12.1. Seismic design force, QE, in each element
of the damping system shall be taken as the
18.7.2.2 Damping System maximum force of the following three loading
The damping system shall satisfy the require- conditions:
ments of Section 12.2.1 for seismic design forces and
seismic loading conditions determined in accordance 1. Stage of maximum displacement: Seismic
with this section. design force at the stage of maximum
displacement shall be calculated in accordance
18.7.2.3 Combination of Load Effects with Eq. 18.7-1:
The effects on the damping system and its QE   0
components due to gravity loads and seismic forces Q mSFRS 2  QDSD (18.7-1)
m

201
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS

where Modal seismic design forces in elements of


QmSFR = force in an element of the damping system the damping system, QmDSV, shall be calculated
S by imposing modal design forces of velocity-
equal to the design seismic force of the mth
dependent devices on the nondeformed damping
mode of vibration of the structure in the
system as pseudostatic forces. Modal seismic
direction of interest design forces shall be applied in directions consis-
QDSD = force in an element of the damping system
tent with the deformed shape of the mode of
required to resist design seismic forces of
interest. Horizontal restraint forces shall be
displacement-dependent damping devices
applied at each floor Level i of the nondeformed
Seismic forces in elements of the damping system, damping system concurrent with the design forces
QDSD, shall be calculated by imposing design forces in velocity-dependent damping devices such that
of displacement-dependent damping devices on the the horizontal displacement at each level of the
damping system as pseudostatic forces. Design structure is zero. At each floor Level i, restraint
seismic forces of displacement-dependent damping forces shall be proportional to and applied at the
devices shall be applied in both positive and location of each mass point.
negative directions at peak displacement of the 3. Stage of maximum acceleration: Seismic design
structure. force at the stage of maximum acceleration shall be
2. Stage of maximum velocity: Seismic design force calculated in accordance with Eq. 18.7-3:
at the stage of maximum velocity shall be calcu-
lated in accordance with Eq. 18.7-2:
 C
2
QE  mFD 0QmSFRS  CmFV QmDSV  QDSD
m

QE  Q
m
mDSV

2 (18.7-2) (18.7-3)
The force coefficients, CmFD and CmFV, shall be
where
determined from Tables 18.7-1 and 18.7-2,
QmDSV = force in an element of the damping system respectively, using values of effective damping
required to resist design seismic forces of determined in accordance with the following
velocity-dependent damping devices due to requirements:
the mth mode of vibration of the structure For fundamental-mode response (m = 1) in the
in the direction of interest direction of interest, the coefficients, C1FD and C1FV,
shall be based on the velocity exponent, , that

Table 18.7-1 Force Coefficient, C mFD a,b


  1.0

Effective Damping   0.25  = 0.5  = 0.75   1.0 CmFD = 1.0c


0.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.0
0.1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00   1.0
0.2 1.00 0.95 0.94 0.93   1.1
0.3 1.00 0.92 0.88 0.86   1.2
0.4 1.00 0.88 0.81 0.78   1.3
0.5 1.00 0.84 0.73 0.71   1.4
0.6 1.00 0.79 0.64 0.64   1.6
0.7 1.00 0.75 0.55 0.58   1.7
0.8 1.00 0.70 0.50 0.53   1.9
0.9 1.00 0.66 0.50 0.50   2.1
1.0 1.00 0.62 0.50 0.50   2.2
a
Unless analysis or test data support other values, the force coefficient CmFD for viscoelastic
systems shall be taken as 1.0.
b
Interpolation shall be used for intermediate values of velocity exponent, , and ductility
demand, .
c
CmFD shall be taken as equal to 1.0 for values of ductility demand, , greater than or equal to
the values shown.

202
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

a,b
Table 18.7-2 Force Coefficient, C
mFV team of registered design professionals in the appro-
priate disciplines and others experienced in seismic
Effective Damping   0.25  = 0.5  = 0.75   1.0 analysis methods and the theory and application of
0.05 1.00 0.35 0.20 0.10 energy dissipation systems.
0.1 1.00 0.44 0.31 0.20 The design review shall include, but need not be
0.2 1.00 0.56 0.46 0.37 limited to, the following:
0.3 1.00 0.64 0.58 0.51
0.4 1.00 0.70 0.69 0.62 1. Review of site-specific seismic criteria including
0.5 1.00 0.75 0.77 0.71 the development of the site-specific spectra and
0.6 1.00 0.80 0.84 0.77 ground motion histories and all other project-
0.7 1.00 0.83 0.90 0.81 specific design criteria.
0.8 1.00 0.90 0.94 0.90 2. Review of the preliminary design of the seismic
0.9 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 force-resisting system and the damping system,
1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 including design parameters of damping devices.
a
Unless analysis or test data support other values, the force 3. Review of the final design of the seismic force-
coefficient CmFD for viscoelastic systems shall be taken as 1.0. resisting system and the damping system and all
b
Interpolation shall be used for intermediate values of velocity supporting analyses.
exponent, .
4. Review of damping device test requirements,
device manufacturing quality control and assur-
ance, and scheduled maintenance and inspection
requirements.
relates device force to damping device velocity.
The effective fundamental-mode damping shall be
taken as equal to the total effective damping of the
fundamental mode less the hysteretic component of 18.9 TESTING
damping (1D – HD or 1M – HM) at the response
level of interest ( = D or  = M). The force-velocity displacement and damping proper-
For higher-mode (m > 1) or residual-mode ties used for the design of the damping system shall
response in the direction of interest, the coeffi- be based on the prototype tests specified in this
cients, CmFD and CmFV, shall be based on a value of section.
 equal to 1.0. The effective modal damping shall The fabrication and quality control procedures
be taken as equal to the total effective damping of used for all prototype and production damping devices
the mode of interest (mD or mM). For determina- shall be identical.
tion of the coefficient CmFD, the ductility demand
shall be taken as equal to that of the fundamental 18.9.1 Prototype Tests
mode ( = D or  = M). The following tests shall be performed separately
on two full-size damping devices of each type
18.7.2.6 Inelastic Response Limits and size used in the design, in the order listed as
Elements of the damping system are permitted to follows.
exceed strength limits for design loads provided it is Representative sizes of each type of device are
shown by analysis or test that permitted to be used for prototype testing, provided
both of the following conditions are met:
1. Inelastic response does not adversely affect
damping system function. 1. Fabrication and quality control procedures are
2. Element forces calculated in accordance with identical for each type and size of device used in
Section 18.7.2.5, using a value of 0 taken as the structure.
equal to 1.0, do not exceed the strength required to 2. Prototype testing of representative sizes is accepted
satisfy the load combinations of Section 12.4. by the registered design professional responsible
for design of the structure.
Test specimens shall not be used for construction,
18.8 DESIGN REVIEW
unless they are accepted by the registered design
professional responsible for design of the structure
A design review of the damping system and related
and meet the requirements for prototype and produc-
test programs shall be performed by an independent
tion tests.

203
CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS

18.9.1.1 Data Recording also be performed at frequencies equal to 1/T1 and


The force-deflection relationship for each cycle of 2.5/T1.
each test shall be recorded. If reduced-scale prototypes are used to qualify
the rate-dependent properties of damping devices,
18.9.1.2 Sequence and Cycles of Testing the reduced-scale prototypes should be of the same
For the following test sequences, each damping type and materials, and manufactured with the
device shall be subjected to gravity load effects and same processes and quality control procedures, as
thermal environments representative of the installed full-scale prototypes, and tested at a similitude-
condition. For seismic testing, the displacement in the scaled frequency that represents the full-scale
devices calculated for the maximum considered loading rates.
earthquake ground motions, termed herein as the
maximum device displacement, shall be used. 18.9.1.3 Testing Similar Devices
1. Each damping device shall be subjected to the Damping devices need not be prototype tested
number of cycles expected in the design wind- provided that both of the following conditions
storm, but not less than 2,000 continuous fully are met:
reversed cycles of wind load. Wind load shall be 1. All pertinent testing and other damping device data
at amplitudes expected in the design windstorm are made available to and are accepted by the
and shall be applied at a frequency equal to the registered design professional responsible for the
inverse of the fundamental period of the structure design of the structure.
(f1 = 1/T1).
2. The registered design professional substantiates the
EXCEPTION: Damping devices need not be similarity of the damping device to previously
subjected to these tests if they are not subject to wind- tested devices.
induced forces or displacements or if the design wind
force is less than the device yield or slip force. 18.9.1.4 Determination of
Force-Velocity-Displacement Characteristics
2. Each damping device shall be loaded with five
The force-velocity-displacement characteristics of
fully reversed, sinusoidal cycles at the maximum
a damping device shall be based on the cyclic load
earthquake device displacement at a frequency
and displacement tests of prototype devices specified
equal to 1/T1M as calculated in Section 18.4.2.5.
in the preceding text. Effective stiffness of a damping
Where the damping device characteristics vary
device shall be calculated for each cycle of deforma-
with operating temperature, these tests shall be
tion using Eq. 17.8-1.
conducted at a minimum of three temperatures
(minimum, ambient, and maximum) that bracket
18.9.1.5 Device Adequacy
the range of operating temperatures.
The performance of a prototype damping device
EXCEPTION: Damping devices are permitted to shall be deemed adequate if all of the conditions listed
be tested by alternative methods provided all of the below are satisfied. The 15 percent limits specified in
following conditions are met: the following text are permitted to be increased by the
registered design professional responsible for the
a. Alternative methods of testing are equivalent to
design of the structure provided that the increased
the cyclic testing requirements of this section.
limit has been demonstrated by analysis not to have a
b. Alternative methods capture the dependence of
deleterious effect on the response of the structure.
the damping device response on ambient
temperature, frequency of loading, and tempera-
18.9.1.5.1 Displacement-Dependent Damping Devices
ture rise during testing.
The performance of the prototype displacement-
c. Alternative methods are accepted by the
dependent damping devices shall be deemed adequate
registered design professional responsible for
if the following conditions, based on tests specified in
the design of the structure.
Section 18.9.1.2, are satisfied:
3. If the force-deformation properties of the damping
1. For Test 1, no signs of damage including leakage,
device at any displacement less than or equal to the
yielding, or breakage.
maximum device displacement change by more
2. For Tests 2 and 3, the maximum force and
than 15 percent for changes in testing frequency
minimum force at zero displacement for a damping
from 1/T1M to 2.5/T1, then the preceding tests shall
device for any one cycle does not differ by more

204
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

than 15 percent from the average maximum and device in any one cycle of Tests 2 and 3 does
minimum forces at zero displacement as calculated not differ by more than 15 percent from the
from all cycles in that test at a specific frequency average effective stiffness as calculated from all
and temperature. cycles in that test at a specific frequency and
3. For Tests 2 and 3, the maximum force and temperature.
minimum force at maximum device displacement 3. For Tests 2 and 3, the maximum force and
for a damping device for any one cycle does minimum force at zero displacement for a damping
not differ by more than 15 percent from the device for any one cycle does not differ by more
average maximum and minimum forces at the than 15 percent from the average maximum and
maximum device displacement as calculated from minimum forces at zero displacement as calculated
all cycles in that test at a specific frequency and from all cycles in that test at a specific frequency
temperature. and temperature.
4. For Tests 2 and 3, the area of hysteresis loop (Eloop) 4. For Tests 2 and 3, the area of hysteresis loop (Eloop)
of a damping device for any one cycle does not of a damping device for any one cycle does not
differ by more than 15 percent from the average differ by more than 15 percent from the average
area of the hysteresis loop as calculated from all area of the hysteresis loop as calculated from all
cycles in that test at a specific frequency and cycles in that test at a specific frequency and
temperature. temperature.
5. The average maximum and minimum forces at 5. The average maximum and minimum forces
zero displacement and maximum displacement, at zero displacement, effective stiffness (for
and the average area of the hysteresis loop (Eloop), damping devices with stiffness only), and average
calculated for each test in the sequence of Tests 2 area of the hysteresis loop (Eloop) calculated for
and 3, shall not differ by more than 15 percent each test in the sequence of Tests 2 and 3, does
from the target values specified by the registered not differ by more than 15 percent from the
design professional responsible for the design of target values specified by the registered design
the structure. professional responsible for the design of the
structure.
18.9.1.5.2 Velocity-Dependent Damping Devices The
performance of the prototype velocity-dependent 18.9.2 Production Testing
damping devices shall be deemed adequate if the Prior to installation in a building, damping
following conditions, based on tests specified in devices shall be tested to ensure that their force-
Section 18.9.1.2, are satisfied: velocity-displacement characteristics fall within the
limits set by the registered design professional
1. For Test 1, no signs of damage including leakage, responsible for the design of the structure. The scope
yielding, or breakage. and frequency of the production-testing program shall
2. For velocity-dependent damping devices with be determined by the registered design professional
stiffness, the effective stiffness of a damping responsible for the design of the structure.

205
Chapter 19
SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR
SEISMIC DESIGN

19.1 GENERAL ˜ = the fraction of critical damping for the structure-

If the option to incorporate the effects of soil–struc- _ foundation system determined in Section 19.2.1.2
ture interaction is exercised, the requirements of this W = the effective seismic weight of the structure,
section are permitted to be used in the determination which shall be taken as 0.7W, except for struc-
of the design earthquake forces and the corresponding tures where the effective seismic weight is
displacements of the structure if the model used for concentrated at a single level, it shall be taken as
structural response analysis does not directly incorpo- equal to W
rate the effects of foundation flexibility (i.e., the
model corresponds to a fixed-based condition with no 19.2.1.1 Effective Building Period
foundation springs). The provisions in this section The effective period (T˜ ) shall be determined as
shall not be used if a flexible-base foundation is follows:
included in the structural response model.
˜
T  T 1  k 1  Kyh 2 (19.2-3)
Ky   K 
The provisions for use with the equivalent lateral
force procedure are given in Section 19.2, and those
for use with the modal analysis procedure are given in where
Section 19.3. T = the fundamental period of the structure as
_ determined in Section 12.8.2
k = the stiffness of the structure where fixed at the
base, defined by the following:
19.2 EQUIVALENT LATERAL
FORCE PROCEDURE  W 
k  42 (19.2-4)
 2
 gT 
The following requirements are supplementary to
where
those presented in Section 12.8. _
h = the effective height of the structure, which shall
19.2.1 Base Shear be taken as 0.7 times the structural height (hn),
To account for the effects of soil–structure except for structures where the gravity load is
interaction, the base shear (V) determined from Eq. effectively concentrated at a single level, the
12.8-1 shall be reduced to effective height of the structure shall be taken as
the height to that level
V˜ = V – V (19.2-1)
Ky = the lateral stiffness of the foundation defined as
The reduction (V) shall be computed as follows and the horizontal force at the level of the foundation
shall not exceed 0.3V: necessary to produce a unit deflection at that
level, the force and the deflection being mea-
V  Cs  C˜s  0.05 0.4  W  0.3V (19.2-
2) sured in the direction in which the structure is
˜
    analyzed
where  K = the rocking stiffness of the foundation defined as
Cs = the seismic design coefficient computed from the moment necessary to produce a unit average
Eqs. 12.8-2, 12.8-3, and through 12.8-4 using the rotation of the foundation, the moment and
fundamental natural period of the fixed-base rotation being measured in the direction in which
structure (T or Ta) as specified in Section 12.8.2 the structure is analyzed
C˜ = the value of Cs computed from Eqs. 12.8-2, g = the acceleration of gravity
12.8-3, and through 12.8-4 using the fundamen-
The foundation stiffnesses (Ky and K) shall be
tal natural period of the flexibly supported
computed by established principles of foundation
structure (T˜ ) defined in Section 19.2.1.1
mechanics using soil properties that are compatible
199
CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

Table 19.2-1 Values of G/Go and vs/vso


Table 19.2-2 Values of α
Value of vs/vso Value of G/Go rm/vsT 

SDS /2.5 <0.05 1.0


/2.5
0.15 0.85
SDS
0.35 0.7
Site Class 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.6
A 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
B 1.00 0.97 0.95 1.00 0.95 0.90
C 0.97 0.87 0.77 0.95 0.75 0.60

D 0.95 0.71 0.32 0.90 0.50 0.10


E 0.77 0.22 a
0.60 0.05 a
and
a a a a a a
F 4Io
rm  4 (19.2-8)
Note: Use straight-line interpolation for intermediate values of 
SDS/2.5.
a
Should be evaluated from site specific analysis where
Ao = the area of the load-carrying foundation
Io = the static moment of inertia of the load-carrying
foundation about a horizontal centroidal axis
with the soil strain levels associated with the design normal to the direction in which the structure is
earthquake motion. The average shear modulus (G) analyzed
for the soils beneath the foundation at large strain  = dynamic foundation stiffness modifier for
levels and the associated shear wave velocity (vs) rocking as determined from Table 19.2-2
needed in these computations shall be determined vs = shear wave velocity
from Table 19.2-1 where T = fundamental period as determined in Section
vso = the average shear wave velocity for the soils 12.8.2
beneath the foundation at small strain levels
(10–3 percent or less) 19.2.1.2 Effective Damping
Go =  v2 /g = the average shear modulus for the soils The effective damping factor for the structure-
so
beneath the foundation at small strain levels foundation system (˜) shall be computed
 = the average unit weight of the soils as follows:
Alternatively, for structures supported on mat 0.05
foundations that rest at or near the ground surface ˜  o ˜ 3 (19.2-9)
 T 
or are embedded in such a way that the side wall  
T
contact with the soil is not considered to remain  
effective during the design ground motion, the where
effective period of the structure is permitted to be
determined from o = the foundation damping factor as specified in
Fig. 19.2-1
˜ S
25rah 1.12rah 2
T T 1 1 (19.2-5)
 2s 2    rm3  For values of DS between 0.10 and 0.20 the
 vT  2.5
where  values of o shall be determined by linear interpola-

 = the relative weight density of the structure and tion vbetween the solid lines and the dashed lines of
the soil defined by Fig. 19.2-1.
The quantity r in Fig. 19.2-1 is a characteristic
W foundation length that shall be determined as
 (19.2-6)
Aoh follows:

ra and rm = characteristic foundation lengths h


For  0.5, r = ra (19.2-10)
defined by L0

200 Ao

ra  h
(19.2-7) For  1, r = (19.2-11)
L0
rm

201
CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

19.2.3 Other Effects


The modified story shears, overturning moments,
and torsional effects about a vertical axis shall be
determined as for structures without interaction using
the reduced lateral forces.
The modified deflections (˜ ) shall be determined
as follows:
V˜  Mohx 
˜   (19.2-13)

V  K

x x 
where 

Mo = the overturning moment at the base using the


unmodified seismic forces and not including the
reduction permitted in the design of the
foundation
hx = the height above the base to the level under
consideration
x = the deflections of the fixed-base structure as
FIGURE 19.2-1 Foundation Damping Factor determined in Section 12.8.6 using the unmodi-
fied seismic forces
The modified story drifts and P-delta effects
where shall be evaluated in accordance with the provisions
of Sections 12.8.6 and 12.8.7 using the modified
Lo = the overall length of the side of the story shears and deflections determined in this
foundation in the direction being analyzed section.
ra and rm = characteristic foundation lengths defined in
Eqs. 19.2-7 and 19.2-8, respectively
h
For intermediate values of , the value of r 19.3 MODAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
L0
shall be determined by linear interpolation.
The following provisions are supplementary to those
EXCEPTION: For structures supported on point-
presented in Section 12.9.
bearing piles and in all other cases where the
foundation soil consists of a soft stratum of
reasonably uniform properties underlain by a much 19.3.1 Modal Base Shears
stiffer, rock-like deposit with an abrupt increase in To account for the effects of soil–structure
stiffness, the factor o in Eq. 19.2-9 shall be replaced interaction, the base shear corresponding to the
4Ds
by  if  1 where D is the total depth of the fundamental mode of vibration (V1) shall be
o
vsT˜ s
reduced to
stratum. o shall be determined as follows: V˜ = V – V (19.3-1)
 4D 2 1 1 1

o    s
(19.2-12) The reduction (V1) sh_all be computed in accordance
˜
o with Eq. 19.2-2 with W taken as equal to the
 vsT 
˜
The value of  computed from Eq. 19.2-9, both effective seism_ic weight of the fundamental period
with or without the adjustment represented by Eq. of vibration, W, and Cs computed in accordance with
19.2-12, shall in no case be taken as less than ˜ = Eq. 12.8-1, except that SDS shall be replaced by design
0.05 or greater than ˜ = 0.20. spectral response acceleration of the design response
spectra at the fundamental period of the fixed-base
19.2.2 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces structure (T1).
The distribution over the height of the structure The period T˜ shall be determined from Eq. 19.2-3
of the reduced total seismic force (V˜ ) shall be or from Eq._19.2-5 where applicable_, tak_ing T =
considered to be the same as for the structure without T1, evaluating k_ from Eq. 19.2-4 with W = W1, and
interaction. computing h as follows:

202
CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

n and
w i
i1hi (19.3-2) ˜ xm = xm for m = 2, 3,   (19.3-4)
i 1
h n where

w i i1
i 1

where Mo1 = the overturning base moment for the fundamen-


tal mode of the fixed-base structure using the
wi = the portion of the total gravity load of the
unmodified modal base shear V1
structure at Level i
xm = the modal deflections at Level x of the fixed-
i1 = the displacement amplitude at the ith level of the
base structure using the unmodified modal
structure when vibrating in its fundamental
shears, Vm
mode
hi = the height above the base to Level i The modified modal drift in a story (˜ m) shall
_ _ be computed as the difference of the deflections (˜
The preceding designated values of W, h, T, and
xm) at the top and bottom of the story under
T˜ also shall be used to evaluate the factor  from Eq. consideration.
19.2-6 and the factor o from Fig. 19.2-1. No reduc-
tion shall be made in the shear components contrib- 19.3.3 Design Values
uted by the higher modes of vibration. The reduced The design values of the modified shears,
base shear (V1˜ ) shall in no case be taken less than moments, deflections, and story drifts shall be
0.7V1. determined as for structures without interaction by
taking the square root of the sum of the squares
19.3.2 Other Modal Effects (SRSS) of the respective modal contributions. In the
The modified modal seismic forces, story shears, design of the foundation, it is permitted to reduce the
and overturning moments shall be determined as for overturning moment at the foundation–soil interface
structures without interaction using the modified base determined in this manner by 10 percent as for
shear (V˜ ) instead of V . The modified modal deflec- structures without interaction.
1 1
The effects of torsion about a vertical axis shall be
tions (˜ xm) shall be determined as evaluated in accordance with the provisions of Section
follows: 12.8.4, and the P-delta effects shall be evaluated in
V˜  M h 
˜
 x1 
1 o1 x accordance with the provisions of Section 12.8.7 using
V1 K  x1  (19.3-3)
the story shears and drifts determined in Section

 19.3.2.

202
Chapter 20
SITE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR
SEISMIC DESIGN

20.1 SITE CLASSIFICATION


accelerations for liquefiable soils. Rather, a site class
is permitted to be determined in accordance with
The site soil shall be classified in accordance with Section 20.3 and the corresponding values of Fa and
Table 20.3-1 and Section 20.3 based on the upper 100 Fv determined from Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2.
ft (30 m) of the site profile. Where site-specific data
are not available to a depth of 100 ft (30 m), appropri- 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays [H > 10 ft (3 m)]
ate soil properties are permitted to be estimated by the of peat and/or highly organic clay where H =
registered design professional preparing the soil thickness of soil.
investigation report based on known geologic condi- 3. Very high plasticity clays [H > 25 ft (7.6 m) with
tions. Where the soil properties are not known in PI > 75].
sufficient detail to determine the site class, Site Class 4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays [H > 120 ft
D shall be used unless the authority having jurisdic- (37 m)] with su < 1,000 psf (50 kPa).
tion or geotechnical data determine Site Class E or F
soils are present at the site. Site Classes A and B shall 20.3.2 Soft Clay Site Class E
not be assigned to a site if there is more than 10 ft Where a site does not qualify under the criteria
(10.1 m) of soil between the rock surface and the for Site Class F and there is a total thickness of soft
bottom of the spread footing or mat foundation. clay greater than 10 ft (3 m) where a soft clay layer is
defined by su < 500 psf (25 kPa), w  40 percent, and
PI > 20, it shall be classified as Site Class E.
20.2 SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS FOR SITE
CLASS F SOIL 20.3.3 Site Classes C, D, and E
The existence of Site Class C, D, and E soils
A site response analysis in accordance with Section shall be classifi ed_by usin g one of the following
_ vs, N, and
three methods with _ su computed in all cases
21.1 shall be provided for Site Class F soils, unless
as
the exception to Section 20.3.1 is applicable.
specified in Section 20.4:
_ _
1. v_s for the top 100 ft (30 m) (v_s method).
20.3 SITE CLASS DEFINITIONS 2. N_ for the top 100 ft (30 m) (N method).
3. Nch for cohesionless so il layers (PI < 20) in the
Site class types shall be assigned in accordance with top 100 ft (30 m) and s_u for cohesiv e soil layers
_
the definitions provided in Table 20.3-1 and this (PI > 20) in_the top 100 ft (30 m) (su method).
_
section. Where the Nch and su criteria differ, the site shall
be assigned to the category with the softer soil.
20.3.1 Site Class F
Where any of the following conditions is satis- 20.3.4 Shear Wave Velocity for Site Class B
fied, the site shall be classified as Site Class F and a The shear wave velocity for rock, Site Class B,
site response analysis in accordance with Section 21.1 shall be either measured on site or estimated by a
shall be performed. geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist, or
seismologist for competent rock with moderate
1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse fracturing and weathering. Softer and more highly
under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils, fractured and weathered rock shall either be measured
quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible on site for shear wave velocity or classified as Site
weakly cemented soils. Class C.
EXCEPTION: For structures having fundamental
periods of vibration equal to or less than 0.5 s, site 20.3.5 Shear Wave Velocity for Site Class A
response analysis is not required to determine spectral The hard rock, Site Class A, category shall be
supported by shear wave velocity measurement either

203
CHAPTER 20 SITE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

Table 20.3-1 Site Classification


_ _ _ _
Site Class v N or Nch s
s u

A. Hard rock >5,000 ft/s NA NA


B. Rock 2,500 to 5,000 ft/s NA NA
C. Very dense soil and soft rock 1,200 to 2,500 ft/s >50 >2,000 psf
D. Stiff soil 600 to 1,200 ft/s 15 to 50 1,000 to 2,000 psf
E. Soft clay soil <600 ft/s <15 <1,000 psf
Any profile with more than 10 ft of soil having the following characteristics:
—Plasticity index PI > 20,
—Moisture content w  40%_,
—Undrained shear strength su < 500 psf
F. Soils requiring site response analysis See Section 20.3.1
in accordance with Section 21.1
For SI: 1 ft/s = 0.3048 m/s; 1 lb/ft2 = 0.0479 kN/m2.

on site or on profiles of the same rock type in the vsi = the shear wave velocity in ft/s (m/s)
same formation with an equal or greater degree of n
weathering and fracturing. Where hard rock condi- d
i 1
i = 100 ft (30 m)
tions are known to be continuous to a depth of 100 ft
(30 m), surficial shear wave velocity _
meas urements are permitted to be extrapolated to 20.4.2 N, Averag_e Field Standard Penetration
_
assess vs. Resistance and Nch, Average Standard Penetration
Resis_tance _for Cohesionless Soil Layers
N and Nch shall be determined in accordance with
20.4 DEFINITIONS OF SITE the following formulas:
CLASS PARAMETERS n

The definitions presented in this section shall apply to


d i

N i 1 (20.4-2)
the upper 100 ft (30 m) of the site profile. Profiles n
di
containing distinct soil and rock layers shall be 
i 1

subdivided into those layers designated by a number Ni


that ranges from 1 to n at the bottom where there are
a total of n distinct layers in the upper 100 ft (30 m). where Ni and di in Eq. 20.4-2 are for cohesionless
Where some of the n layers are cohesive and others soil, cohesive soil, and rock layers.
ds
are not, k is the number of cohesive layers and m is Nch  m d (20.4-3)
the number of cohesionless layers. The symbol i N i

refers to any one of the layers between 1 and n. i 1 i

_ where Ni and di in Eq. 20.4-3 are for cohesionless soil


20.4.1 , Average Shear Wave Velocity m
v_vss shall be determined in accordance with the layers only and  di  ds where ds is the total
following formula: i 1
thickness of cohesionless soil layers in the top 100 ft
n (30 m). Ni is the standard penetration resistance
d i (ASTM D1586) not to exceed 100 blows/ft (305
i 1 (20.4-1) blows/m) as directly measured in the field without
vs  n

v di corrections. Where refusal is met for a rock layer, Ni


shall be taken as 100 blows/ft (305 blows/m).
i 1 si
_
where 20.4.3 , Average Undrained Shear Strength
s
_ u
di = the thickness of any layer between 0 and su shall be determined in accordance with the
100 ft (30 m) following formula:
204
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

dc PI = the plasticity index as determined in accor-


su  (20.4-4)
k
di dance with ASTM D4318
s w = the moisture content in percent as
i 1 ui
determined in accordance with ASTM
where D2216
k
sui = the undrained shear strength in psf (kPa), not
d i = to exceed 5,000 psf (240 kPa) as determined
dc
i 1
dc = the total thickness of cohesive soil layers in in accordance with ASTM D2166 or ASTM
the top 100 ft (30 m) D2850

205
Chapter 21
SITE-SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION PROCEDURES
FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

21.1 SITE RESPONSE ANALYSIS


site coefficients in Section 11.4.3 consistent with the
classification of the soils at the profile base.
The requirements of Section 21.1 shall be satisfied
where site response analysis is performed or required 21.1.3 Site Response Analysis and
by Section 11.4.7. The analysis shall be documented Computed Results
in a report. Base ground motion time histories shall be input
to the soil profile as outcropping motions. Using
21.1.1 Base Ground Motions appropriate computational techniques that treat
A MCER response spectrum shall be developed nonlinear soil properties in a nonlinear or equivalent-
for bedrock, using the procedure of Sections 11.4.6 or linear manner, the response of the soil profile shall be
21.2. Unless a site-specific ground motion hazard determined and surface ground motion time histories
analysis described in Section 21.2 is carried out, the shall be calculated. Ratios of 5 percent damped
MCER rock response spectrum shall be developed response spectra of surface ground motions to input
using the procedure of Section 11.4.6 assuming Site base ground motions shall be calculated. The recom-
Class B. If bedrock consists of Site Class A, the mended surface MCER ground motion response
spectrum shall be adjusted using the site coefficients spectrum shall not be lower than the MCER response
in Section 11.4.3 unless other site coefficients can be spectrum of the base motion multiplied by the average
justified. At least five recorded or simulated horizontal surface-to-base response spectral ratios (calculated
ground motion acceleration time histories shall be period by period) obtained from the site response
selected from events having magnitudes and fault analyses. The recommended surface ground motions
distances that are consistent with those that control that result from the analysis shall reflect consideration
the MCER ground motion. Each selected time history of sensitivity of response to uncertainty in soil
shall be scaled so that its response spectrum is, on properties, depth of soil model, and input motions.
average, approximately at the level of the MCER rock
response spectrum over the period range of signifi-
cance to structural response.
21.2 RISK-TARGETED MAXIMUM
CONSIDERED EARTHQUAKE (MCER)
21.1.2 Site Condition Modeling GROUND MOTION HAZARD ANALYSIS
A site response model based on low-strain shear
wave velocities, nonlinear or equivalent linear shear The requirements of Section 21.2 shall be satisfied
stress–strain relationships, and unit weights shall be where a ground motion hazard analysis is performed
developed. Low-strain shear wave velocities shall be or required by Section 11.4.7. The ground motion
determined from field measurements at the site or hazard analysis shall account for the regional tectonic
from measurements from similar soils in the site setting, geology, and seismicity, the expected recur-
vicinity. Nonlinear or equivalent linear shear stress– rence rates and maximum magnitudes of earthquakes
strain relationships and unit weights shall be selected on known faults and source zones, the characteristics
on the basis of laboratory tests or published relation- of ground motion attenuation, near source effects, if
ships for similar soils. The uncertainties in soil any, on ground motions, and the effects of subsurface
properties shall be estimated. Where very deep soil site conditions on ground motions. The characteristics
profiles make the development of a soil model to of subsurface site conditions shall be considered either
bedrock impractical, the model is permitted to be using attenuation relations that represent regional and
terminated where the soil stiffness is at least as great local geology or in accordance with Section 21.1. The
as the values used to define Site Class D in Chapter analysis shall incorporate current seismic interpreta-
20. In such cases, the MCER response spectrum and tions, including uncertainties for models and param-
acceleration time histories of the base motion devel- eter values for seismic sources and ground motions.
oped in Section 21.1.1 shall be adjusted upward using The analysis shall be documented in a report.

207
CHAPTER 21 SITE-SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION PROCEDURES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN

21.2.1 Probabilistic (MCER) Ground Motions faults within the region shall be used. For the purposes
The probabilistic spectral response accelerations of this standard, the ordinates of the deterministic
shall be taken as the spectral response accelerations in ground motion response spectrum shall not be taken as
the direction of maximum horizontal response lower than the corresponding ordinates of the response
represented by a 5 percent damped acceleration spectrum determined in accordance with Fig. 21.2-1,
response spectrum that is expected to achieve a 1 where Fa and Fv are determined using Tables 11.4-1
percent probability of collapse within a 50-year and 11.4-2, respectively, with the value of SS taken as
period. For the purpose of this standard, ordinates of
1.5 and the value of S1 taken as 0.6.
the probabilistic ground motion response spectrum
shall be determined by either Method 1 of Section
21.2.1.1 or Method 2 of Section 21.2.1.2. 21.2.3 Site-Specific MCER
The site-specific MCER spectral response
21.2.1.1 Method 1 acceleration at any period, SaM, shall be taken as
At each spectral response period for which the the lesser of the spectral response accelerations
acceleration is computed, ordinates of the probabilistic from the probabilistic ground motions of Section
ground motion response spectrum shall be determined 21.2.1 and the deterministic ground motions of
as the product of the risk coefficient, CR, and the Section 21.2.2.
spectral response acceleration from a 5 percent
damped acceleration response spectrum having a 2
percent probability of exceedance within a 50-year 21.3 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM
period. The value of the risk coefficient, CR, shall be
determined using values of CRS and CR1 from Figs. The design spectral response acceleration at any
22-3 and 22-4, respectively. At spectral response period shall be determined from Eq. 21.3-1:
2
periods less than or equal to 0.2 s, CR shall be taken S  S (21.3-1)
as equal to CRS. At spectral response periods greater a aM
than or equal to 1.0 s, CR shall be taken as equal to 3
CR1. At response spectral periods greater than 0.2 s where SaM is the MCER spectral response acceleration
and less than 1.0 s, CR shall be based on linear obtained from Section 21.1 or 21.2. The design
interpolation of CRS and CR1. spectral response acceleration at any period shall not
be taken as less than 80 percent of Sa determined in
21.2.1.2 Method 2 accordance with Section 11.4.5. For sites classified as
At each spectral response period for which the Site Class F requiring site response analysis in
acceleration is computed, ordinates of the probabilistic accordance with Section 11.4.7, the design spectral
ground motion response spectrum shall be determined response acceleration at any period shall not be taken
from iterative integration of a site-specific hazard as less than 80 percent of Sa determined for Site Class
curve with a lognormal probability density function E in accordance with Section 11.4.5.
representing the collapse fragility (i.e., probability of
collapse as a function of spectral response accelera-
tion). The ordinate of the probabilistic ground motion 21.4 DESIGN ACCELERATION PARAMETERS
response spectrum at each period shall achieve a 1
percent probability of collapse within a 50-year period
Where the site-specific procedure is used to determine
for a collapse fragility having (i) a 10 percent prob-
the design ground motion in accordance with Section
ability of collapse at said ordinate of the probabilistic
21.3, the parameter SDS shall be taken as the spectral
ground motion response spectrum and (ii) a logarith-
acceleration, Sa, obtained from the site-specific spectra
mic standard deviation value of 0.6.
at a period of 0.2 s, except that it shall not be taken as
less than 90 percent of the peak spectral acceleration,
21.2.2 Deterministic (MCER) Ground Motions Sa, at any period larger than 0.2 s. The parameter SD1
The deterministic spectral response acceleration shall be taken as the greater of the spectral accelera-
at each period shall be calculated as an 84th-percentile tion, Sa, at a period of 1 s or two times the spectral
5 percent damped spectral response acceleration in the acceleration, Sa, at a period of 2 s. The parameters
direction of maximum horizontal response computed SMS and SM1 shall be taken as 1.5 times SDS and SD1,
at that period. The largest such acceleration calculated respectively. The values so obtained shall not be
for the characteristic earthquakes on all known active less than 80 percent of the values determined in

208
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

FIGURE 21.2-1 Deterministic Lower Limit on MCER Response Spectrum

accordance with Section 11.4.3 for SMS and SM1 and 21.5.2 Deterministic MCEG Peak
Section 11.4.4 for SDS and SD1. Ground Acceleration
For use with the Equivalent Lateral Force
The deterministic geometric mean peak ground
Procedure, the site-specific spectral acceleration, Sa,
acceleration shall be calculated as the largest 84th-
at T shall be permitted to replace SD1/T in Eq. 12.8-3
percentile geometric mean peak ground acceleration
and SD1TL/T2 in Eq. 12.8-4. The parameter SDS calcu-
for characteristic earthquakes on all known active
lated per this section shall be permitted to be used in
faults within the site region. The deterministic
Eqs. 12.8-2, 12.8-5, 15.4-1, and 15.4-3. The mapped
geometric mean peak ground acceleration shall not be
value of S1 shall be used in Eqs. 12.8-6, 15.4-2, and taken as lower than 0.5 FPGA, where FPGA is deter-
15.4-4. mined using Table 11.8-1 with the value of PGA
taken as 0.5 g.
21.5 MAXIMUM CONSIDERED 21.5.3 Site-Specific MCEG Peak
EARTHQUAKE GEOMETRIC MEAN (MCEG) Ground Acceleration
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION The site-specific MCEG peak ground acceleration,
PGAM, shall be taken as the lesser of the probabilistic
21.5.1 Probabilistic MCEG Peak geometric mean peak ground acceleration of Section
Ground Acceleration 21.5.1 and the deterministic geometric mean peak
The probabilistic geometric mean peak ground ground acceleration of Section 21.5.2. The site-
acceleration shall be taken as the geometric mean specific MCEG peak ground acceleration shall not be
peak ground acceleration with a 2 percent probability taken as less than 80 percent of PGAM determined
of exceedance within a 50-year period. from Eq. 11.8-1.

209

You might also like