27

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Wireless communication emerges as an indispensable technique for

the upcoming innovative market and is been growing markedly by the various
recent advancements. To ensure its suitable applicability towards varied
applications, the wireless devices which play a key role in wireless
communication should be constructed appropriately by bringing up a wide
range of implementing technology. Many researches were thus focused on
developing multimedia applications requiring high data rates which are
popularly termed as next generation of wireless broadband communication
systems.

Compared to other conventional air-interface techniques, OFDM

has gained substantial interest as studied by Hanzo et al (2003) due to its
known advantages and capability of giving higher gains. The important
parameters like transmission rate range and the reliability could all be
improved by means of MIMO-OFDM systems. As this research is aimed at
the improvement of MIMO-OFDM systems, a literature survey encompassing
the method of channel estimation, power and bit allocation, resource
allocation and multiuser detection is been discussed briefly in this chapter.
 28

2.2 CHANNEL ESTIMATION IN MIMO-OFDM

Hijazi et al (2010) proposed a channel estimation algorithm for

MIMO-OFDM systems working in rapid time-varying environments. The
equivalent discrete time channel taps and the physical propagation of channel
parameters were determined by the channel estimation function. Basis
Expansion Model (BEM) helps to adjust the channel within a transmission
block by handling rapid variations of channels in it. An Auto-Regressive (AR)
model of the BEM coefficients dynamics is modeled and discussed.The AR
model of the BEM coefficients dynamics is built based on the Jakes process
for estimating and tracking the BEM coefficients using the Kalman filter.
Thus, the channel matrix can be easily computed for detecting the data
symbol with free ICI. Actually the channel delay spread increases with the
increase in number of channel taps for estimating a large number of BEM
coefficients. However, more pilot symbols are required for this task.

To meet such pilot symbols oriented MIMO-OFDM, Simon et al

(2010) developed a novel pilot-aided algorithm. For fast time varying
environment in MIMO-OFDM the algorithm was developed in the view of
estimating the multi-path Rayleigh channel Complex Amplitudes (CA) and
Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) by operating both parametric L-path channel
model (with known path delays) and equivalent discrete-time channel model.
BEM representation helps for approximating each CA time variation within
one OFDM symbol.

Blanchard et al (2007) developed the estimation of the parameters

involved in AR model which can be performed using the algorithm with
Extended Kalman Filtering (EKF). However, the need for Gaussian noise and
the knowledge on noise statistics are the inherent drawbacks of EKF.
 29

A new blind channel estimation technique for orthogonally space–

time coded MIMO-OFDM systems had been proposed by Nima et al (2009).
The estimation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) channel parameters is
possible by the specific properties of the Orthogonal Space–Time Block
Codes (OSTBCs). Those parameters can be estimated in the time domain
rather than in the frequency domain independently for each subcarrier. This
leads to a substantial improvement of the parsimony of the channel parametric
model when compared to that of the direct per subcarrier channel estimation
methods, thus allowing for coherent processing across the subcarriers.
Channel estimation problem can also be called as a convex Semi Definite
Programming (SDP) problem for which modern convex optimization methods
are highly suitable. The convex optimization enables the solving of SDP
problem. However it does not offer any closed-form solution for channel
estimation. Hence, it suffers with high computational cost.

Christopher et al (2010) described the OFDM based air interface

having variation of the channel response in both time and frequency domains
were found suitable for a graph-based soft channel estimation and detection.
The training symbols are carried by two dimensional (2D) factor-graphs with
respect to time and frequency for getting initial channel estimates with very
less complexity.

Figure 2.1 Structure of the graph based transmitters and receivers

used in graph-based soft channel estimation
 30

The proposed 2D graph-based soft channel estimation scheme

reduces the actual needed training overhead by considering the redundancy as
introduced by the channel coding. The information among the neighboring
channel coefficients can be passed by means of a transfer node thus applying
this algorithm to time-varying and frequency-selective channels.

Khojastepour et al (2009) proposed a new framework for channel

estimation called sparse channel estimation which refers to the estimation of
the time domain Channel Impulse Response (CIR) considering the channel
with very few nonzero taps. A modified suitable suboptimal solution named
Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) has been studied in this work which
operates by exploiting the sparsity structure of the MIMO channel. The
investigation revealed that the same accuracy as that of the existing robust
techniques could be maintained along with the reduction of the training
overhead. However, contamination problem had remained as a drawback.

Zhang et al (2009) presented the online implementation of channel

acquisition in MIMO-OFDM which has become feasible. It is due to the
consideration of recursive Minimum Mean-Square-Error Estimation (MMSE)
with low-complexity computation. Three approaches namely averaging
measurements, direct tracking signal subspace of measurements and iterative
calculation from measurement were involved in estimating the channel
correlation matrix. However, the higher Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
makes it unsuitable for uplink communication.

The space-time-frequency coded MIMO-OFDM systems involving

receiver Antenna Selection (AS) were studied by Narasimhamurthy &
Tepedelenlioglu (2009). In these systems, Linear Minimum Mean Square
Error (LMMSE)-based channel estimation was performed by means of
training. The equispaced and equipowered training symbols, in which the
number of training symbols per OFDM symbol equals the channel length, are
 31

used for minimizing the mean square error (MSE) during the estimation.
The AS rule that works on decoupling the AS process from the channel
estimation process is proposed for achieving the maximum received signal
power. The maximum spatial and multipath diversity could also be achieved
in the system with a Channel-Estimation Error (CEE) by upper bounding of
the Pairwise Error Probability (PEP) expression. An optimal power allocation
scheme for distributing the total available power between the training symbols
and data symbols is been proposed to minimize the loss owing to the CEE.
The time variance of the mobile wireless channel has however occurred due
to user mobility and multipath propagation which ultimately reinforces the
rapid outdating of the CSI at the receiver.

For MIMO-OFDM systems working in slow time-varying

frequency selective environment, a low complexity adaptive EM-based
channel estimation algorithm was proposed by Gaoping & Dong (2009).
It was based on an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm for Space-Time
Block Coded (STBC) MIMO-OFDM systems termed as frame based
algorithm as it excludes the time domain filtering thus minimizing the
detection delay.

Qureshi et al (2009) introduced a pilot-assisted method for

estimating the frequency selective channel in a MIMO-OFDM system. The
design of the pilot sequence of this method is by using the Discrete Fourier
Transform (DFT) of the Golay complementary sequences. The easy
separation of the channel mixtures at the receive antennas was facilitated by
the novel exploitation of the perfect autocorrelation property of Golay
complementary sequences along with Orthogonal Space-Time Block Code
(OSTBC) based pilot waveform scheduled across the multiple OFDM frames.
The key critical parameter for appropriately estimating the channel is the DFT
length that helps for transforming the complementary sequence into the
 32

frequency domain. Later, the channel estimation scheme is extended to

antenna arrays of arbitrary sizes. However, the principle in this method is still
ambiguous over multiple path gains (fading coefficients).

Navid (2012) investigated the channel estimation method with CFO

in MIMO-OFDM systems. According to this, using Maximum Likelihood
Estimation Algorithm (MLE), the CFO can be estimated. CFO estimation in
this method is by using MLE. The accuracy of the estimation of channel’s
coefficients is determined by the reduction of carrier frequency offset.
For high accurate synchronization process, this algorithm is suitable and
faster with limited computational complexity. The system also sends
information with several high speed inputs and outputs to bring suitable
diversity between the transmitter and receiver. Hence, the channel estimation
in this connection is complex.

Tajuddin & Prasad (2013) introduced a Power Delay Profile (PDP)

estimation technique for LMMSE channel estimator in MIMO-OFDM
system. The channel estimation using the formula

, , = + ( ) [ ] , [ ]

Where , , is a channel estimation, is a pilot vector symbol, , is

aregularized least squares (RLS), = 0.001 is a small regularization
parameter, is the × identity matrix. The distortions that are caused
by null subcarriers are effectively mitigated for getting accurate estimation of
PDP. The correlation mismatch in the frequency domain could also be
reduced by this technique. The effect of distortion mitigation resulted in the
similarity of output of LMMSE channel with Wiener filtering and Kalman
Filtering. Both the correlation mismatch and the estimation error of delay
parameters have to be reduced to avoid performance degradation.
 33

Rajbir & Charanjit (2012) proposed a novel approach on channel

estimation for MIMO-OFDM system based on the detailed investigation on
several existing methods. In that study, to obtain TDI, the output of the
estimator has to be transformed to time domain through Inverse Discrete
Fourier Transform (IDFT) and zero padding. For going back to the frequency
domain, DFT has to be used. The power of true channel has been compared
with the power of the given channel by means of LS, LS-Spline and MMSE
for Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)/QAM modulation at SNR 30dB.
DFT applied over the estimated power of channel for QPSK enables better
performance of the channel estimators. However, complexity, symbol rate and
symbol errors became trade-off for the performance of MIMO-OFDM.

The training based channel estimation introduced by Maryam &

Hamidreza (2012) said that the superimposed training based channel
estimation with quantized feedback gives better performance even while
having channel mismatch error and the channel quantization error. The
efficiency of the system can be improved by transmitting four OFDM periods
to training blocks. Increasing the training block still would lead to efficiency
decrease.

Pei-sheng & Bao-yu (2009) presented a channel estimation

technique in both space and frequency domain. It was shown in that the
optimal MMSE channel estimation can be achieved by space-frequency pilot
tones. Simulation results indicated better performance than Least Square (LS).
However, higher computational-complexity in terms of identifying channel
statistics became ambiguous in real systems.

A joint channel estimation and ISI/ICI cancellation scheme was

proposed by Yi-Jen et al (2009) to overcome the trade-off against high-rate
performance but having lesser Cyclic Prefix (CP). The use of training symbol
for channel estimation scheme is based on Expectation-Maximization (EM)
 34

algorithm in which it follows an iterative procedure to accurately estimate

channel parameters CIR thereby can mitigate ISI/ICI influences. In case of the
length of inserted CP lesser than CIR, CIR estimation helps to develop an
efficient method to counteract ISI/ICI influences in signal detection. Inspite of
these merits, high computational complexity intensive computations and
inaccurate estimation remain as drawbacks.

Kirkelund et al (2010) proposed a multi-user receiver for M-QAM

MIMO-OFDM operating in time-varying and frequency-selective channels.
The proposed architecture is iterative based semi-blind estimation of the
channel weights and noise inverse variance, serial interference cancellation
and decoding has been performed. A joint design of all these functionalities or
blocks was possible through variational message-passing approach still the
decoding alone was performed using the sum-product algorithm. The
performance of the entire receiver depends on the interplay between the
equalizer employed and on the quality of the initial channel estimates.
However, its performance is degraded in the meantime.

Seyman & Taspinar (2012) proposed the channel estimation by

Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) in MIMO-OFDM system for
comparing its performance with algorithms such as LS error, Least Mean
Square Error (LMS) algorithms by means of computer simulations. Their
results suggest that ANFIS performs better than LS and LMS algorithms.
Further, there is no need for sending pilot tones as in classical algorithms.
Therefore, ANFIS is a bandwidth efficient algorithm; however requirement of
a large amount of training data for developing an accurate system is an
inherent drawback.
 35

2.3 MULTIUSER DETECTION

Zheng-min et al (2010) introduced an efficient low BER and low

complexity MIMO multiuser detection (MUD) method for use with multiuser
MIMO-OFDM systems. A hybrid method by combining a multiuser-
interference-cancellation-based decision feedback equalizer using error
feedback filter (MIMO MIC DFE-EFF) and a differential algorithm was also
proposed. The schemes of MIMO MIC DFE-EFF and MIMO MIC
DFE-EFF has described with a differential algorithm and compared their
Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE) performance and computational
complexity. As similar to multiuser detection, the separation of noise and
interference from the signal is not carried out.

Simona & Nicolae (2010) presented three multiuser detector

structures namely the conventional detector, the MMSE and the adaptive
detector. For a system with four users, the error probability performances are
evaluated and compared as functions of SNR with different inter correlation
coefficients and user’s amplitudes. Inspite of it’s better performance, resource
allocation and channel estimation problems were was not addressed by this
method.

An adaptive multiuser receiver scheme for MIMO-OFDM over

Turbo-Equalization for Single-Carrier Transmission was proposed by
Eneh et al (2011) for detecting the joint adaptive minimum mean square error
multiuser and decoding algorithm with prior information on the channel and
interference cancelation in the spatial domain. The convergence speed and
tracking ability of the adaptive detectors was improved by partially filtered
gradient LMS (Adaptive) algorithm with a slight increase in complexity. Both
slow and fast Rayleigh fading channels were analyzed in MIMO-OFDM
systems by this proposed scheme. The performance of adaptive multiuser
 36

detection for MIMO-OFDM (AMUD MIMO-OFDM) was based on iterative

equalization for a single-carrier. However, for multi carrier subsystem, the
scheme gets slower and thus it could not solve resource allocation channel
estimation problems.

Jiankang et al (2012) introduced a Differential Evolution (DE)

algorithm assisted Minimum Symbol Error Ratio (MSER) MUD scheme. To
provide high throughput, QAM has been employed in most wireless
standards. The most relevant for QAM was identified as the MSER Cost
Function (CF) but the challenge is to find its minimum. To overcome the
challenge, a sophisticated DE assisted MSER-MUD scheme was proposed to
directly minimize the SER CF of multi-user OFDM/SDMA systems
employing QAM. During the CF finding, not only the power, but also the
method of reducing the SER only was also focused.

Ranganathan et al (2011) addressed the Inter-Carrier Interference

(ICI) issue in multi-user MIMO-OFDM systems operating in time-varying
frequency selective channel environments. CFO between local oscillators in
the transmitter and the receiver causes the ICI that offers severity in system
performance degradation. Independent Component Analysis (ICA) technique
called Complex Optimum Block Adaptive ICA (Complex OBA-ICA) was
employed in this work to recover user signals in the presence of ICI and
channel induced mixing. The residual CFO is obtained at the receiver after the
down-conversion process owing to the frequency mismatch between the local
oscillators at the transmitter and receiver.

The Minimum Symbol Error Rate (MSER)-based MUD technique

for the space division multiple access–OFDM system was investigated by
Bagadi & Das (2013) based on an efficient Invasive Weed Optimization
(IWO) algorithm. The optimal weight was found by this algorithm as the
 37

probability of error is directly minimized rather than minimizing the mean

square error. This enables the MSER MUD to detect problems with maximum
users related to receiving antennas, unlike several classical detection
techniques. The nature of invasive colonization of weeds influenced the
methodology of IWO which is relatively simple compared with the other
existing optimization techniques. Compared to minimum means square error
and differential evolution algorithm-aided MSER MUDs, the BER
performance of the proposed IWO-aided MSER MUD was found better.
However, only BER problem and not the resource allocation problem for each
channels has been solved by this technique.

The performance throughput of multiuser MIMO-OFDM systems

operating in time variant scenarios was compared by Pierluigi (2011). In this
system, packet-based transmissions were followed and the receivers
implemented multiuser detection, channel estimation and soft single-user
decoding by two-fold iteration. The comparison of different combinations of
multiple-access techniques in terms of time division, frequency division, and
space division and also with modulation schemes such as BPSK and QPSK
were performed. Inspite of the presence of major interference in overloaded
scenarios, large-size constellations with interfering users in Space-Division
Multiple Accesses (SDMA) are preferred for high SNR range in terms of
system throughput.

2.4 RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN MIMO-OFDM

In order to minimize the total transmit power corresponding to the

requirement of each user's data rate. Ho & Ying-Chang (2009) introduced an
efficient solution using a Lagrangian dual decomposition for reducing the
complexity from being exponential in the number of subcarriers M to one that
is only linear in equation mentioned below.
 38

minimize ,
, , ,

Subject to , , , 0, ,

Linear beam forming had been incorporated at both the transmitter and the
receiver to further lowering the complexity. The modification of frequency-
flat fading with dual proportional fairness enabled defect less handling of
OFDM resource allocation systems. The evaluation of optimal resource
allocation is possible for a realistic number of subcarriers with the duality gap
as practically zero. Simulation results also show higher performance gains
over a fixed subcarrier allocation. Yet, the non convexity of the optimization
problem does not guarantee optimal solution. Nevertheless, the major
drawback of this approach is still its complexity and computational burden
and the iterative based algorithm that requires an exhaustive search for the
best allocation on each frequency channel.

Nitin et al (2008) considered the BS allocation of subcarriers and

power to each user data rates in MIMO-OFDMA system to maximize the sum
of user data rates with respect to constraints on total power, Bit Error Rate
(BER), and proportionality. Earlier allocation methods have been iterative and
nonlinear suitable only for offline optimization. Hence, a novel algorithm
combining the aspects of both deterministic and GA could only resolve
subcarrier allocation. Margin adaptive resource allocation for the downlink
Access named MIMO-OFDMA system was proposed by Hassan & Assaad
(2009). In that, for minimizing the transmit power, BS has to satisfy
individual Quality Of Service (QoS) constraints of the users. The low
complexity solutions for multiuser inter-stream interference cancellation are
possible by beam forming techniques. However, for margin adaptive
allocation, the problem of combined beam forming and resource allocation
 39

arises. Hence, sub-optimal two-step solution was proposed to decouple beam

forming from subcarrier and power allocation. The first step was to form a
lower number of groups so that the problem has been considered as convex
optimization. The second step was to develop an efficient algorithm for
allocating the best user group to each subcarrier. Inspite of QoS popularity
with respect to operator, if the requirements are too high for linear
transceivers, getting solution becomes infeasible.

Maciel & Klein (2010) discussed about the suboptimal RA

strategies in terms of performance complexity and fairness aiming at the
maximization of the sum rate. As a result, two new RA strategies and a model
had been developed. The performance-complexity and performance-fairness
tradeoffs were compared in terms of the sum rate, complexity and throughput
fairness with some existing suboptimal strategies. It was aimed to achieve
almost the same sum rate which can be obtained through an exhaustive
search. In general, RA schemes do not consider both the subcarrier diversity
and the inter-subcarrier correlation within each chunk.

Sun et al (2009) investigated the subcarrier and power allocation

problems for multi-user downlink MIMO-OFDM wireless networks. A new
subcarrier assignment criterion was then proposed to minimize the required
total transmission power and to ensure fairness and QoS to each user. The
gain of multiuser diversity had been exploited by developing a novel dynamic
resource allocation scheme based on the assignment criterion. The algorithms
involved were adaptive subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation and Eigen
beam forming. The optimal static resource allocation was however not
possible as the channel states of multiuser MIMO-OFDM systems are time
varying. Thus, the dynamic method of allocation of spatial and spectral
resources according to the time varying channels arise as challenging research
topics.
 40

Zaki & Fapojuwo (2009) developed an efficient resource allocation

algorithm considering all OFDM symbols in the current frame. Based on
graph theory with complexity independent of the number of OFDM symbols,
the special structure of the optimization problem was recognized and a lower-
complexity suboptimal algorithm was also introduced.

Tain-Sao et al (2012) proposed a Green resource allocation (GRA)

scheme for the joint resource allocation problem of antenna, subchannels,
transmission power, and phase duration for the relay-enhanced bidirectional
MIMO-OFDM networks. The objective is to minimize the transmission
energy in the network with multiple Relay Stations (RSs). An additional
transmission path can be provided by RS from the BS to the UEs and hence
the challenges of this scheme arise from the complication of multiple-phase
assignments within a subchannel.

Jingya et al (2012) discussed the resource allocation problem for

the downlink of a large network MIMO-OFDM system with 3-sector base
stations in the system which was statically divided into a number of disjoint
clusters of sectors. A two-step resource allocation scheme involving the inter-
cluster and the intra-cluster levels was also proposed. The first step
corresponding to inter-cluster level involved two cooperative frequency reuse
approaches to mitigate the inter-cluster interference. The division of users of
each cluster into cluster-edge and cluster-center was the aim of the user-
partition method. This intercluster interference mitigation and maximization
of the sum utility function of all MSs in the cluster was the outcome of this
scheme under per-sector power constraints.

Resource allocation problem in Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (OFDMA-MIMO) relay
systems was studied by Cuiru et al (2013). The optimal instantaneous
resource allocation problem including subcarrier assignment, relay selection
 41

and power allocation to maximize system capacity was formulated. The

availability of perfect CSI was assumed to be known at the resource allocation
controller for developing a new resource allocation algorithm which
guarantees proportional fairness among users. The development of subcarrier
assignment and relay selection scheme based on equivalent channel gain was
the initial step as equal power allocation for each user could linearize the
problem. Then, the closed-form expressions for power allocation are derived
through relaxing the proportional fairness constraints. Though suitable for
uplink space mode with maximum gain for each user, the grouping criterion
may not always be fulfilled in practical wireless communication environment.
Moreover, it requires a large amount of required feedback signaling.

The rate adaptive MIMO-OFDMA downlink resource allocation

scheme for maximizing the total system capacity subject to constraints on
total power, BER and proportional fairness was proposed by Sumathi &
Valarmathi (2012).The number of subcarriers for each user was detected and
handed over to each user by the proposed algorithm. The author specified
resource allocation problem in a mathematical formula’s

()
, ,
max log 1 +
,

The aforementioned resource allocation problem was performed by means of

two optimization methods such as Subcarrier Allocation (SA) and Genetic
Algorithm (GA). For optimization based on SA, SVD (Singular Value
Decomposition) was used to transform the MIMO fading channel of each
subcarrier into an equivalent bank of parallel SISO subchannels thus resulting
in better trade-off strategy among system capacity, computational complexity
 42

and proportional fairness. Comparable to static allocation schemes, the new

algorithm has significantly lower complexity and higher system capacity.

Liu & Yiwen (2010) introduced adaptive modulated MIMO-OFDM

to enable effective communications in Ultra Wide Band (UWB) systems with
low signal-to-noise requirements. The adaptive power and bits allocation were
analysed and an adaptive resource allocation algorithm based on sequential
allocation was also introduced. The space and power limitations constrain the
possibility of maximum diversity gain at mobile terminal in spite of available
spatial diversity at transmitter and receiver. Hence, an efficient channel error
correcting coding becomes the necessity to overcome channel interference.

Block Diagonalization (BD) with Water filling power allocation

was studied by Gunaseelan et al (2009) to achieve the system capacity with
zero MAI. For increasing the system capacity further, BD with power and
subcarrier allocation was proposed and performance was analyzed. It was
found that interference between users can be completely eliminated by BD
without considering any priority among users in the case of using only spatial
resources.

Gottumukkala & Minn (2012) considered a generalized system

model consisting of a multi-antenna system with frequency-selective IQ
imbalancing at both the transmitter and the receiver sides in which the joint
detection of the signal and its self-interference along with CFO were
considered to perform capacity analysis. The existing schemes could optimize
for pilot spacing and designs in case of the imperfect channel estimation.
However, pilot-data power allocation is yet an additional degree of freedom
needed to be optimized and hence future research focused on the pilot-data
power allocation for maximizing the capacity bound and obtaining the closed-
form solution for the optimal power allocation at high SNR regime. For the
slow varying channel that remains constant over a block of several OFDM
 43

symbols, the optimal power allocation is derived. Thus, carrier frequency

synchronization which is also called CFO, has always been a challenging
issue in communication systems in terms of maximizing power allocation.

An adaptive bit loading scheme for resource allocation in spatial

and spectral dimension was introduced by Sann & Iwao (2011) to improve the
total system capacity under the constraint of total transmit power. The
increase of BER and proportional data rate fairness among all users in the
uplink MIMO-OFDM-MAC system under the constraint of each user's total
transmit power and predetermined target BER was focused in this study. The
user’s fairness maximum system capacity has been considered to get
maximum system sum capacity on acutely changeable channel condition.

Shahrokh & Mohamed-pour (2010) described MIMO-OFDM

which has been mentioned as a physical layer of Cognitive Radio (CR)
networks and one of the best hybrid Multi-carrier systems. The maximum
total capacity of CR networks could be obtained by considering different
conditions on a new proper power allocation algorithm. Theoretically, it was
shown that the total capacity can be maximized by keeping the interference in
primary user’s bands in a tolerable range. However, the scheme was
suboptimal as it considered per antenna power allocation as only per singular
mode power allocation is optimal for MIMO systems.

Zhang et al (2009) discussed the problem of allocating subcarriers

among the different users to maximize the total capacity. By using the
Hungarian method with two utility matrices such as the Frobenius-norm
matrix and the determinant matrix, the solution was arrived. However, the
matching in this method followed only a local standard and the nodes are
considered as independent elements rather than a global model.
 44

A new multi-user linear pre-coding technique for downlink of

distributed MIMO OFDM systems has been dealt by Reza et al (2010).
Distributed broadband wireless system considers transparent BS that is linked
by optical fiber to a central unit. The user terminals and distributed BS are
assumed to have been equipped with either single or an antenna array
respectively. Such architecture provided a high speed backhaul channel
allowing an efficient joint multi-cell processing. The minimization of the sum
of inverse signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ) on each user terminal over the
available subcarriers was the aim of the proposed algorithm. The motivation
to minimize the sum of SNR instead of BER for achieving a closed-form
solution was interesting in this study. However, the requirement of
complicated processes with increased complexity when a complicated secure
protocol was used.

Selected Mapping (SLM) PAPR reduction technique for MIMO-

OFDM system with special protection of side information was proposed by
Byung Moo et al (2010). It is a simple and powerful PAPR reduction
technique as any signal distortion will not be caused. Considering special
protection for the side information of SLM technique, a side information
power allocation procedure was proposed. The proposed technique has also
given significantly better BER performance than the ordinary SLM technique
for MIMO-OFDM systems. However, most of the existing algorithms require
an iterative procedure for their implementation, thus delaying the optimal
solution that subsequently affects the QoS.

An improved eigenmodes transmission based on the equivalent

channel matrix was proposed by Wang Liejun (2011) for a universal space-
time codes and corresponding least-squared decoders. As similar to MIMO
wireless communication systems with single-carrier transmission, data
 45

symbols encoded by space-time codes can be navigated to the proposed

eigenmodes. The relationship among different code-rate space-time codes,
system capacity and number of Eigen modes were also evaluated.
An improved water-filling scheme was used for determining the optimal
transmit powers for orthogonal eigenmodes and hence larger throughputs
compared to classical water-filling scheme can be obtained via residual power
allocation. However, noise based channel and resource allocation problem
were not dealt in this work

A low-complexity bit and power allocation algorithm for multiuser

MIMO-OFDM downlink transmission was presented by Ayad et al (2011).
A novel resource allocation scheme to exploit the multiuser diversity gain was
studied to minimize the total transmit power for satisfying the users of QoS
requirements. The algorithm constitutes adaptive subcarrier allocation,
adaptive modulation and Eigen beam forming for achieving significant
improvement in overall system performance. Due to power inefficiency,
beam-forming Eigen weights in the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) are
not matched to user channels in this method.

Jin & Wei (2009) presented an effective subcarrier and power

allocation strategy for downlink communication to multiple users in a
MIMO-OFDM system with zero-forcing beamforming. In this study, the
minimization of power with constraint on transmission rate for users was
considered. The author specified the Bandwidth and Power Allocation
problems as mentioned as

,
min ,
, , ,
 46

Where , is a channel gain on subcarrier, ( ) stands for the required

transmit power to transmit c bits. The joint allocation was dealt in two stages
in which the first stage determines the number of subcarriers reaching each
user on the user’s average signal-to-noise ratio. In the second stage, the best
subcarriers have been assigned to users. The solving of complex
combinatorial problem can be assured through an Exhaustive Search (ES) but
ES method has however high computational complexity. Hence, the
normalized user selection algorithm and the simplified-normalized user
selection algorithm are proposed to reduce the computational complexity.
Most of the existing resource allocation algorithms are limited to the unicast
system and the conventional scheme in IEEE 802.16 or 3GPP LTE standards
for multicast service considers the least user which might misuse the resource.
This algorithm has high computational complexity and yielded one bit
optimal solution.

Dynamic resource allocation studied for multiple antennas based

OFDMA systems were introduced by Shanmugavel & Prelly (2012) to
provide multicast service. The step-by-step adaptive power allocation in
MIMO-OFDM systems was studied by Tang et al (2010). In case of power
constraint of communication system, the critical value was calculated by the
maximum rate criteria. The MMSE criterion was also adopted to allocate
power for effective sub-channel by the critical value. During the MMSE
estimation, the noise signal corrupted by a multipath channel and Additive
White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) were not measured as it increases the MMSE
error.

Al-Janabi et al (2010) introduced a bit and power allocation

strategy for Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) based spatial
MIMO-OFDMA systems. This strategy maximizes the throughput by optimal
 47

allocation of the available resources among the utilized bands with respect to
channel conditions and the total transmission power constraints. The average
system throughput is represented as a trade-off criterion between the spectral
efficiency. The considered AMC technique utilizes distinct Modulation and
Coding Scheme (MCS) options instead of adopting fixed or uncoded
approaches. The OFDMA frame was divided by the transmitter at each
transmit antenna into bands depending on the number of active users in an
assigned BS.The users serve only with a favorable channel quality conditions
to raise the issue of fairness whereas the users experiencing bad channel
quality conditions would suffer from starvation. Another important issue to be
considered is maximizing the user’s satisfaction by a wide range of QoS
requirements of heterogeneous applications.

A chunk-based resource allocation scheme namely joint chunk,

power and bit allocation was proposed and analyzed by Huiling & Jiangzhou
(2012) for maximizing the throughput under total transmits power constraint.
Moreover, a scaling factor was also introduced to achieve optimal allocation.
By considering the digital nature of bits per symbol per subcarrier
(bits/symbol/subcarrier), a digitization process was proposed to digitize the
theoretically allocated bits/symbol/subcarrier to integer. However, the
proposed chunk based resource allocation scheme had not achieved the
reduction of BER and SNR results which becomes more complex.

Nitin & Anupama (2011) discussed the problem of dynamic

subcarrier and bit allocation in the downlink of MIMO-OFDMA Systems.
The transformation of MIMO fading channel of each subcarrier into an
equivalent bank of parallel SISO sub-channels was done using Singular Value
Decomposition. A multiuser subcarrier allocation and the optimal bit
allocation have to be solved jointly for achieving the capacity bound.
 48

The computational complexity of joint subcarrier and bit allocation can also
be relieved by means of handling subcarrier and bits individually using
several suboptimal solutions.

A multi-objective Genetic Algorithm called Non-dominated Sorting

Genetic Algorithm (NSGA)-II was proposed for joint allocation of bits and
subcarriers in the downlink of MIMO-OFDMA system. The proposed work
can be used for two varying major problems such as rate minimization and
transmit power minimization. However resource allocation problem and the
uplink of the carrier signal are not focused in the work. The objective function
of resource allocation problem in multiuser OFDM systems with is
formulated as

, , ,
log (1 + )
, , /

Where , is the subcarrier allocation indicator such that , =1

if and only if subcarrier n is assigned to user k, and , is a power allocation,
is the noise power spectral density, N subcarriers and B is a bandwidth of
the system.

2.5 INFERENCE FROM EXISTING RESEARCH

Initial field tests of broadband wireless MIMO-OFDM

communication systems have shown that an increased capacity, coverage and
reliability are achievable with the aid of MIMO techniques. Furthermore,
although MIMOs can potentially be combined with any modulation or
multiple access technique, recent research suggests that the implementation
of MIMO-aided OFDM is more efficient, as a benefit of the straightforward
matrix algebra invoked for processing the MIMO-OFDM signals. Although
 49

MIMO assisted OFDM has so several benefits, it has some practical problems
during channel estimation, resource allocation and multiuser detections.
Several conventional optimization approaches such as genetic algorithm,
neural networks, PDP technique, Pilot carriers etc have been proposed in the
literature to solve the aforementioned problems such as estimating the
channels, resource allocation and multiuser detection.

The results obtained from the existing methods are not efficient and
cannot be used in real time implementation. It affects the parameters such as
transmission rate, the transmission range and the transmission reliability.
Better optimization approaches can be used for providing promising results
especially in cases where the processes are too complex to be analyzed by the
conventional techniques.

Collectively all the issues in MIMO-OFDM systems including

allocation of resources, channel estimation, modeling as well as channel
measurements, multi user detection and a host of others have been extensively
investigated by many researchers as discussed in Masud & Kamal (2010). It is
observed from the recent works that LS and Minimum Mean Square Error
(MMSE) methods are commonly used in MIMO-OFDM channel estimation.
In LS, the estimation method is easy. However the main issue is high mean
square error. In Low SNR, the MMSE is better than the LS, but its major
difficulty is its high computational complexity of the system.

In the MIMO-OFDM system, most of the existing multi user

detection approaches were developed for the scenario where the number of
users is less than or equal to the number of receivers. But, the number of users
may go beyond the number of receivers called as “rank-deficient” which
would degrade the performance of the detection methods. To overcome this
problem, an efficient multi user detection approach was developed. The
 50

existing approaches used for attaining the optimal resource allocation

(subcarrier, power or bit) as discussed in Rey et al (2005) mainly suffered
from the limitation of higher computational complexity and yielded one bit
optimal solution. Moreover, the existing greedy algorithms require an
iterative process which is time consuming and affect the QoS as discussed in
Leung & Taubman (2005).

It is clearly observed that, most of the existing approaches had not

utilized the hybrid swarm intelligence techniques for channel estimation,
multi user detection and resource allocation (power, bit & subcarrier
allocation). The present research work mainly focuses on solving the above
issues in channel estimation systems through hybrid swarm intelligence
optimization algorithms which improves the overall performance of the
MIMO-OFDM systems. The main aspects inferred from the literature survey
are discussed below.

1. Channel Estimation Techniques

Requires more pilot symbols

Computational cost may be considerably high

The detection delay is minimized

The estimation of the channel in this connection is

complex

The performance degradation is caused by both the

correlation mismatch and the estimation error of delay
parameters should be reduced further
 51

If too much training blocks are used, the efficiency of

system will be decreased

Do not guarantee accurate estimation

2. Multi User Detection Techniques

The separation of noise and interference from the signal

is not carried out as the same for multiuser detection.

Become a complex task to solve channel, resource

allocation and BER estimation.

Don’t solve resource allocation and channel estimation

problems.

3. Resource Allocation Techniques

To allocate spatial and spectral resources dynamically

according to the time varying channels is one of the most
challenging research topics

Lower-complexity suboptimal algorithm is introduced

The resources allocation scheme is suitable for uplink

and only the space mode with the maximum gain is
considered for each user

Not be possible to get much diversity gain at mobile

terminal because of the limitations in space and power

The matching is done only in a local standard and the

nodes are considered as independent elements and not as
belonging to a global model.
2.6 RESEARCH GAP

Table 2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Proposed and Existing Work

Existing Proposed
Methods Limitations Advantages Disadvantages
Techniques Modification
Channel Estimation Hybrid technique Additionally, a fewer Hybrid Adaptive 1. Missing Transmission
PSO&GA parameters need to be Particle Swarm parameters can be Channel state
set for the PSO Optimization reconstructed by information is not
algorithm. (HAPSO) means of an effective one
Adaptive Neuro A large amount of interpolation
fuzzy inference training data might be 2. Minimum of
system (ANFIS) required to develop an iterations required
model accurate system
Multi User Adaptive Multiuser 1. Due to downlink Multiuser Used for solving the Attenuation of the
detection Detection channel allocation, Detection using noise and interference CSI may cause a
BER estimation Hybrid problems in original wrong multiuser
2. It becomes a Evolutionary data detection in MIMO
complex task to Firefly Algorithm OFDM systems
solve channel, (HEFA)
resource allocation
and BER estimation
Differential It focuses on how to
Evolution (DE) reduce the SER only

52
 algorithm assisted not on MSER
Minimum Symbol
Error Ratio
(MSER) MUD
Resource Subcarrier Increasing the Power And Bit 1. Determining the The algorithm has the
Allocation Allocation using difficulty in findingAllocation using optimal transmit aggravating
GA the optimal solution Adaptive Genetic powers for disadvantage that it
because the feasible Based Water orthogonal produces a sequence
set is not convex Filling (AGWF) eigenmodes of infeasible resource
Non-dominated Crowded comparison 2. Obtain larger allocations violating
Sorting Genetic can restrict the throughputs via at least one rate
Algorithm convergence residual power constraint at a time
and bit allocation
Block Eliminates Hybrid Crossover 1. Reduces total The subcarriers
Diagonalization Interference between based Artificial transmit power nulling and
(BD) with Water the users without Bee Colony 2. Satisfies the QoS deactivating
filling power considering any algorithm requirements. throughout this
allocation priority among the (HCABC) 3. Allocates the algorithm degrade the
users in the case of subcarriers rapidly system capacity and
using only spatial than the previous causing the algorithm
resources algorithms even to have a limited
though large performance in low
number of users interference
present in the constraints.
system

53
 54

2.7 SUMMARY

This chapter clearly explores and analyzes the existing techniques

for channel estimation, multiuser detection, and resource allocation in
MIMO- OFDM systems and distinguishes the conventional and intelligent
methods. Also, the research gaps among the various approaches are analyzed.
From the literature, it is observed that intelligent techniques provide better
performance than the other conventional techniques. Hence in this thesis
intelligent techniques are employed for the analysis of MIMO-OFDM
systems.