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20 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Mathematics Extension 1
.LULYHS • Reading time – 5 minutes
0UZ[Y\J[PVUZ • Working time – 2 hours
• Write using black pen
• Calculators approved by NESA may be used
• A reference sheet is provided at the back of this paper
• In Questions 11–14, show relevant mathematical reasoning
and/or calculations

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 • Attempt Questions 1–10

• Allow about 15 minutes for this section

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• Attempt Questions 11–14
• Allow about 1 hour and 45 minutes for this section

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Question One
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Question Two
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A  B  C  D 

Question Three
A  B  C  D 

Question Four
A  B  C  D 

• Record your multiple choice answers Question Five

by filling in the circle corresponding
A  B  C  D 
to your choice for each question.
Question Six
• Fill in the circle completely. A  B  C  D 

• Each question has only one correct Question Seven

answer. A  B  C  D 

Question Eight
A  B  C  D 

Question Nine
A  B  C  D 

Question Ten
A  B  C  D 
Section I

10 marks
Attempt Questions 1-10
Allow about 15 minutes for this section

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet for Questions 1-10.

 
3 1 n
1 For what positive integer values of n does 2x − have a non-zero constant term?
x

(A) All positive integer values of n.

(B) All even positive integer values of n.

(C) All odd positive integer values of n.

(D) None of the above.

2 A slope field is shown below.

Which of the following could be the differential equation represented?

(A) y  = y 2 + x − 1

(B) y  = x2 − y − 1

(C) y  = x2 − y + 1

(D) y  = x − y + 1

2
3 A fishing boat is facing North in the middle of a river. A current flows directly East with velocity
2ms−1 while a wind blows from the North-East with velocity 1ms−1 . The speed of the boat and
its bearing it must travel at to remain in the same position is approximately

(A) 2.80ms−1 at 255◦ T

(B) 1.47ms−1 at 299◦ T

(C) 1.47ms−1 at 119◦ T

(D) 2.80ms−1 at 105◦ T


cot x
4 Using the substitution u = ln(sin x), dx is equivalent to
ln (sin x)

(A) ln (ln (sin x)) + C

(B) ln (ln (cos x)) + C

(C) ln (ln (sec x)) + C

(D) ln (ln (csc x)) + C

5 Water is evaporating from an open inverted conical container of height 3m and radius of base 1m
that at a rate proportional to the water surface area exposed to air. If it takes one hour to reduce
the height of the water by half, how long will it take to empty the container, assuming it is initially
full?

(A) 1.5 hours

(B) 2 hours

(C) 2.5 hours

(D) 3 hours
 1 √
6 The value of the definite integral tan−1 x dx is
0

π
(A) +1
2
π
(B) −1
2
π
(C) +1
4
π
(D) −1
4

3
  √  √
7 The roots of the quadratic equation x2 + px + q = 0 are 4 + 2 3 and 4 − 2 3. The value of
p + q is
√
(A) 1 + 3
√
(B) 2 + 2 3
√
(C) 1 − 3
√
(D) 2 − 2 3

8 The maximum value of 10 sin2 θ − 24 sin θ cos θ + 3 is

" 21

# −11

$ −1

% 11
9 Six-digit numbers containing each of the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 exactly once are written in increasing
order. Then, all numbers that are divisible by 5 are removed. The 290th number is

(A) 412356

(B) 412365

(C) 412536

(D) 412563

10 The region inside the semi-circle of equation y = 1 − (x − 2)2 is rotated about the y-axis. By
considering its shape, the volume is

(A) π 2 units3

(B) 2π 2 units3

(C) 3π 2 units3

(D) 4π 2 units3

4
Section II
60 marks
Attempt Questions 11-16
Allow about 1 hours and 45 minutes for this section

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of
response.

Your responses should include relevant mathematical reasoning and/or calculations.

Question 11 (16 marks)

(a) Consider the following sequence defined by s1 = 2, and for each positive integer n, sn+1 is 3
equal to sn plus the product of the prime factors of sn . The first terms of the sequence
are 2, 4, 6, 12, 18 . . . .

Prove by mathematical induction that the product of the m smallest primes is always a term in
the sequence, for all positive integers m.

(b) A graph of f (x) = x + sin x (in green) and its inverse f −1 (x) (in purple) from 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π is 3
shown below.

Find the shaded area.

(c) (i) The random variable X has a binomial distribution B(n, p), where 0 < p < 1 and n is a 2
positive integer. Find the value of
P (X = r)
P (X = r − 1)

(ii) Find a condition relating n and p such that X has two values for its mode, and 2
determine these two values in terms of n and p.

(d) Let the roots of xn − 1 = 0 are α1 , α2 , · · · , αn . Find the value of (1 − α1 )(1 − α2 ) · · · (1 − αn ) 1

in terms of n.

5
(e) An n-sided regular polygon is inscribed in a circle.

Diagram for n = 15

(i) If the radius of the circle is increasing at a rate of a cm/s, at what rate is the area of 2
the polygon increasing at the instant when the radius is b cm? Leave your answer in
terms of a and b.

(ii) Find the rate of change as n → ∞. 2

(iii) By considering the rate of change of a circle, derive your expression in (ii) in a different 1
way.

End of Question 11

6
Question 12 (13 marks)
 2π √
(a) Evaluate 1 + sin 2x dx 3
0

(b) The projectile below shows a shot put being projected at a velocity 10 ms−1 from the point
O at an angle of θ to the horizontal. The point O is 1.5m above the point A on the ground.

It is given that the acceleration due to gravity is 10 ms−2 and the distance between A and B
is denoted by h m.

(i) Show that h satisfies the equation 3

h2 − 10h sin 2θ − 15 cos 2θ − 15 = 0

(ii) As θ varies, h varies. From differentiating both sides, it is known that

dh dh
2h − 10 sin 2θ − 20h cos 2θ + 30 sin 2θ = 0
dθ dθ

Show that the stationary value of h occurs when θ satisfies the following equation 2

3 tan2 2θ − 20 sin 2θ tan 2θ − 20 cos 2θ − 20 = 0

(iii) It is given that θ = 0.71999. Find the stationary value of h. 1

7
(c) A graph of f (x) is provided below.

Sketch:
1
(i) y 2 = 2
f (x + 1)

(ii) y = f (|x| + 1) 2

End of Question 12

8
Question 13 (15 marks)

(a) Find the coefficient of x2020 3

(1 − x)(1 − 2x)(1 − 4x)(1 − 8x) · · · (1 − 22020 x)

in terms of powers of 2.

(b) 187#3643 leans a 6 metre ladder XY against a wall as shown below. At time t minutes, the two
ends of the ladder X and Y are x and y metres from O respectively.

As he is standing on the ladder, he believes that the ladder will slowly slip. He suggests that y will
decrease at rate proportional to y.

(i) Find y in terms of x. 1

(ii) Hence, show that based on his proposal, 2

dx k(36 − x2 )
=
dt x
where k is a constant.

Initially, X is 4 metres from O. Take k = 2.

(iii) Find an expression for x in terms of t. 2

(iv) Find the time it takes for Y to be 1m from the ground. 1

(v) Explain why the proposed model is not appropriate for this scenario. 1

(c) (i) Use a combinatorial argument to explain why the coefficient of xr y n−r in (x + y)n is n Cr . 1
for positive integers n and r.

(ii) Use a similar argument to find the coefficient of xa y b z c in (x + y + z)n for positive 2
integers a, b, c and n, where a + b + c = n and 0 ≤ a, b, c ≤ n.

(iii) Find the number of terms in (x + y + z)n . 2

End of Question 13

9
Question 14 (16 marks)

(a) The vertices A, B, C and D of a quadrilateral lie on a circle. The vectors representing sides DA,
AB, BC and CD are a, b, c and d, respectively, and diagonals DB and AC are u and v, respectively,
as shown. ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜

b
˜
A

u
c ˜
˜
a
v ˜
˜

d D
C
˜

It is given that cos A = − cos C and cos B = − cos D (Do NOT prove this)
1 2 
(i) Prove that a · b = |u| − |a|2 − |b|2 . 1
˜ ˜ 2 ˜ ˜ ˜
(ii) Find a similar expression for c · d. 1
˜ ˜
(iii) Hence, prove that
(|a||c| + |b||d|)(|a||d| + |b||c|)
|u|2 = ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
˜ |a||b| + |c||d|
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
3

(iv) Find a similar expression for |v|2 . 2

(v) Deduce that 1

|u||v| = |a||c| + |b||d|
˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜ ˜
(b) On a sphere, n points are randomly chosen such that n is an odd integer and n ≥ 5. Prove 3
n+3
that of these points must lie on the same hemisphere.
2

10
(c) Factory A manufactures a large batch of light bulbs. A random sample of 30 light bulbs is
taken from a large batch. If the sample contains no defective lights, it is accepted. The batch
is rejected if the sample contains more than two defective light bulbs. If the sample contains one
or two defective light bulbs, a second random sample of 30 light bulbs is chosen and the batch is
only accepted if this second sample contains no defectives. It is known that Factory A produces
(100p)% defective light bulbs.

(i) Find the probability that the batch is accepted. Leave your answer in terms of p. 2

In Factory B, it is known that on average, 1 out of 200 light bulbs manufactured is defective.
Forty samples of 30 light bulbs are taken from each of the two factories A and B.

(ii) Given that p = 0.007 and there is exactly one defective bulb, find the probability it is 3
from factory A.

End of paper

11
NSW Education Standards Authority

2020 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION

Mathematics Advanced
Mathematics Extension 1
Mathematics Extension 2

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–4– © NSW Education Standards Authority