5.8 - 5.

12 Test Fall 2023 Name:___________________

“The slaves in the United States are treated with barbarous inhumanity; . . . they are overworked,
underfed, wretchedly clad and lodged, and have insufficient sleep. . . . They are often kept
confined in the stocks day and night for weeks together.”

Theodore Dwight Weld, Slavery As It Is, published in New York, 1839

“Slaves of the South are the happiest, and in some sense, the freest people in the world. . . . They
enjoy liberty because they are oppressed by neither care nor labor. . . . The women do little hard
work. . . . Men and stout boys work, on the average, in good weather, not more than nine hours a
day.”

George Fitzhugh, Slaves Without Masters, published in Richmond, Virginia, 1857

1. The issue being debated in the two excerpts was most directly resolved by the
(A) passage of the Missouri Compromise
(B) election of Abraham Lincoln as president
(C) ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment
(D) formation of the Populist Party

2. The Compromise of 1877 resulted in

(A) the withdrawal of federal troops from the South
(B) apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives by state population
(C) the implementation of the first income tax
(D) government subsidies for American Indians who agreed to submit to reservation life
(E) the establishment of stricter regulations on immigration

AP U.S. History Page 1 out of 13

3. The Black Codes passed in a number of southern states after the Civil War were intended to
(A) close public schools to the children of former slaves
(B) promote the return of former slaves to Africa
(C) enable Black citizens to vote in federal elections
(D) place limits on the socioeconomic opportunities open to Black people
(E) further the integration of southern society

“Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been
a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour,
and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of traducers and win applause even from
the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men
born in the country or out of it. . . .

He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim
respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your
own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . .

. . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of
patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long
list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the name of no colored man.”

Fredrick Douglass, excerpt from an editorial, April 1863

4. Which of the following best explains Douglass’ point of view in the excerpt?
(A) African American enlistment would enable the Union Army to prevail in the Civil War.
(B) Once African American men enlisted, Northern White soldiers would accept them as
equals.
(C) Shared sacrifice would help advance African American men’s claims to United States
citizenship.
(D) Northern politicians overwhelmingly favored enlistment of African Americans in the
Union Army.

AP U.S. History Page 2 out of 13

5. Douglass’ rhetoric in the excerpt was most likely interpreted as promoting which of the
following?
(A) The need for more soldiers in the Union Army
(B) His advocacy for African American equal rights
(C) His support for Abraham Lincoln’s reelection in 1864
(D) Criticism of the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation

6. During Reconstruction, a major economic development in the South was the

(A) creation of large commercial and banking centers
(B) spread of sharecropping
(C) rise of large-scale commercial farming
(D) decline of the textile industry
(E) emergence of the cotton economy

AP U.S. History Page 3 out of 13

“The petition of a great number of blacks detained in a state of slavery in the bowels of a free
and Christian country humbly showeth that . . . they have in common with all other men a natural
and inalienable right to that freedom which the Great Parent of the Universe has bestowed
equally on all mankind and which they have never forfeited by any compact or agreement
whatever. . . .

“[E]very principle from which America has acted in the course of their unhappy difficulties with
Great Britain pleads stronger than a thousand arguments in favor of your petitioners. They
therefore humbly beseech your honors to give this petition its due weight and consideration and
cause an act of the legislature to be passed whereby they may be restored to the enjoyments of
that which is the natural right of all men.”

Petition for freedom to the Massachusetts Council and the House of

Representatives for the State of Massachusetts, January 1777

7. Which of the following developments from the 1800s emerged from ideas most similar to
those expressed in the excerpt?
(A) Campaigns by moral reformers to promote temperance
(B) Efforts by American Indians to achieve political sovereignty through treaties with the
United States government
(C) The ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
(D) The passage of legislation by southern states intended to nullify federal laws

AP U.S. History Page 4 out of 13

“The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and
sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence
by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and
privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is
the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . .
. It is the judgment of this court that it appears. . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in
the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution.”

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney,

Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857

8. Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?

(A) The Fourteenth Amendment
(B) Plessy v. Ferguson
(C) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
(D) The Civil Rights Act of 1964

9. Which of the following best describes the situation of freedom in the decade following the
Civil War?
(A) Each was given 40 acres of land and a mule by the Union government.
(B) All were immediately granted political equality by the Emancipation Proclamation.
(C) The majority entered sharecropping arrangements with former masters or other nearby
planters.
(D) They were required to pass a literacy test before being granted United States citizenship.
(E) They supported the passage of Black codes to ensure their economic and political rights.

AP U.S. History Page 5 out of 13

“Americans faced an overwhelming task after the Civil War and emancipation: how to
understand the tangled relationship between two profound ideas—healing and justice.... [T]hese
two aims never developed in historical balance. One might conclude that this imbalance between
outcomes of sectional healing and racial justice was simply America’s inevitable historical
condition. . . . But theories of inevitability . . . are rarely satisfying. . . . The sectional reunion
after so horrible a civil war was a political triumph by the late nineteenth century, but it could not
have been achieved without the resubjugation of many of those people whom the war had freed
from centuries of bondage. This is the tragedy lingering on the margins and infesting the heart of
American history from Appomattox to World War I.”

David W. Blight, historian, Race and Reunion:

The Civil War in American Memory, 2001

10. Which of the following best explains the reason for the reconciliation described by Blight?
(A) Mass immigration from abroad and internal migration of African Americans reduced
racial tensions in the North and South.
(B) The federal government established a limited social welfare state that reduced regional
differences between the North and South.
(C) Efforts to change southern racial attitudes and culture ultimately failed because of the
South’s determined resistance and the North’s waning resolve.
(D) The theory of Social Darwinism encouraged political and business leaders to reduce
efforts to create racial equality in the South.

11. One key change immediately following the Civil War aimed at achieving the “racial justice”
that Blight describes was the
(A) establishment of a constitutional basis for citizenship and voting rights
(B) creation of new agencies to ensure racial integration in employment
(C) campaign by the federal government to eliminate poverty
(D) desegregation of the United States armed forces

AP U.S. History Page 6 out of 13

“All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

12. The provision above overturned the

(A) Alien and Sedition Acts
(B) Chinese Exclusion Act
(C) Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford
(D) Supreme Court ruling in McCulloch v. Maryland
(E) Supreme Court ruling in Worcester v. Georgia

13. When the Emancipation Proclamation was issued at the beginning of 1863, its immediate
effect was to
(A) end the Civil War
(B) abolish slavery
(C) free slaves held in the border states
(D) alienate Britain and France
(E) strengthen the moral cause of the Union

14. During the Civil War, the Republican Party passed legislation promoting economic
development concerning all of the following EXCEPT the
(A) granting of government subsidies to encourage the export of manufactured goods
(B) establishment of a high tariff to protect American industry from foreign competition
(C) organization of a national banking system to provide a uniform national currency
(D) provision of government loans and land grants to private companies to construct a
transcontinental railroad
(E) passage of the Homestead Act

AP U.S. History Page 7 out of 13

 Alfred R. Waud, “The Freedmen’s Bureau,” 1868

Courtesy of the Library of Congress #LC-USZ62-105555

15. The image most strongly supports the argument that Reconstruction
(A) led to the unfair punishment of White Southerners by the North
(B) encouraged large-scale rebellions by former slaves
(C) involved unconstitutional abuses of government power
(D) temporarily altered race relations in the South

16. The situation depicted in the image best serves as evidence of the
(A) expansion of federal power
(B) decline of an agrarian economy
(C) increase in sectional divisions
(D) institutionalization of racial segregation

17. During Reconstruction, which of the following was a change that took place in the South?
(A) Many African Americans found manufacturing employment.
(B) Many White Southerners supported African Americans’ rights.
(C) African Americans favored the Democratic Party.
(D) African Americans were able to exercise political rights.

AP U.S. History Page 8 out of 13

 Library of Congress

18. The cartoon above is intended to express

(A) a critique of Reconstruction
(B) opposition to women’s rights
(C) support for strong government
(D) opposition to the draft

19. Which of the following occurred during Radical Reconstruction?

(A) The passage of the Black Codes
(B) A permanent shift of Southern voters to the Republican Party
(C) The creation of a new industrial base in a majority of Southern states
(D) The formation of the Ku Klux Klan
(E) Widespread redistribution of confiscated land to former slaves

AP U.S. History Page 9 out of 13

“After [the Confederate surrender at] Appomattox the South’s political leaders saw themselves
entering an era of revolutionary changes imposed by the national government, which many
viewed as an outside power. Continuing a long pattern of American . . . behavior, many whites
found an outlet for their frustration by attacking those deemed responsible for their suffering:
white Republicans and blacks. . . .

“Frustrated at their inability to bring their states back to Democratic control, some southerners
turned to the Ku Klux Klan and other white supremacist organizations, using terrorism to
eliminate opposition leaders and to strike fear into the hearts of rank-and-file Republicans, both
black and white. . . .

“[Violence] in Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina exposed the impotence of
the Republican party in the South and the determination of Democrats to defeat their opponents
by any means necessary. The final triumph of the counterrevolution awaited the withdrawal of
northern Republican support from the so-called ‘carpetbag regimes’ in 1877. The inconsistency
of federal Reconstruction policy and the strength of southern resistance seem to have doomed the
Reconstruction experiment to inevitable collapse. Although Americans have often been loathe to
concede that violence may bring about [political] change, terrorism in the Reconstruction era was
instrumental in achieving the ends desired by its perpetrators.”

George C. Rable, historian, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of
Reconstruction, published in 1984

AP U.S. History Page 10 out of 13

“In its pervasive impact and multiplicity of purposes, . . . the wave of counterrevolutionary terror
that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart . . . in the
American experience. . . .

“By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan . . . had become deeply entrenched in nearly every Southern state. .
. . In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the
planter class, and all those who desired the restoration of white supremacy. . . .

“Adopted in 1870 and 1871, a series of Enforcement Acts embodied the Congressional response
to violence. . . . As violence persisted, Congress enacted a far more sweeping measure—the Ku
Klux Klan Act of April 1871. This for the first time designated certain crimes committed by
individuals as offenses punishable under federal law. . . . If states failed to act effectively against
them, [these offenses could] be prosecuted by federal district attorneys, and even lead to military
intervention. . . .

“Judged by the percentage of Klansmen actually indicted and convicted, the fruits of
‘enforcement’ seem small indeed, a few hundred men among the thousands guilty of heinous
crimes. But in terms of its larger purposes—restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of
Southern Republicans, and enabling blacks to exercise their rights as citizens—the policy proved
a success. . . . So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . National power had
achieved what most Southern governments had been unable, and Southern white public opinion
unwilling, to accomplish: acquiescence in the rule of law.”

Eric Foner, historian, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, published in

1988

20. Based on their arguments in the excerpts, both Rable and Foner would most likely agree
with which of the following claims?
(A) The North achieved its aims for Reconstruction.
(B) Federal policy during Reconstruction was inconsistent.
(C) Southern resistance hindered Reconstruction.
(D) Republicans dominated the South after Reconstruction.

AP U.S. History Page 11 out of 13

21. Which of the following describes a difference between Rable’s and Foner’s arguments in the
excerpts?
(A) Rable asserts that violence in the South achieved its political goals during
Reconstruction, whereas Foner asserts that this violence was suppressed at the time.
(B) Rable claims that the violence during Reconstruction was unprecedented, whereas Foner
claims that this violence followed earlier patterns in United States history.
(C) Foner argues that the North lost the will to enforce Reconstruction, whereas Rable argues
that the North passed laws carrying out Reconstruction.
(D) Foner contends that the South accepted Reconstruction, whereas Rable contends that the
South revolted against Reconstruction.

22. Which of the following is a similarity between Rable’s and Foner’s arguments in the
excerpts?
(A) Both highlight the use of federal force to uphold the Constitution.
(B) Both focus on many Southerners’ opposition to racial equality.
(C) Both discuss congressional legislation to protect African American suffrage.
(D) Both assert that Northerners cared little about the outcome of Reconstruction.

“It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought
here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task
remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for
which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and
that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863

23. Lincoln’s main purpose in the excerpt was to

(A) advocate racial equality
(B) encourage the punishment of the South
(C) propose expanded democratic voting rights
(D) gain continued support for the war effort

AP U.S. History Page 12 out of 13

24. After 1863, which of the following most fulfilled the “new birth of freedom” that the excerpt
refers to?
(A) Ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments
(B) The compromise that resolved the election of 1876
(C) Establishment of the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations
(D) Supreme Court rulings such as Plessy v. Ferguson

25. In adopting the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress was primarily concerned with
(A) protecting the powers of the southern state governments established under Andrew
Johnson
(B) protecting legislation guaranteeing civil rights to former slaves
(C) ending slavery
(D) guaranteeing all citizens the right to vote
(E) establishing the Freedmen’s Bureau

AP U.S. History Page 13 out of 13