Norman A.

Erazo
Small and Medium-sized new sources, EMB
shall continue to accept emissions estimates
based on recognized emission factors and
calculation procedures.
a boiler rated at 100 to 250 HP;

a diesel generator rated at 600 to 1,249

kW (regardless of its frequency of
operation); or

 anyother source that has the potential to

emit at least 30 tonnes per year, but less
than 100 tons per year, of an air pollutant
regulated under the Act.
a boiler rated at 99 HP or less;

a diesel generator rated at 599 kW or

less (regardless of its frequency of
operation); or

 anyother source that has the potential to

emit at least 10 tonnes per year, but less
than 30 tonnes per year, of an air pollutant
regulated under the Act.
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)

 Sulfur Oxides (SOx)

 Particulate Matter (PM)

 Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless, and
tasteless gas.
 CO is produced when carbonaceous fuels are
incompletely burned.
 Incomplete combustion produces CO rather
than CO2.
 CO interferes with the blood’s ability to carry
oxygen throughout the body.
 When the bloodstream is carrying less oxygen,
the heartbeat increases to offset the oxygen
deficit.
 Carbon monoxide in urban areas has
concentration range of 5 to 50 ppm.
 Measurements on congested highways
indicate potential exposure to 100 ppm CO.
 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) is composed mainly of the
colorless and odorless nitric mono oxide (NO) and the
pungent red-brown nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
 Most of NOx emissions from combustion sources are in
the form of NO.
 However, emitted NO is oxidized rapidly to NO2 by oxygen
in the atmosphere.
 Comes from the burning of biomass and fossil fuels.
 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) presents major adverse effects of
Nox.
 NO2 causes respiratory irritation. Death generally ensues
within 2 to 10 days after exposure to 500 ppm.
 Sulfur oxides (SOx) as environmental pollutants
consist of sulfur dioxides (SO2) and sulfur trioxides
(SO3).
 On the global scale, about 250 million tons of SO2
are generated annually by human activities
(anthropogenic), mainly by combustion of fuel oil
in power plants, industry and household.
 Of the total anthropogenic emission, coal
combustion probably accounts for 60% and 20%
due to combustion of oil in power plants.
 40% are generated by nature like volcanic
eruptions.
 Oil and coal contain around 0.5 to 6% sulfur. Upon
combustion, 95% of sulfur is released as SO2, 1 to 5%
as SO3, and 1 to 3% as sulfur particulate.
 Other significant sources of SO2 are petroleum
refining, copper smelting, and cement
manufacturing.
 Sulfur oxides have four major effects: toxicity to
humans and animals, acidification of lakes and rivers,
damage to trees and crops, and damage to
infrastructure.
 Particulate matter (PM) is any dispersed material that
exists as solid or liquid in the gas stream at normal
conditions.
 The most general term is aerosols, which are tiny
particles (liquid or solid) dispersed in the atmosphere.
 PM is emitted directly into the atmosphere from
different sources. Some of these sources are:
Vehicular emission
Combustion of fuels in power plants
Wood and coal burning
Natural sources such as volcanic eruption
Burning of agricultural wastes
Construction activities
Quarrying
Industrial processes involving size reduction and
handling of various solid particles
Fugitive emissions
Cement manufacturing
 PM-10 is the fraction of particulate matter that
has significant impact to human health.
 Common diseases attributed to high PM-10
concentration include upper respiratory infection,
cardiac disorders, bronchitis, asthma, and others.
Where:
• E= Emission Estimation

• A= Activity Rate

• EF = Emission Factor

• %ER = Overall emission reduction

efficiency
 Control Technology Efficiency, %

Cyclone 90*

Electrostatic Precipitator 95-99

Baghouse 99.5

Wet Scrubbers ≥90**

50-60***

*for particles larger than 5 µm

**for venturi scrubbers operating on wood-fired boilers
***for oil-fired boilers
Source: Manuals on Pollution Abatement, 1999
• PM = 41.49 lb/1000 gal

• CO = 127.14 lb/1000 gal

• NOx = 590.21 lb/1000 gal

• Sox = 38.31 lb/1000 gal

Emission Calculation : 600 kW Generator Set
Emission Factors: USEPA cited in EMB
Fuel Consumption Rate = 12 L/hour
Length of Power Operation = 8 hour/day
Daily Fuel Consumption = 12 L/hour x 8 hour/day
= 96 L/day or 25.363 gals/day
Exhaust Air Flowrate: 3.267 cu.m/s – Based from
manufacturer’s brochure
Formula: E = A x EF x (1-ER/100)
•1 kW = 1.25 kVA
•1kW = 1.34 HP
•1HP = 0.9325 kVA
•1gal = 3.785 L
•1kg = 2.204 lb
EPM = 25.363 gal/day X 41.49lb/1000gal (1-ER/100)
= 1.052 lb/day or 0.477 kg/day

Emission Concentration in Ncm:

EPM = (0.477 kg/day)(day/24h)(h/3600s)(3.267cu.m/s)

= 0.0000180 kg/Ncm or 18.032 mg/Ncm
ECO = 25.363gal/day X 127.14lb/1000gal (1-ER/100)
= 3.224 lb/day or 1.463 kg/day

Emission Concentration in Ncm:

ECO = (1.463kg/day)(day/24h)(h/3600s)(3.267cu.m/s)
= 0.0000553 kg/Ncm or 55.323 mg/Ncm
ENOx = 25.363gal/day X 590.21lb/1000gal (1-ER/100)
= 14.969 lb/day or 6.791kg/day

Emission Concentration in Ncm:

ENOx = (6.791kg/day)(day/24h)(h/3600s)(3.267cu.m/s)
= 0.000256 kg/Ncm or 256.821 mg/Ncm
ESOx =25.363 gal/day X 38.31lb/1000gal (1-ER/100)
= 0.971 lb/day or 0.440 kg/day

Emission Concentration in Ncm:

ESOx =(0.440 kg/day)(day/24h)(h/3600s)(3.267cu.m/s)

= 0.0000166 kg/Ncm or 16.670 mg/Ncm
 Ncm (Normal Cubic meter) –means the
volume of dry gas which occupies a
cubic meter measured at twenty five
degrees celsius (25˚C) and at an absolute
pressure equivalent to seven hundred
sixty(760) mm Hg.