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Next, numerous methods were used to modify the material into NPs. In 2021, Gao et al. proposed a
passively mode-locked fiber laser by depositing Nb. The synthesis steps of composite nanoparticles
are complex and present a degradation problem. However, two common options have been proposed
in this aspect. These data further corroborate that the research interest in the area of biological NPs
using plant extract is increasing significantly every year. This protein has a significant homology to
Gp60, and its overexpression is related to cancerous processes and the higher rate of binding and
subsequent uptake by tumor cells has been described in several tumor model experiments. Editors
select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be
particularly. FTIR peaks were observed at 3424 cm ?1, which shifted to 3439 cm ?1, suggesting that
the phenolic group was present in the peel extract, which is involved in the reduction and
stabilization of NPs. Currently, theoretical calculations predicting the quantum capacitance capability
of materials are actively being explored using DFT studies. At the same time, given that ABC
transporters mediated MDR is the main obstacle for effective cancer therapy, the use of PEG as
coating material for polymeric NPs has recently been described as an effective tool for inhibiting
ABC transporters. These metal ions could strongly interact with the negatively charged bacterial cell
wall leading to its rupture. Peaks were also obtained for fulvic acid at 280 nm in the presence of
phenolic groups. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. Multiple requests from
the same IP address are counted as one view. If you support us, please chip in a bit monthly to help
our team write, edit, and publish 15 cleantech stories a day. Nevertheless, the available findings also
indicate positive improvements in the properties of the aforementioned liquid crystals through
doping them with ferroelectric nanoparticles. Nanomaterials show a better performance in
environmental remediation than other conventional techniques because of their high surface area
(surface-to-volume ratio) and their associated high reactivity. Institutional Review Board Statement
Not Applicable. Figure 1 shows the different anatomic routes of administration for drug delivery
currently available. We acknowledge Shiv Singh for providing the software for XRD and XPS, Jai
Shankar for TEM imaging, Aditya Kar for FTIR measurement, BSIP for Raman Spectroscopy, IIT
Kanpur for XRD and XPS measurements. Furthermore, the method is accurate, less time consuming,
inexpensive, and data reproducible and allows analysis of high-molecular-weight samples. Wang,
Zhuqing, Aiguo Wu, Lucio Colombi Ciacchi, and Gang Wei. Therefore, it is imperative to develop
suitable methods for the synthesis of NPs from biological systems, which are facile and versatile. In
addition, ultrafast lasers based on BP have not achieved a repetition rate up to the order of GHz,
which are worthy of further investigations. It is known that PPy stores electrical charges through a
pseudocapacitive charge storage mechanism mediated by a redox reaction. The optimization of these
techniques is possible due to different types of contrast agents, being NPs (e.g., gadolinium-based
materials or AuNP) a promising agent in medical applications by the excellent biocompatibility, good
water solubility and low toxicity. They highlighted that the size and shape of the particles generated
an effect on its activity. With the constant advancement in technology, nanomaterials can be
extensively utilized for environmental remediation, and the synergism with plants could additionally
enhance the remediation efficiency of soils polluted with metalloids and metals. Toxicity effects of
NPs on microbes, plants, and animals. Extending the broadband response range: Owing to the
broadband absorption properties of 2D materials, they have an optical response from the visible to
infrared bands.
Next Article in Special Issue Rare Earth Ion-Doped Upconversion Nanocrystals: Synthesis and
Surface Modification. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER).
In addition to bacteria, the synthesis of NPs using fungi has received increasing attention due to
various advantages such as easy scale-up and downstream processing, economic feasibility, and
increased surface region due to the presence of mycelia. Fulton Schools of Engineering at Arizona
State University and one of the article’s co-authors. This effect, reported by many research groups, is
very promising for the permanent purification of liquid crystals from ions. The different states of
AuNPs in solution can exhibit distinct colors. In this case, the geometric capacitance is much more
dominant in limiting the capacitance value rather than filling these continuous energy levels.
Pseudocapacitance stems from reversible surface or near-surface reactions for charge storage. It is
well known that these treatments are not tumor selective and are not very effective, especially when
metastatic disease is present. Another type is the combination of both the EDLC electrode and
pseudocapacitive electrode in a single device with an intermediate SC performance. However, the
high cost of ruthenium oxides excludes them from wide practical application. Paper should be a
substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for.
Altogether, these studies confirmed that fungal extracts can be used as a reducing and stabilizing
agent for synthesis of PtNPs. 3.7. Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles Using Plants Common
biological methods for synthesis of NPs include several organisms such as bacteria, actinomycetes,
algae, and fungi. The obtained Cub bi membrane has self-organized pores with average size of 0.6
nm, and exhibits anions rejection properties and unique ion selectivity. Therefore, researchers are
interested in exploiting the use of plants and plant extracts, which are readily available and abundant
and do not require any media to grow. Current challenges highlighting the toxic effects of NPs and
future perspectives in each section gives us a comprehensive way forward in the near future. 2.
Biological Synthesis of NPs The biological synthesis of NPs can be carried out using a vast array of
resources such as plants and plant products, algae, fungi, yeast, bacteria, and viruses. The majority of
liquid crystals are multi-component mixtures. A revision of the use of polymeric nanoparticles for
ocular drug delivery, for cancer diagnosis and treatment, as well as nutraceutical delivery, was
carried out, and a short discussion about future prospects of these systems is included. Green
synthesis methods provide a clean, non-toxic, and eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of metal
NPs compared to other conventional techniques like physical and chemical methods. Multifarious
applications of platinum nanoparticles. The strategies for colorimetric detection of pathogens in
biological samples are introduced, including application of indirect target-mediated aggregation, the
chromogenic substrate-mediated catalytic activity method, point-of-care testing (POCT) devices, and
machine-learning-assisted colorimetric sensor arrays ( Figure 1 ). Nanocapsules of cisplatin enter the
cells more efficiently than free compounds. From the point of view of industrial preparation, it is
necessary to ensure that the NPs are well dispersed and their size is controlled. Initially, the effects
of increasing LS concentration (0.2 mM to 2.0 mM) by keeping AgNO 3 (1 mM) concentration
constant was studied. Drug delivery systems consist of two mechanisms—passive and active.
Examples of the three nanomaterial types — natural, incidental and engineering — are shown, along
with connections to both their precursors and the Earth components in which they participate.
Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the
field. A Feature. It contains a high amount of sugar as carbohydrate, which is the starting source of
carbon for C-dot production. So far, oleic acid is the most widely used surfactant. On the other hand,
most works did not compare their results with traditional pesticides, and most were carried out in
controlled environments.
ME is often used in laboratory research due to its simple operation and high material integrity, while
industrial large-area graphene can be prepared by LPE and CVD. Next, numerous methods were
used to modify the material into NPs. Simultaneously, the concentration of metals must not exceed
the toxic levels. Acknowledgments Although we are the authors of this review, we would never
have been able to complete it without the great many people who have contributed to the field of
platinum nanoparticles research. Therefore, it is imperative to develop suitable methods for the
synthesis of NPs from biological systems, which are facile and versatile. They used low biomass
concentration, and high yield was achieved. An ultra-thin film (from 10 nm to several ?m thick)
could be quickly formed at the polymer-substrate interface and attached to the substrate.
Lacrimation, reflex blinking, tear-film turnover or nasolacrimal duct drainage cause a fast elimination
of the drug-containing eyedrops. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the high-contrast
properties of this system, characteristic of AuNP. Left panel ( a ): Platinum nanoparticle synthesis
assisted by terpenes. Furthermore, to overcome the obstacles in exclusive multidrug resistance,
multifunctional PtNPs need to be designed for diagnosis and targeting and as nanocarrier and
phototherapeutic agents. The surfactant is needed to reduce the aggregation of nanoparticles. The
PEG-gallol-coated nanocubes were exposed to both AMF and NIR laser irradiation and amplified
the heating effect two to five times compared with MHT alone. Consequently, it is desirable to
retain the exposure limit as low as feasible by performing appropriate control measures such as
signage, labeling, and safety datasheets. Crystallinity, size, surface functionalization, as well as
doping influence in various classes of C-QDs should be well understood so that one can control their
electron transport. Effect of apigenin mediated synthesis of PtNPs on cell survival of P. The
evaluation of the ecotoxicological impact of the nanomaterials would assist the development of
regulatory statements depending on suitable and precise methodologies. This review
comprehensively summarizes the up-to-date progress in C-QD applications either in a bare condition
or as a composite with other materials for supercapacitors. In order to be human-readable, please
install an RSS reader. Recently, PtNPs have garnered a steadily growing interest for different
biomedical applications such as antimicrobial agents, anticancer agents, targeted drug delivery,
hyperthermia, photoablation therapy, bioimaging, and biosensing. Here, we mainly review the top-
down and bottom-up methods for preparing 2D materials, such as graphene, topological insulators,
transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and MXenes. Compared with the traditional
antibody-function-modification method, this sensing platform chose the four-repeated gold-binding
peptide-tagged (4GBP) streptococcal protein G (SPG) fusion protein as the bifunctional linker to
immobilize antibodies on the surface of AuNPs. The purification prevented the formation of the
oxidized by-products of NaBH 4, thus leaving only the taurine-capped gold nanoparticles in the
colloidal solution. Later, in order to make the 2D materials prepared by laser thinning better used in
electronic devices, precise controls of layer number and pattern have been widely studied. The
characteristic peak at 1448 cm ?1 is assigned to the aromatic ring in the lignosulfonate. In 2018, Li et
al. reported on a miniaturized all-fiber Ho-doped fiber laser (HDFL) Q-switched by Bi. This is an
open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC
BY). The NaOH-modified PSF nanofiber membrane could remove almost 100% oil from water with
a 5.5 m 3 m ?2 day water flux. The researchers selected sodium borohydride as the reducing agent
and D-amino acid as a template to prepare AuNPs with uniform size and stable optical properties (
Figure 3 B). These NPs are less toxic, easy to prepare, and cost-effective.
Therefore, a precise design considering factors such as toxicity and systemic interactions would
greatly enhance the therapeutic efficacy of gold nanoparticles. Subscribe to receive issue release
notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
(TropicalMed). Commonly, toxicity analysis is carried out by two ways—in vivo and in vitro.
Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). In our case, we used a non-protein amino
acid that was naturally synthesized within the body and has tremendous potential for therapeutic
applications in various disease conditions. Scanning of soft tissues carried out by this technique
requires contrast agents absorbing X-ray radiation. Schematic cyclic voltammograms and
corresponding charge-discharge curves of electric-double-layer capacitor (EDLC), pseudocapacitor,
and faradaic-type materials. International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). Journal of
Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA). Drosophila as a model for assessing nanopesticide
toxicity. Inorganic nanoparticles have been engineered to offer multimodal imaging and to collect
information from the tumor site, thus enabling the clinicians to treat cancer effectively. We analyze
the use of different nanomaterials such as iron oxide, nano-zerovalent iron, titanium dioxide, cerium
oxide, nano-hydroxyapatite, and copper nanoparticles as nano-fertilizers in agroecosystems in the
following section. Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of
MDPI journals from around the world. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD).
In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. In theory, your most exclusive and best
content goes behind a paywall. Nanovesicles derived from cell membranes can be directly used for
biomimetic nanomedicines. NIR, near-infrared. Copyright: American Chemical Society, 2008; Royal
Society of Chemistry, 2009; and John Wiley and Sons, 2013. Journal of Experimental and
Theoretical Analyses (JETA). The as-prepared laminar MoS 2 membrane exhibited 89% of rejection
for Evans blue molecules and 245 L m ?2 h ?1 bar ?1 of water flux. Among the many possible
bottom-up approaches, the hydrothermal method has gained more scientific interest. Measurements
performed with dispersions of nanoparticles in liquid crystals should be repeated with pure (non-
doped) liquid crystals under identical conditions. Pseudocapacitance is typically shown by materials
such as conducting polymers and transition metal oxides. They observed enhanced suppression of
tumor growth and low systemic toxicity compared to bare MWNTs. The GQDs used by these
authors were synthesized using the solvothermal method with graphene oxide, prepared by the
Hummer method, as a raw material. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and
Education (EJIHPE). Hence, the recent advancements using NPs in food preservation and packaging
may be used to overcome the disadvantages of the biopolymer-based packaging technologies.
Furthermore, extensive in vivo experiments were also conducted recently to evaluate the long-term
toxicity of UCNPs in different subjects such as Caenorhabditis elegans ( C. ISPRS International
Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI).
The accuracy of the testing results was nearly 100% for microbial identification. On the other hand,
bio-interfaced IoT sensors can also benefit from the development of these flexible and conformal
supercapacitor devices. Previous Article in Special Issue Raman Enhancement and Photo-Bleaching
of Organic Dyes in the Presence of Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Graphene. Begines, Belen,
Tamara Ortiz, Maria Perez-Aranda, Guillermo Martinez, Manuel Merinero, Federico Arguelles-Arias,
and Ana Alcudia. Multiple requests from the same IP address are counted as one view. Several
studies reported the synthesis of Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, Cd, Pt, Pd, Ru, Rh, etc. Top photo: An immense
number of natural nanomaterials move around the Earth, along with incidental nanomaterials created
by things such as factory and transportation emissions, mining and forest fires and engineered
nanomaterials that get into the environment primarily through wastewater treatment plants, holding
ponds and landfills. Publisher’s note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the
authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the
publisher, the editors, and the reviewers. Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses
article numbers instead of page numbers. A core-shell structure that wraps GQDs using a
PEDOT:PVA nanofiber was prepared using the electrospinning method. A Comprehensive Review
on the Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Application of Platinum Nanoparticles. Carbon-
Based Quantum Dots for Supercapacitors: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Conventional
TEM techniques are used to analyze the sample ubiquitously. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and
dimethylformamide are two common organic solvents used in the LPE method. Although there are
still many challenges to be overcome for the industrial production of low-cost and efficient
nanoporous membranes for water purification, we believe that it will be realized in the near future
under the joint efforts of scientists, industrial engineers, governments, and investors. Furthermore,
the hydrophilicity of the CeNFs in the aerogel improved the contact between the electrodes and
electrolytes, and it provided diffusion channels for the electrolyte ions, thus enhancing the
performance of the EDLCs. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. However, only
a small number of drugs were approved for marketing. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech
Industry (JPBI). International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). Journal of
Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). In this case, the GQD’s role is to modify the
hydrophobic nature of the carbon cloth, enhancing its interaction with the polymers. International
Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP). To browse Academia.edu and the wider
internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. Herein, briefly,
we discuss the biomedical applications of PtNPs. Catalytic peptides lead to biosilification and
promote the formation of silica shell nanocapsules containing iron oxide. Here, we summarize and
discuss diverse types of ultrafast lasers operated at the commonly used wavelengths (1, 1.5, 2, and 3.
Two-dimensional nanomaterials show plate-like shapes inclusive of nanolayers, nanofilms, and
nanocoatings. 0D, 1D, and 2D nanomaterials can be utilized on a substrate or they can be distributed
in solid or fluid matrices. 3D nanomaterials have three arbitrary dimensions and a multilayer nano-
crystalline framework, which might consist of multi-nanolayers, nanowire bundles, bulk powders,
dispersions of nanoparticles, and nanotubes. Likewise, the invasive nature of injections was
associated with a high risk of infection. Recent Progress of Two-Dimensional Materials for Ultrafast
Photonics.
These findings, intriguing and very promising for applications, initiated very active research into the
properties of liquid crystals doped with ferroelectric nanoparticles. Green Synthesis of Metallic
Nanoparticles: Applications and Limitations. Catalysts. 2021; 11(8):902. It is shown that certain
metals such as Zn are crucial, and therefore test organisms must have a minimum concentration of
metal in their body, which might be controlled to a consistent limit subsequent to enhanced
absorption. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. The fast electron-
transfer rate caused significant enhancement in the electrochemical performance as measured by
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Finally, 1 mL and 0.5 mL of 0.1 M NaBH 4 was
added to the solutions. Most studies have failed to show a good bioavailability of many
nutraceuticals, but the use of NPs may represent an alternative method to improve the beneficial
effects, thus becoming a natural alternative treatment for several diseases. 5.2. Toxicity Most
commonly used nutraceuticals are compounds derived from herb food, plants, fruit and vegetables.
UCNP-RGD conjugate was prepared from UCNP-OA complex (OA: Oleylamine). Copyright 2012
American Chemical Society. ( c ) Schematic of MoSe. Five milligrams of nanopowder were placed
on the holder that was clean and dried for the FTIR measurements. In 2018, Jin et al. obtained stable
stretched pulses in a mode-locked EDFL based on inkjet-printed BP with a shorter pulse duration of
102 fs and a wider bandwidth of 40 nm compared with previous reports. Chemical methods are
important, established methods of NP synthesis. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry
(JPBI). The mechanical grinding is very delicate technique since the milling parameters should be
optimized depending on the type of the mill and materials used (fluid carrier, surfactant, and
ferroelectric). The small pore sizes of carbon materials result in large specific surface areas. Magnetic
hyperthermia (MHT) has been used for cancer treatment as early as 1957. Begines B, Ortiz T, Perez-
Aranda M, Martinez G, Merinero M, Arguelles-Arias F, Alcudia A. C-QDs are highly transparent
materials; thus, when implementing such a possibility, a highly transparent SC is foreseeable. Several
plants have the capability of metal accumulation and successive conversion of these accumulated
metals to NPs intracellularly. Other notorious advantages of nanomedicines are the possibility of
surface functionalization, as well as the possible combination of multiple drug-delivery systems to
achieve a synergistic therapeutic effect. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about
MDPI. So far, the focus of the C-QDs role in SC is mainly in the electrode of double-layer SCs and
electrodes in pseudo-supercapacitors. That is why it is a good laboratory practice to study possible
effects of the used surfactant on the properties of liquid crystals. The results showed that PtNPs have
potential effects on cell viability and induce genotoxic and proapoptotic effects in U87 glioblastoma
multiforme (GBM) cells comparable with cisplatin. Studies also need to be focused on enhancing
various physicochemical characteristics of NPs for specific applications. Further, research should be
devoted towards reactor development and its implementation for actual wastewater treatment, its
mineralization, and toxicity of degraded products. Drug-loaded GSNs also showed mild low side
effects and higher therapeutic effect. In detail, the direct sequence specific cleavage mechanism can
be described as follows: Endogenous dsRNA is identified by a ribonuclease protein called the dicer
which cleaves it into small double stranded fragments of 21 to 23 base pairs in length with 2-
nucleotide overhangs at the 3? ends. Additionally, these nanoadsorbents show high reactivity and
catalytic efficiency. In addition, it has been demonstrated that the endothelial junctions of tumor
blood vessels are larger than normal.
These graphene-based CNT and CNF materials are especially important for textile-enabled materials
and devices. Recently, lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have been used as a
primary and potentially promising vector for molecular imaging, due to their unique photo-
luminescent properties and good biocompatibility. Cherukula, Kondareddy, Kamali Manickavasagam
Lekshmi, Saji Uthaman, Kihyun Cho, Chong-Su Cho, and In-Kyu Park. However, an expansion and
globalization of the research into the properties of liquid crystals doped with ferroelectric
nanoparticles identified many problems resulting in a poor reproducibility of the reported results.
Polymeric micelles used for drug delivery, drug encapsulated and disease for which they are
administered. Although numerous studies reported the biological synthesis of metal NPs, a thorough
investigation is the need of the hour for widening their applications and successful
commercialization. Taurine can be an effective capping agent for gold nanoparticles, as their size has
no effect on cell death. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP). Current
challenges in cancer treatment are the identification of the diseased area and its efficient treatment
without generating many side effects. The surfactant is needed to reduce the aggregation of
nanoparticles. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an
open access license. No special. The microstrain was found to be 1.44 ? 10 ?3 for Ag NPs. These
nanoparticulate systems were designed with anti-VEGF antibody, which facilitates delivery to
cancer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in order to improve its detection in early phases. The
as-prepared uGNM could sieve 99.8% of methyl blue and 99.9% of direct red 81. In addition, the
water flux of uGNM reached 21.8 L m ?2 h ?1 bar ?1. Assessment of NPs Phytotoxic and
Genotoxic Effects on the Plants While phytotoxic effects of NPs on the plant can be assessed by
analyzing morphological and physiological changes, genotoxicity can be observed by observing DNA
damage in the plant cell. Some physicochemical properties are related to the harmful potential, such
as particle size, shape, structure, biodegradability and surface charge. Application examples of
nanoporous membranes for water purification a. This system showed to possess an enhanced eye
permeability and distribution to the ocular posterior segment, representing a promising formulation
for ocular topical administration. Understanding interfacial resistance between the C-QDs and the
corresponding current collector is also an essential parameter that should be investigated. -
Diversification of synthesis, purification, and functionalization routes of C-QDs. However, the role
of taurine in synthesizing noble metal nanoparticles via in situ wet-chemical method has never been
explored in a way that can enhance these particles’ use for nanomedicine. They highlighted that the
size and shape of the particles generated an effect on its activity. Among these techniques, XRD,
SEM, and TEM are most commonly used for this purpose. Ferroelectric Nanoparticles in Liquid
Crystals: Recent Progress and Current Challenges. Among these, polymeric NPs are gaining high
attention due to the biocompatibility, biodegradability and versatility they can offer, opening a wide
range of materials that could possess the required characteristics for a specific application. Dioscorea
bulbifera tuber extract has been used for the synthesis of PtNPs. Of special importance to
synthesized nanomaterials, soil colloids as well as other porous media might assist the mobility of
pollutants in soils, among other media. Table 1 displays a summary of the composition of the
previously described polymeric NPs, the drug they encapsulated and the disease for which they are
used. 3. Polymeric Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis and Imaging According to the WHO, cancer is
the second leading cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Conflicts
of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. This novel form of carriers could represent a
new strategy to deliver drugs directly to target cells in UC therapy. They could even facilitate the
combined therapy by the incorporation of more than one active ingredient.