‭Research Matrix‬

‭ esearch Question: How effective is it for governments to employ pricing‬

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‭mechanisms on corporations and households to limit food waste in developed‬
‭countries?‬
‭Source 1‬
‭Author‬ ‭Sabinne Lee and Kwangho Jung‬

‭Author’s credibility‬ ‭ abinne Lee is an Associate research fellow at the Korea Institute‬
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‭of Public Administration (KIPA), where she has expertise in public‬
‭management, environmental policy, and incentive theory.‬

‭ wangho Jung is an Associate Professor at the Graduate School of‬

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‭Public Administration at Seoul National University.‬

‭Date‬ ‭November 8, 2017‬

‭Titles of source( MLA)‬ “‭ Exploring Effective Incentive Design to Reduce Food Waste: A‬
‭Natural Experiment of Policy Change from Community Based‬
‭Charge to RFID Based Weight Charge.”‬

‭Source Type‬ ‭Academic Article‬

‭Main Idea‬ ‭ ee intended to assess the impact of the Household-Based Food‬

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‭Waste Charging System (RHWC) utilizing Radio Frequency‬
‭Identification (RFID) technology on the quantity of food waste‬
‭produced in a specific neighborhood in Seoul. The study compares‬
‭food waste disposal between apartment complexes with RHWC‬
‭policies and those without, highlighting the efficacy and efficiency of‬
‭the pricing mechanism in curbing food waste.‬

‭Conclusions‬ ‭ he authors’ conclusion suggests that the adoption of the RFID and‬
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‭RHWC pricing policies by the municipality in South Korea,‬
‭particularly in Mapo-Gu district, has a significant impact on‬
‭reducing food waste. The findings show that compared to the‬
‭Community-Based Waste Charging System (CWC), which employs‬
‭a group incentive system, the RHWC design, which uses‬
‭individual-based incentives to monitor and charge households‬
‭based on the weight of food waste, is more effective in reducing‬
‭food waste.‬
‭The article concludes that municipalities can address‬
‭environmental and public health challenges related to food waste,‬
‭without much drawback, by implementing economic waste‬
‭reduction strategies.‬
 ‭Tag Words‬ ‭‬
● ‭ ood waste‬
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‭●‬ ‭Waste pricing mechanism‬
‭●‬ ‭Household tax‬
‭●‬ ‭Incentives‬
‭●‬ ‭CWC policy‬

‭MLA Citation‬ ‭Lee, Sabinne, and Kwangho Jung. “Exploring Effective Incentive‬
‭Design to Reduce Food Waste: A Natural Experiment of Policy‬
‭Change from Community Based Charge to RFID Based Weight‬
‭Charge.”‬‭MDPI‬‭, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 8 Nov.‬
‭2017, www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/9/11/2046. Accessed 6 Dec.‬
‭2023.‬

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‭sources)/etc.‬

‭ ow will this be used in‬ I‭ can incorporate the article’s approach and study in assessing the‬
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‭your paper?‬ ‭impact of the Household-Based Food Waste Charging System‬
‭(RHWC) with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) in a developed‬
‭country (South Korea), emphasizing its success in reducing food‬
‭waste. In addition, I will emphasize the transferability of these‬
‭results to developed countries, indicating that similar pricing‬
‭mechanisms could be adopted to encourage responsible waste‬
‭disposal practices. Furthermore, I can describe that the success‬
‭and sustainability of the RHWC model can most likely be replicated‬
‭in developed nations with similar waste management needs. Lastly,‬
‭these policies used in this article can also be synthesized with‬
‭another similar approach by describing similar conditions of food‬
‭waste.‬

‭Source 2‬
‭Author‬ ‭Bhagyashree Katare‬

‭Author’s credibility‬ ‭ hagyashree Katare is an Associate Professor, with a Doctorate in‬

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‭Applied Economics, affiliated with Purdue University's Department‬
‭of Agricultural Economics. She teaches and conducts research at‬
‭Purdue in the economics of food, particularly on the empirical‬
‭analysis of consumption behavior.‬

‭Date‬ ‭February 21, 2017‬

‭Titles of source( MLA)‬ “‭ Social-Optimal Household Food Waste: Taxes and Government‬
‭Incentives.”‬
‭Source Type‬ ‭Academic Journal‬

‭Main Idea‬ ‭ he author’s main idea is that the ideal amount of food waste,‬
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‭capital needed for food preservation, and related expenses build a‬
‭basis for decisions about household food waste. By highlighting‬
‭how households react to disposal levies and government‬
‭incentives, it draws attention to the inverse relationship between‬
‭the elasticity of food waste and capital preservation.‬

‭Conclusions‬ ‭ he authors conclude that disposal taxes can potentially be‬

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‭valuable tools for changing American households’ food waste‬
‭habits. The developed model indicates a possible way to deal with‬
‭the nation’s problem of excessive food waste by implying that‬
‭increased disposal taxes result in fewer food purchases and‬
‭destruction. The results highlight how financial incentives, like‬
‭taxes, can influence consumer behavior and promote a more‬
‭environmentally friendly method of consuming and discarding food.‬

‭Tag Words‬ ‭‬
● ‭ ood waste‬
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‭●‬ ‭Taxes‬
‭●‬ ‭Policy externalities‬
‭●‬ ‭Social welfare‬
‭●‬ ‭Sustainability‬

‭MLA Citation‬ ‭Katare, Bhagyashree, et al. “Social-Optimal Household Food‬

‭Waste: Taxes and Government Incentives.”‬‭American Journal of‬
‭Agricultural Economics‬‭, vol. 99, no. 2, 21 Feb. 2017, pp. 499–509,‬
‭doi:10.1093/ajae/aaw114. Accessed 6 Dec. 2023.‬

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‭sources)/etc.‬

‭ ow will this be used in‬ I‭ can utilize the academic model as a framework to evaluate how‬
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‭your paper?‬ ‭government pricing mechanisms, such as disposal taxes and‬
‭incentives, impact household decisions on food waste. Specifically,‬
‭I can assess the elasticity of household responses to changes in‬
‭disposal taxes and preservation capital costs, analyzing their‬
‭effectiveness in achieving optimal outcomes for reducing food‬
‭waste. In addition, the responses from households and food waste‬
‭issue matches with my other sources, and as a result, I will‬
‭synthesize the perspectives to show the effectiveness of such‬
‭pricing policies.‬
‭Source 3‬
‭Author‬ ‭Seunghoon Lee‬

‭Author’s credibility‬ ‭ eunghoon Lee is an Assistant Professor at the Department of‬

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‭Economics at the University of Missouri. He received a BA in‬
‭Economics from Seoul National University, a Master of Public‬
‭Policy from Harvard University, and his PhD in public policy from‬
‭the University of Chicago.‬

‭Date‬ ‭November 17, 2022‬

‭Titles of source( MLA)‬ “‭ The Benefits and Costs of a Small Food Waste Tax and‬
‭Implications for Climate Change Mitigation.”‬

‭Source Type‬ ‭Academic Journal‬

‭Main Idea‬ I‭n his article, Lee explains that “many municipalities conduct waste‬
‭audits to penalize unsegregated waste, but the probability of‬
‭detection is fairly low. Reflecting these facts, I use change in the‬
‭landfill waste quantity as a proxy for the increase in illegal‬
‭dumping.” (Lee 12).‬

‭ rom this, it is evident that Lee’s main idea is the variations in‬
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‭waste management policies, and their implications consist of‬
‭factors such as urbanization, income levels, and environmental‬
‭concerns. He aims to assess and understand the evolution of‬
‭waste policies in South Korea, particularly the introduction of‬
‭unit-based taxes on landfill waste.‬

‭Conclusions‬ ‭ ee concludes that the disproportionately large tax effect on food‬

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‭waste reduction is possibly due to households being highly‬
‭responsive to the tax. Furthermore, Lee explores the non-pecuniary‬
‭effects of the tax, proposing that it raises attention to food usage‬
‭through improved measurement, potentially reducing households'‬
‭imperfect recognition of their food waste. The evidence suggests‬
‭that a subset of households may have an attention gap, and the tax‬
‭acts as a mechanism to enhance awareness and reduce food‬
‭waste.‬

‭Tag Words‬ ‭‬
● ‭ ood waste‬
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‭●‬ ‭Corrective tax‬
‭●‬ ‭Municipality‬
‭●‬ ‭Household‬
‭●‬ ‭Food waste tax‬
 ‭MLA Citation‬ ‭Lee, Seunghoon. “The Benefits and Costs of a Small Food Waste‬
‭Tax and Implications for Climate Change Mitigation.”‬‭Harris School‬
‭of Public Policy‬‭, 17 Nov. 2022,‬
‭harris.uchicago.edu/files/seunghoon_lee_jmp_foodwaste_sl.pdf.‬
‭Accessed 8 Dec. 2023.‬

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‭ ow will this be used in‬ I‭ can integrate Lee’s academic journal into my research report by‬
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‭your paper?‬ ‭explaining the policy implications of Lee’s findings. Governments‬
‭considering similar pricing mechanisms can draw insights from the‬
‭South Korean case, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive‬
‭approach that includes both economic incentives and strategies to‬
‭reduce food waste. In addition, I will emphasize the importance of‬
‭non-pecuniary factors in shaping household behavior, as his study‬
‭suggests that increased attention to food usage, is prompted by the‬
‭tax. Lastly, I can synthesize this source with my first source, as both‬
‭of them are focused on the pricing mechanisms in South Korea and‬
‭their effectiveness.‬

‭Source 4‬
‭Author‬ ‭Alexandra I. Evans and Robin M. Nagele‬

‭Author’s credibility‬
‭ oth Alexandra I. Evans and Robin M. Nagele hold an American‬
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‭Law degree (J.D.) from the Program on Law and Sustainability at‬
‭Arizona State University’s Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law‬
‭and are Sustainability Law Research Fellows.‬

‭Date‬ ‭Winter 2018‬

‭Titles of source( MLA)‬ “‭ A Lot to Digest: Advancing Food Waste Policy in The United‬
‭States.”‬

‭Source Type‬ ‭Academic Journal‬

‭Main Idea‬ ‭ he authors’ main idea is that past food waste policies passed by‬
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‭the U.S. government, including initiatives by the EPA and USDA,‬
‭have not been able to resolve the issue in an efficient manner. The‬
‭article takes a critical look at these regulations, emphasizing their‬
‭shortcomings, overlaps, and unforeseen repercussions, such as‬
‭how the Farm Bill and marketing orders increase waste and‬
‭overproduction.‬

‭Conclusions‬ ‭ he authors conclude that new legislative measures, such as the‬

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‭Food Recovery Act and the Food Loss Accountability Act, hold the‬
 ‭ otential to provide more holistic and effective solutions for‬
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‭addressing and reducing food waste on a national scale. They‬
‭argue that these proposed laws can offer a more coordinated and‬
‭transparent approach, tackling the limitations and unintended‬
‭consequences of existing policies.‬

‭Tag Words‬ ‭‬
● ‭ ood waste policy‬
F
‭●‬ ‭Tax deduction‬
‭●‬ ‭Incentive‬
‭●‬ ‭Donation Act‬
‭●‬ ‭Legislation‬

‭MLA Citation‬ ‭Evans, Alexandra I., and Robin M. Nagele. “A Lot to Digest:‬
‭Advancing Food Waste Policy in The United States.”‬‭Natural‬
‭Resources Journal‬‭, vol. 58, no. 1, 2018, pp. 177–214.‬‭UNM Digital‬
‭Repository‬‭,‬
‭https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3993&‬
‭context=nrj. Accessed 9 Dec. 2023.‬

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‭sources)/etc.‬

‭ ow will this be used in‬ I‭ can use this academic journal in my research paper by critically‬
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‭your paper?‬ ‭examining the inadequacies of existing federal food waste policies‬
‭in the U.S. The authors provide a comprehensive overview of‬
‭federal initiatives and highlight their limitations, offering valuable‬
‭insights into the challenges and areas of improvement. This‬
‭analysis will serve as another component of my paper, enabling me‬
‭to evaluate the ineffectiveness of current policies and propose‬
‭recommendations for more robust solutions.‬