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DDJ-148 Asce
DDJ-148 Asce
18.1 GENERAL
18.1.3 Notation
The following notations apply to the provisions
18.1.1 Scope of this chapter:
Every structure with a damping system and every
portion thereof shall be designed and constructed in B1D = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
accordance with the requirements of this standard as
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to ml
modified by this section. Where damping devices are
(m = 1) and period of structure equal to T1D
used across the isolation interface of a seismically
B1E = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
isolated structure, displacements, velocities, and
18.6-1 for the effective damping equal to
accelerations shall be determined in accordance with
I + V1 and period equal to T1
Chapter 17.
B1M = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mM
18.1.2 Definitions (m = 1) and period of structure equal to T1M
The following definitions apply to the provisions BmD = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
of Chapter 18:
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to ml and
DAMPING DEVICE: A flexible structural period of structure equal to Tm
element of the damping system that dissipates energy BmM = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
due to relative motion of each end of the device.
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mM
Damping devices include all pins, bolts, gusset plates, and period of structure equal to Tm
brace extensions, and other components required to BR = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
connect damping devices to the other elements of the
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to R and
structure. Damping devices may be classified as either
period of structure equal to TR
displacement-dependent or velocity-dependent, or a
BV + I = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table
combination thereof, and may be configured to act in 18.6-1 for effective damping equal to the
either a linear or nonlinear manner. sum of viscous damping in the fundamental
DAMPING SYSTEM: The collection of mode of vibration of the structure in the
structural elements that includes all the individual direction of interest, Vm (m = 1), plus
damping devices, all structural elements or bracing
inherent damping, I, and period of structure
required to transfer forces from damping devices to
equal to T1
the base of the structure, and the structural elements
CmFD = force coefficient as set forth in Table 18.7-1
required to transfer forces from damping devices to
CmFV = force coefficient as set forth in Table 18.7-2
the seismic force-resisting system.
CS1 = seismic response coefficient of the funda-
DISPLACEMENT-DEPENDENT DAMPING
mental mode of vibration of the structure in
DEVICE: The force response of a displacement- the direction of interest, Section 18.4.2.4 or
dependent damping device is primarily a function of 18.5.2.4 (m = 1)
the relative displacement between each end of the
CSm = seismic response coefficient of the mth mode
device. The response is substantially independent of
of vibration of the structure in the direction
the relative velocity between each of the devices and/
of interest, Section 18.4.2.4 (m = 1) or
or the excitation frequency.
Section 18.4.2.6 (m > 1)
VELOCITY-DEPENDENT DAMPING
CSR = seismic response coefficient of the residual
DEVICE: The force-displacement relation for a mode of vibration of the structure in the
velocity-dependent damping device is primarily a direction of interest, Section 18.5.2.8
function of the relative velocity between each
D1D = fundamental mode design displacement
end of the device and could also be a function
at the center rigidity of the roof level of the
of the relative displacement between each end of
structure in the direction under consideration,
the device.
Section 18.5.3.2
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
D1M = fundamental mode maximum displacement at mode of vibration of the structure in the
the center of rigidity of the roof level of the direction of interest, Section 18.7.2.5
structure in the direction under consideration, T1 = the fundamental period of the structure in the
Section 18.5.3.5 direction under consideration
DmD = design displacement at the center of rigidity T1D = effective period, in seconds, of the funda-
of the roof level of the structure due to the mental mode of vibration of the structure at
mth mode of vibration in the direction under the design displacement in the direction
consideration, Section 18.4.3.2 under consideration, as prescribed by Section
DmM = maximum displacement at the center of 18.4.2.5 or 18.5.2.5
rigidity of the roof level of the structure due T1M = effective period, in seconds, of the funda-
to the mth mode of vibration in the direction mental mode of vibration of the structure at
under consideration, Section 18.4.3.5 the maximum displacement in the direction
DRD = residual mode design displacement at the under consideration, as prescribed by Section
center of rigidity of the roof level of the 18.4.2.5 or 18.5.2.5
structure in the direction under consideration,
TR = period, in seconds, of the residual mode of
Section 18.5.3.2
vibration of the structure in the direction
DRM = residual mode maximum displacement at the under consideration, Section 18.5.2.7
center of rigidity of the roof level of the Vm = design value of the seismic base shear
structure in the direction under consideration, of the mth mode of vibration of the
Section 18.5.3.5 structure in the direction of interest,
DY = displacement at the center of rigidity of the Section 18.4.2.2
roof level of the structure at the effective Vmin = minimum allowable value of base shear
yield point of the seismic force-resisting permitted for design of the seismic force-
system, Section 18.6.3 resisting system of the structure in the
fi = lateral force at Level i of the structure direction of interest, Section 18.2.2.1
distributed approximately in accordance with VR = design value of the seismic base shear of the
Section 12.8.3, Section 18.5.2.3 residual mode of vibration of the structure in
Fi1 = inertial force at Level i (or mass point i) in a given direction, as determined in Section
the fundamental mode of vibration of the
structure in the direction of interest, Section _ 18.5.2.6
W1 = effective fundamental mode seismic weight
18.5.2.9
determined in accordance with Eq. 18.4-2b
Fim = inertial force at Level i (or mass point i) in
_ for m = 1
the mth mode of vibration of the structure in
WR = effective residual mode seismic weight
the direction of interest, Section 18.4.2.7
determined in accordance with Eq. 18.5-13
FiR = inertial force at Level i (or mass point i) in
= velocity exponent relating damping device
the residual mode of vibration of the struc-
force to damping device velocity
ture in the direction of interest, Section
mD = total effective damping of the mth mode of
18.5.2.9
vibration of the structure in the direction of
hr = height of the structure above the base to the
interest at the design displacement, Section
roof level, Section 18.5.2.3
18.6.2
qH = hysteresis loop adjustment factor as deter-
mM = total effective damping of the mth mode of
mined in Section 18.6.2.2.1
vibration of the structure in the direction of
QDSD = force in an element of the damping system
interest at the maximum displacement,
required to resist design seismic forces of
Section 18.6.2
displacement-dependent damping devices,
Section 18.7.2.5 HD = component of effective damping of the
structure in the direction of interest due to
QmDSV = forces in an element of the damping system
post-yield hysteretic behavior of the seismic
required to resist design seismic forces of
force-resisting system and elements of the
velocity-dependent damping devices due to
damping system at effective ductility demand
the mth mode of vibration of the structure in
μD, Section 18.6.2.2
the direction of interest, Section 18.7.2.5
QmSFRS = force in an element of the damping system HM = component of effective damping of the
equal to the design seismic force of the mth structure in the direction of interest due to
post-yield hysteretic behavior of the seismic
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
18.2 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS be taken as less than 1.0V, if either of the following
conditions apply:
18.2.1 Seismic Design Category A a. In the direction of interest, the damping system
Seismic Design Category A structures with a has less than two damping devices on each floor
damping system shall be designed using the design level, configured to resist torsion.
spectral response acceleration determined in accor- b. The seismic force-resisting system has
dance with Section 11.4.4 and the analysis methods horizontal irregularity Type 1b (Table 12.3-1) or
and design requirements for Seismic Design Category vertical irregularity Type 1b (Table 12.3-2).
B structures. 2. Minimum strength requirements for elements of
the seismic force-resisting system that are also
18.2.2 System Requirements
elements of the damping system or are otherwise
Design of the structure shall consider the basic
required to resist forces from damping devices
requirements for the seismic force-resisting system
shall meet the additional requirements of
and the damping system as defined in the following
Section 18.7.2.
sections. The seismic force-resisting system shall
have the required strength to meet the forces
18.2.2.2 Damping System
defined in Section 18.2.2.1. The combination of the
Elements of the damping system shall be
seismic force-resisting system and the damping
designed to remain elastic for design loads including
system is permitted to be used to meet the drift
unreduced seismic forces of damping devices as
requirement.
required in Section 18.7.2.1, unless it is shown by
analysis or test that inelastic response of elements
18.2.2.1 Seismic Force-Resisting System
would not adversely affect damping system function
Structures that contain a damping system are
and inelastic response is limited in accordance with
required to have a seismic force-resisting system that,
the requirements of Section 18.7.2.6.
in each lateral direction, conforms to one of the types
indicated in Table 12.2-1.
18.2.3 Ground Motion
The design of the seismic force-resisting system
in each direction shall satisfy the requirements of
Section 18.7 and the following: 18.2.3.1 Design Spectra
Spectra for the design earthquake ground
1. The seismic base shear used for design of the motions and maximum considered earthquake ground
seismic force-resisting system shall not be less motions developed in accordance with Section 17.3.1
than Vmin, where Vmin is determined as the greater shall be used for the design and analysis of a structure
of the values computed using Eqs. 18.2-1 and with a damping system. Site-specific design spectra
18.2-2: shall be developed and used for design of a structure
with a damping system if either of the following
Vmin V (18.2-1) conditions apply:
BV
1. The structure is located on a Class F site.
I
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
18.4.2.6 Higher Mode Seismic Response Coefficient 18.4.3.1 Design Earthquake Floor Deflection
Higher mode (m > 1) seismic response coeffi- The deflection of structure due to the design
cient, CSm, of the mth mode of vibration (m > 1) of the earthquake ground motions at Level i in the mth mode
structure in the direction of interest shall be deter-
of vibration, imD, of the structure in the direction of
mined in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-8 and 18.4-9: interest shall be determined in accordance with Eq.
For Tm < TS, 18.4-11:
R S
C
D1 (18.4-8) imD = DmDim (18.4-11)
Sm B
C
For Tm TS, d 0 mD The total design deflection at each floor of the
structure shall be calculated by the SRSS or complete
R SD1 quadratic combination of modal design earthquake
CSm (18.4-9) deflections.
d Tm 0 BmD
where 18.4.3.2 Design Earthquake Roof Displacement
C Fundamental (m = 1) and higher mode (m > 1)
Tm = period, in seconds, of the mth mode of vibration roof displacements due to the design earthquake
of the structure in the direction under ground motions, D1D and DmD, of the structure in the
consideration direction of interest shall be determined in accordance
BmD = numerical coefficient as set forth in Table with Eqs. 18.4-12 and to 18.4-13:
18.6-1 for effective damping equal to mD and For m = 1,
period of the structure equal to Tm g 2SDST g SDST12
D1D 1 , T1D TS
1D
1
18.4.2.7 Design Lateral Force 4 2 B1D 4 2 B1
Design lateral force at Level i due to the mth E (18.4-12a)
mode of vibration, Fim, of the structure in the direction
g S T g SD1T1
of interest shall be determined in accordance with D D1 1D 1 , T1D T
Eq. 18.4-10: 1D 2 B1D 4 2 B1E
1 4
m (18.4-12b)
Fim wiim
(18.4-10) For m > 1,
Vm
Wm
Design forces in elements of the seismic force- g SD1Tm g S 2
Dm m m T DS m (18.4-13)
resisting system shall be determined by the SRSS or D 4 2 Bm 4 2 BmD
D
complete quadratic combination of modal design
18.4.3.3 Design Earthquake Story Drift
forces.
Design story drift in the fundamental mode, 1D,
and higher modes, mD (m > 1), of the structure in the
18.4.3 Damping System direction of interest shall be calculated in accordance
Design forces in damping devices and other with Section 12.8.6 using modal roof displacements of
elements of the damping system shall be determined Section 18.4.3.2.
on the basis of the floor deflection, story drift, and Total design story drift, D, shall be determined
story velocity response parameters described in the by the SRSS or complete quadratic combination of
following sections. modal design earthquake drifts.
Displacements and velocities used to determine
maximum forces in damping devices at each story 18.4.3.4 Design Earthquake Story Velocity
shall account for the angle of orientation of each Design story velocity in the fundamental
device from the horizontal and consider the effects of mode, 1D, and higher modes, mD (m > 1), of
increased response due to torsion required for design the structure in the direction of interest shall be
of the seismic force-resisting system. calculated in accordance with Eqs. 18.4-14 and
Floor deflections at Level i, iD and iM, story 18.4-15:
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
drifts, D and M, and story velocities, D and M, 1D
shall be calculated for both the design earthquake For m = 1, = 2 (18.4-14)
1D T1D
ground motions and the maximum considered
mD
earthquake ground motions, respectively, in accor- For m > 1, mD = 2 (18.4-15)
dance with this section. Tm
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
W1 = the effective fundamental mode seismic The fundamental mode shape, i1, and participa-
weight including portions of the live load as tion factor, 1, shall be determined by either dynamic
defined by Eq. 18.4-2b for m = 1 analysis using the elastic structural properties and
deformational characteristics of the resisting elements
18.5.2.3 Fundamental Mode Properties or using Eqs. 18.5-3 and 18.5-4:
of velocity-dependent damping devices shall be hi (18.5-3)
modeled. i1 hr
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
T1 2 w
i 1
2
i 1 _ as determined in Section 18.5.2.8
WR = the effective residual mode effective
(18.5-5)
n weight of the structure determined using
g fii Eq. 18.5-13
i 1
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
response, FiR, of the structure in the direction of DRD = residual mode design displacement at the center
interest shall be determined in accordance with Eqs. of rigidity of the roof level of the structure in
18.5-16 and 18.5-17: the direction under consideration, Section
1 18.5.3.2
Fi1 wi i1 (18.5-16)
W
V1
1
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
RD
2
(18.5-25) Table 18.6-1 Damping Coefficient, BV+I, B1D, BR,
RD
TR B1M, BmD, BmM (Where Period of the Structure ≥ T0)
where
Effective Damping, Bv+I, B1D, BR, B1M, BmD, BmM
1D = design story velocity due to the fundamental (percentage of critical) (where period of the structure T0)
mode of vibration of the structure in the 2 0.8
direction of interest 5 1.0
RD = design story velocity due to the residual mode 10 1.2
of vibration of the structure in the direction of 20 1.5
interest 30 1.8
40 2.1
50 2.4
18.5.3.5 Maximum Considered Earthquake Response 60 2.7
Total and modal maximum floor deflections at 70 3.0
Level i, design story drifts, and design story velocities 80 3.3
shall be based on the equations in Sections 18.5.3.1, 90 3.6
18.5.3.3, and 18.5.3.4, respectively, except that design 100 4.0
roof displacements shall be replaced by maximum
roof displacements. Maximum roof displacements
shall be calculated in accordance with Eqs. 18.5-26
and 18.5-27: 18.6.1 Damping Coefficient
g Where the period of the structure is greater than
S T
2 g S T2
D1M 1
MS 1
, T1M TS or equal to T0, the damping coefficient shall be as
1
MS 1M
42 B1 42 B1 prescribed in Table 18.6-1. Where the period of the
M E (18.5-26a) structure is less than T0, the damping coefficient shall
SM1T1
D g SM1T1M , T T be linearly interpolated between a value of 1.0 at a
g
1
1M 2 1 42 1M S 0-second period for all values of effective damping
B 4 B
1M
and the value at period T0 as indicated in Table 18.6-1.
1E (18.5-26b)
g SM1T g S T2 18.6.2 Effective Damping
R
DRM R (18.5-27)
MS R
42 BR 42 R The effective damping at the design displace-
BR ment, mD, and at the maximum displacement, mM, of
where the mth mode of vibration of the structure in the
SM1 = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral response direction under consideration shall be calculated using
acceleration parameter at a period of 1 s Eqs. 18.6-1 and 18.6-2:
adjusted for site class effects as defined in mD I Vm D HD (18.6-1)
Section 11.4.3
SMS = the MCER, 5 percent damped, spectral response mM I Vm M HM (18.6-2)
acceleration parameter at short periods
adjusted for site class effects as defined in where
Section 11.4.3 As required in Sections 18.4 and 18.5, response of the
B1M = numerical coefficient as set forth in structure shall be modified for the effects of the damping
Table 18.6-1 for effective damping equal to system.
mM (m = 1) and period of structure equal
to T1M
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
HD = component of effective damping of the
structure in the direction of interest due to
post-yield hysteretic behavior of the
seismic force-resisting system and
elements of
the damping system at effective ductility
demand, D
HM = component of effective damping of the struc-
ture in the direction of interest due to post-
yield hysteretic behavior of the seismic force-
resist- ing system and elements of the
damping system at effective ductility demand,
M
I = component of effective damping of the struc-
ture due to the inherent dissipation of energy
196
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
by elements of the structure, at or just below Unless analysis or test data supports other
the effective yield displacement of the seismic values, the hysteretic damping of higher modes of
force-resisting system vibration in the direction of interest shall be taken
Vm = component of effective damping of the mth as zero.
mode of vibration of the structure in the
direction of interest due to viscous dissipation
18.6.2.2.1 Hysteresis Loop Adjustment Factor The
of energy by the damping system, at or just
calculation of hysteretic damping of the seismic
below the effective yield displacement of the
force-resisting system and elements of the damping
seismic force-resisting system
system shall consider pinching and other effects that
D = effective ductility demand on the seismic
reduce the area of the hysteresis loop during repeated
force-resisting system in the direction of interest
cycles of earthquake demand. Unless analysis or test
due to the design earthquake ground motions
data support other values, the fraction of full hyster-
M = effective ductility demand on the seismic
etic loop area of the seismic force-resisting system
force-resisting system in the direction of
used for design shall be taken as equal to the factor,
interest due to the maximum considered
qH, calculated using Eq. 18.6-5:
earthquake ground motions
TS
Unless analysis or test data supports other values, q H 0.67 (18.6-5)
the effective ductility demand of higher modes of T1
vibration in the direction of interest shall be taken where
as 1.0. TS = period defined by the ratio, SD1/SDS
T1 = period of the fundamental mode of vibration of
18.6.2.1 Inherent Damping the structure in the direction of the interest
Inherent damping, I, shall be based on the
material type, configuration, and behavior of the The value of qH shall not be taken as greater than
structure and nonstructural components responding 1.0 and need not be taken as less than 0.5.
dynamically at or just below yield of the seismic
force-resisting system. Unless analysis or test data 18.6.2.3 Viscous Damping
supports other values, inherent damping shall be taken Viscous damping of the mth mode of vibration of
as not greater than 5 percent of critical for all modes the structure, Vm, shall be calculated using Eqs.
of vibration. 18.6-6 and 18.6-7:
j
Hysteretic damping of the seismic force-resisting Vm (18.6-6)
system and elements of the damping system shall be 4Wm
based either on test or analysis or shall be calculated 1
using Eqs. 18.6-3 and 18.6-4:
Wm
2
F
j
im im
(18.6-7)
1
q 0.64 1
(18.6-3) where
HD H I
D
Wmj = work done by jth damping device in one
1 complete cycle of dynamic response corre-
q 0.64 1 (18.6-4)
sponding to the mth mode of vibration of the
HM H I
structure in the direction of interest at modal
where M displacements, im
qH = hysteresis loop adjustment factor, as defined in Wm = maximum strain energy in the mth mode of
Section 18.6.2.2.1 vibration of the structure in the direction of
interest at modal displacements, im
D = effective ductility demand on the seismic Fi = mth mode inertial force at Level
force-resisting system in the direction of interest th i
m
due to the design earthquake ground motions im = deflection of Level i in the m mode of
M = effective ductility demand on the seismic due to the maximum considered earthquake ground
force-resisting system in the direction of interest motions
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
vibration at the center of rigidity of the
struc- ture in the direction under
consideration
Viscous modal damping of displacement-
dependent damping devices shall be based on a
198
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
202
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
a,b
Table 18.7-2 Force Coefficient, C
mFV team of registered design professionals in the appro-
priate disciplines and others experienced in seismic
Effective Damping 0.25 = 0.5 = 0.75 1.0 analysis methods and the theory and application of
0.05 1.00 0.35 0.20 0.10 energy dissipation systems.
0.1 1.00 0.44 0.31 0.20 The design review shall include, but need not be
0.2 1.00 0.56 0.46 0.37 limited to, the following:
0.3 1.00 0.64 0.58 0.51
0.4 1.00 0.70 0.69 0.62 1. Review of site-specific seismic criteria including
0.5 1.00 0.75 0.77 0.71 the development of the site-specific spectra and
0.6 1.00 0.80 0.84 0.77 ground motion histories and all other project-
0.7 1.00 0.83 0.90 0.81 specific design criteria.
0.8 1.00 0.90 0.94 0.90 2. Review of the preliminary design of the seismic
0.9 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 force-resisting system and the damping system,
1.0 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 including design parameters of damping devices.
a
Unless analysis or test data support other values, the force 3. Review of the final design of the seismic force-
coefficient CmFD for viscoelastic systems shall be taken as 1.0. resisting system and the damping system and all
b
Interpolation shall be used for intermediate values of velocity supporting analyses.
exponent, .
4. Review of damping device test requirements,
device manufacturing quality control and assur-
ance, and scheduled maintenance and inspection
requirements.
relates device force to damping device velocity.
The effective fundamental-mode damping shall be
taken as equal to the total effective damping of the
fundamental mode less the hysteretic component of 18.9 TESTING
damping (1D – HD or 1M – HM) at the response
level of interest ( = D or = M). The force-velocity displacement and damping proper-
For higher-mode (m > 1) or residual-mode ties used for the design of the damping system shall
response in the direction of interest, the coeffi- be based on the prototype tests specified in this
cients, CmFD and CmFV, shall be based on a value of section.
equal to 1.0. The effective modal damping shall The fabrication and quality control procedures
be taken as equal to the total effective damping of used for all prototype and production damping devices
the mode of interest (mD or mM). For determina- shall be identical.
tion of the coefficient CmFD, the ductility demand
shall be taken as equal to that of the fundamental 18.9.1 Prototype Tests
mode ( = D or = M). The following tests shall be performed separately
on two full-size damping devices of each type
18.7.2.6 Inelastic Response Limits and size used in the design, in the order listed as
Elements of the damping system are permitted to follows.
exceed strength limits for design loads provided it is Representative sizes of each type of device are
shown by analysis or test that permitted to be used for prototype testing, provided
both of the following conditions are met:
1. Inelastic response does not adversely affect
damping system function. 1. Fabrication and quality control procedures are
2. Element forces calculated in accordance with identical for each type and size of device used in
Section 18.7.2.5, using a value of 0 taken as the structure.
equal to 1.0, do not exceed the strength required to 2. Prototype testing of representative sizes is accepted
satisfy the load combinations of Section 12.4. by the registered design professional responsible
for design of the structure.
Test specimens shall not be used for construction,
18.8 DESIGN REVIEW
unless they are accepted by the registered design
professional responsible for design of the structure
A design review of the damping system and related
and meet the requirements for prototype and produc-
test programs shall be performed by an independent
tion tests.
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CHAPTER 18 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURES WITH DAMPING SYSTEMS
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MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
than 15 percent from the average maximum and device in any one cycle of Tests 2 and 3 does
minimum forces at zero displacement as calculated not differ by more than 15 percent from the
from all cycles in that test at a specific frequency average effective stiffness as calculated from all
and temperature. cycles in that test at a specific frequency and
3. For Tests 2 and 3, the maximum force and temperature.
minimum force at maximum device displacement 3. For Tests 2 and 3, the maximum force and
for a damping device for any one cycle does minimum force at zero displacement for a damping
not differ by more than 15 percent from the device for any one cycle does not differ by more
average maximum and minimum forces at the than 15 percent from the average maximum and
maximum device displacement as calculated from minimum forces at zero displacement as calculated
all cycles in that test at a specific frequency and from all cycles in that test at a specific frequency
temperature. and temperature.
4. For Tests 2 and 3, the area of hysteresis loop (Eloop) 4. For Tests 2 and 3, the area of hysteresis loop (Eloop)
of a damping device for any one cycle does not of a damping device for any one cycle does not
differ by more than 15 percent from the average differ by more than 15 percent from the average
area of the hysteresis loop as calculated from all area of the hysteresis loop as calculated from all
cycles in that test at a specific frequency and cycles in that test at a specific frequency and
temperature. temperature.
5. The average maximum and minimum forces at 5. The average maximum and minimum forces
zero displacement and maximum displacement, at zero displacement, effective stiffness (for
and the average area of the hysteresis loop (Eloop), damping devices with stiffness only), and average
calculated for each test in the sequence of Tests 2 area of the hysteresis loop (Eloop) calculated for
and 3, shall not differ by more than 15 percent each test in the sequence of Tests 2 and 3, does
from the target values specified by the registered not differ by more than 15 percent from the
design professional responsible for the design of target values specified by the registered design
the structure. professional responsible for the design of the
structure.
18.9.1.5.2 Velocity-Dependent Damping Devices The
performance of the prototype velocity-dependent 18.9.2 Production Testing
damping devices shall be deemed adequate if the Prior to installation in a building, damping
following conditions, based on tests specified in devices shall be tested to ensure that their force-
Section 18.9.1.2, are satisfied: velocity-displacement characteristics fall within the
limits set by the registered design professional
1. For Test 1, no signs of damage including leakage, responsible for the design of the structure. The scope
yielding, or breakage. and frequency of the production-testing program shall
2. For velocity-dependent damping devices with be determined by the registered design professional
stiffness, the effective stiffness of a damping responsible for the design of the structure.
205
Chapter 19
SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR
SEISMIC DESIGN
If the option to incorporate the effects of soil–struc- _ foundation system determined in Section 19.2.1.2
ture interaction is exercised, the requirements of this W = the effective seismic weight of the structure,
section are permitted to be used in the determination which shall be taken as 0.7W, except for struc-
of the design earthquake forces and the corresponding tures where the effective seismic weight is
displacements of the structure if the model used for concentrated at a single level, it shall be taken as
structural response analysis does not directly incorpo- equal to W
rate the effects of foundation flexibility (i.e., the
model corresponds to a fixed-based condition with no 19.2.1.1 Effective Building Period
foundation springs). The provisions in this section The effective period (T˜ ) shall be determined as
shall not be used if a flexible-base foundation is follows:
included in the structural response model.
˜
T T 1 k 1 Kyh 2 (19.2-3)
Ky K
The provisions for use with the equivalent lateral
force procedure are given in Section 19.2, and those
for use with the modal analysis procedure are given in where
Section 19.3. T = the fundamental period of the structure as
_ determined in Section 12.8.2
k = the stiffness of the structure where fixed at the
base, defined by the following:
19.2 EQUIVALENT LATERAL
FORCE PROCEDURE W
k 42 (19.2-4)
2
gT
The following requirements are supplementary to
where
those presented in Section 12.8. _
h = the effective height of the structure, which shall
19.2.1 Base Shear be taken as 0.7 times the structural height (hn),
To account for the effects of soil–structure except for structures where the gravity load is
interaction, the base shear (V) determined from Eq. effectively concentrated at a single level, the
12.8-1 shall be reduced to effective height of the structure shall be taken as
the height to that level
V˜ = V – V (19.2-1)
Ky = the lateral stiffness of the foundation defined as
The reduction (V) shall be computed as follows and the horizontal force at the level of the foundation
shall not exceed 0.3V: necessary to produce a unit deflection at that
level, the force and the deflection being mea-
V Cs C˜s 0.05 0.4 W 0.3V (19.2-
2) sured in the direction in which the structure is
˜
analyzed
where K = the rocking stiffness of the foundation defined as
Cs = the seismic design coefficient computed from the moment necessary to produce a unit average
Eqs. 12.8-2, 12.8-3, and through 12.8-4 using the rotation of the foundation, the moment and
fundamental natural period of the fixed-base rotation being measured in the direction in which
structure (T or Ta) as specified in Section 12.8.2 the structure is analyzed
C˜ = the value of Cs computed from Eqs. 12.8-2, g = the acceleration of gravity
12.8-3, and through 12.8-4 using the fundamen-
The foundation stiffnesses (Ky and K) shall be
tal natural period of the flexibly supported
computed by established principles of foundation
structure (T˜ ) defined in Section 19.2.1.1
mechanics using soil properties that are compatible
199
CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
= the relative weight density of the structure and tion vbetween the solid lines and the dashed lines of
the soil defined by Fig. 19.2-1.
The quantity r in Fig. 19.2-1 is a characteristic
W foundation length that shall be determined as
(19.2-6)
Aoh follows:
200 Ao
ra h
(19.2-7) For 1, r = (19.2-11)
L0
rm
201
CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
V K
x x
where
o s
(19.2-12) The reduction (V1) sh_all be computed in accordance
˜
o with Eq. 19.2-2 with W taken as equal to the
vsT
˜
The value of computed from Eq. 19.2-9, both effective seism_ic weight of the fundamental period
with or without the adjustment represented by Eq. of vibration, W, and Cs computed in accordance with
19.2-12, shall in no case be taken as less than ˜ = Eq. 12.8-1, except that SDS shall be replaced by design
0.05 or greater than ˜ = 0.20. spectral response acceleration of the design response
spectra at the fundamental period of the fixed-base
19.2.2 Vertical Distribution of Seismic Forces structure (T1).
The distribution over the height of the structure The period T˜ shall be determined from Eq. 19.2-3
of the reduced total seismic force (V˜ ) shall be or from Eq._19.2-5 where applicable_, tak_ing T =
considered to be the same as for the structure without T1, evaluating k_ from Eq. 19.2-4 with W = W1, and
interaction. computing h as follows:
202
CHAPTER 19 SOIL–STRUCTURE INTERACTION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
n and
w i
i1hi (19.3-2) ˜ xm = xm for m = 2, 3, (19.3-4)
i 1
h n where
w i i1
i 1
202
Chapter 20
SITE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR
SEISMIC DESIGN
203
CHAPTER 20 SITE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURE FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
on site or on profiles of the same rock type in the vsi = the shear wave velocity in ft/s (m/s)
same formation with an equal or greater degree of n
weathering and fracturing. Where hard rock condi- d
i 1
i = 100 ft (30 m)
tions are known to be continuous to a depth of 100 ft
(30 m), surficial shear wave velocity _
meas urements are permitted to be extrapolated to 20.4.2 N, Averag_e Field Standard Penetration
_
assess vs. Resistance and Nch, Average Standard Penetration
Resis_tance _for Cohesionless Soil Layers
N and Nch shall be determined in accordance with
20.4 DEFINITIONS OF SITE the following formulas:
CLASS PARAMETERS n
N i 1 (20.4-2)
the upper 100 ft (30 m) of the site profile. Profiles n
di
containing distinct soil and rock layers shall be
i 1
205
Chapter 21
SITE-SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION PROCEDURES
FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
207
CHAPTER 21 SITE-SPECIFIC GROUND MOTION PROCEDURES FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
21.2.1 Probabilistic (MCER) Ground Motions faults within the region shall be used. For the purposes
The probabilistic spectral response accelerations of this standard, the ordinates of the deterministic
shall be taken as the spectral response accelerations in ground motion response spectrum shall not be taken as
the direction of maximum horizontal response lower than the corresponding ordinates of the response
represented by a 5 percent damped acceleration spectrum determined in accordance with Fig. 21.2-1,
response spectrum that is expected to achieve a 1 where Fa and Fv are determined using Tables 11.4-1
percent probability of collapse within a 50-year and 11.4-2, respectively, with the value of SS taken as
period. For the purpose of this standard, ordinates of
1.5 and the value of S1 taken as 0.6.
the probabilistic ground motion response spectrum
shall be determined by either Method 1 of Section
21.2.1.1 or Method 2 of Section 21.2.1.2. 21.2.3 Site-Specific MCER
The site-specific MCER spectral response
21.2.1.1 Method 1 acceleration at any period, SaM, shall be taken as
At each spectral response period for which the the lesser of the spectral response accelerations
acceleration is computed, ordinates of the probabilistic from the probabilistic ground motions of Section
ground motion response spectrum shall be determined 21.2.1 and the deterministic ground motions of
as the product of the risk coefficient, CR, and the Section 21.2.2.
spectral response acceleration from a 5 percent
damped acceleration response spectrum having a 2
percent probability of exceedance within a 50-year 21.3 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM
period. The value of the risk coefficient, CR, shall be
determined using values of CRS and CR1 from Figs. The design spectral response acceleration at any
22-3 and 22-4, respectively. At spectral response period shall be determined from Eq. 21.3-1:
2
periods less than or equal to 0.2 s, CR shall be taken S S (21.3-1)
as equal to CRS. At spectral response periods greater a aM
than or equal to 1.0 s, CR shall be taken as equal to 3
CR1. At response spectral periods greater than 0.2 s where SaM is the MCER spectral response acceleration
and less than 1.0 s, CR shall be based on linear obtained from Section 21.1 or 21.2. The design
interpolation of CRS and CR1. spectral response acceleration at any period shall not
be taken as less than 80 percent of Sa determined in
21.2.1.2 Method 2 accordance with Section 11.4.5. For sites classified as
At each spectral response period for which the Site Class F requiring site response analysis in
acceleration is computed, ordinates of the probabilistic accordance with Section 11.4.7, the design spectral
ground motion response spectrum shall be determined response acceleration at any period shall not be taken
from iterative integration of a site-specific hazard as less than 80 percent of Sa determined for Site Class
curve with a lognormal probability density function E in accordance with Section 11.4.5.
representing the collapse fragility (i.e., probability of
collapse as a function of spectral response accelera-
tion). The ordinate of the probabilistic ground motion 21.4 DESIGN ACCELERATION PARAMETERS
response spectrum at each period shall achieve a 1
percent probability of collapse within a 50-year period
Where the site-specific procedure is used to determine
for a collapse fragility having (i) a 10 percent prob-
the design ground motion in accordance with Section
ability of collapse at said ordinate of the probabilistic
21.3, the parameter SDS shall be taken as the spectral
ground motion response spectrum and (ii) a logarith-
acceleration, Sa, obtained from the site-specific spectra
mic standard deviation value of 0.6.
at a period of 0.2 s, except that it shall not be taken as
less than 90 percent of the peak spectral acceleration,
21.2.2 Deterministic (MCER) Ground Motions Sa, at any period larger than 0.2 s. The parameter SD1
The deterministic spectral response acceleration shall be taken as the greater of the spectral accelera-
at each period shall be calculated as an 84th-percentile tion, Sa, at a period of 1 s or two times the spectral
5 percent damped spectral response acceleration in the acceleration, Sa, at a period of 2 s. The parameters
direction of maximum horizontal response computed SMS and SM1 shall be taken as 1.5 times SDS and SD1,
at that period. The largest such acceleration calculated respectively. The values so obtained shall not be
for the characteristic earthquakes on all known active less than 80 percent of the values determined in
208
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
accordance with Section 11.4.3 for SMS and SM1 and 21.5.2 Deterministic MCEG Peak
Section 11.4.4 for SDS and SD1. Ground Acceleration
For use with the Equivalent Lateral Force
The deterministic geometric mean peak ground
Procedure, the site-specific spectral acceleration, Sa,
acceleration shall be calculated as the largest 84th-
at T shall be permitted to replace SD1/T in Eq. 12.8-3
percentile geometric mean peak ground acceleration
and SD1TL/T2 in Eq. 12.8-4. The parameter SDS calcu-
for characteristic earthquakes on all known active
lated per this section shall be permitted to be used in
faults within the site region. The deterministic
Eqs. 12.8-2, 12.8-5, 15.4-1, and 15.4-3. The mapped
geometric mean peak ground acceleration shall not be
value of S1 shall be used in Eqs. 12.8-6, 15.4-2, and taken as lower than 0.5 FPGA, where FPGA is deter-
15.4-4. mined using Table 11.8-1 with the value of PGA
taken as 0.5 g.
21.5 MAXIMUM CONSIDERED 21.5.3 Site-Specific MCEG Peak
EARTHQUAKE GEOMETRIC MEAN (MCEG) Ground Acceleration
PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION The site-specific MCEG peak ground acceleration,
PGAM, shall be taken as the lesser of the probabilistic
21.5.1 Probabilistic MCEG Peak geometric mean peak ground acceleration of Section
Ground Acceleration 21.5.1 and the deterministic geometric mean peak
The probabilistic geometric mean peak ground ground acceleration of Section 21.5.2. The site-
acceleration shall be taken as the geometric mean specific MCEG peak ground acceleration shall not be
peak ground acceleration with a 2 percent probability taken as less than 80 percent of PGAM determined
of exceedance within a 50-year period. from Eq. 11.8-1.
209