2024 Spring Semester (112-2)

Name: ______________
Group members: Grade 8 /Science
Lab 1

Lab 1: Light

Experiment 1: Color filters and white light

1. Turn on the white light torch and place it on a piece of white paper.
2. Use a color picker app to measure the RGB values of the light.
R:_________ G:_________ B: _________
3. Put a color filter in front of the light torch, then record the RGB values again.
4. Record your data in data table 1.

Data table 1

Color filter RGB values RGB percentage Color of the light

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Experiment 2.1: Color filters and RGB lights
1. Turn on the red light torch and place it on a piece of white paper.
2. Use a color picker app to measure the RGB values of the light. Record it in data table 2.
3. According to your result in data table 1, make a hypothesis about the color filter that can
effectively filter out the light. Write down your hypothesis in the table 2.
4. Then, test your hypothesis. Record the result in data table 2.
5. Repeat the experiment with the blue and green light torches.

Data table 2

Torch RGB values Hypothesis Result

Red

Blue

Green

Experiment 2.2: Color mixing

1. Turn on the red, blue, and green torches. Record the RGB values for each different light source.
2. Turn the torches so that the light rays from different light sources overlap with each other.
3. Make a Venn diagram to record the RGB values of the resulting lights.

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Experiment 3: Reflection of light
1. Put a flat mirror on the protractor sheet as shown in diagram 3.1.
2. Use a laser to point toward the center of the protractor sheet with an angle of incidence of 30°.
Record the angle of reflection in data table 3.
Diagram 3.1

3. Repeat step 2 with another three angles of incidence. Record your observation in data table 3.

Data table 3

Trial Angle of incidence Angle of reflection

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Experiment 4: Refraction of light from glass to air
1. Put a glass semicircular prism on the protractor sheet as shown in diagram 4.1.
2. Use a laser to point toward the center of the protractor sheet through the semicircular prism with
an angle of incidence of 30° as shown in the diagram below. Record the angle of refraction in data
table 4.
Diagram 4.1

3. Repeat step 2 with several different angles of incidence and record them in data table 4. Find an
angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90°.

Data table 4

Trial Angle of incidence Angle of refraction

Critical angle (angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90°): ______________

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Experiment 5: Refraction of light from air to glass
1. Put a glass semicircular prism on the protractor sheet as shown in diagram 5.1.
2. Use a laser to point toward the center of the protractor sheet through the semicircular prism with
an angle of incidence of 30° as shown in the diagram below. Record the angle of refraction in data
table 5.
Diagram 5.1

4. Repeat step 2 with several different angles of incidence and record them in data table 5.

Data table 5

Trial Angle of incidence Angle of refraction

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Experiment 6: Refraction of light from water to air
1. Repeat the steps in experiment 4 with a hollow semicircular prism filled with water. Record your
data in data table 6.
Data table 6

Trial Angle of incidence Angle of refraction

Critical angle (angle of incidence that produces an angle of refraction of 90°): ______________

Experiment 7: Refraction of light from air to water

1. Repeat the steps in experiment 5 with a hollow semicircular prism filled with water. Record your
data in data table 7.
Data table 7

Trial Angle of incidence Angle of refraction

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Post Lab Questions:

1. What did you observe when you placed different color filters in front of the white light torch? How did
the RGB percentage change?
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2. Based on your observations in Experiment 2.1, which color filter was most effective in filtering out the
red, blue, and green lights? Explain your reasoning.
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3. In Experiment 2.2, what happened when the red, blue, and green lights overlapped? How did the
resulting RGB values compare to the individual light sources?
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4. In Experiment 3, what did you notice about the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection? Was
there a consistent relationship between the two angles? Explain.
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5. In Experiment 4, what angle of incidence produced an angle of refraction of 90°? What does this angle
represent in terms of the critical angle?
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6. In Experiments 4 and 5, how did the angle of refraction change when the angle of incidence was
varied? Was there a consistent pattern? Explain.
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7. In Experiment 6, what angle of incidence produced an angle of refraction of 90°? How does this angle
compare to the critical angle in Experiment 4?
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8. Based on your observations in these experiments, how does the behavior of light change when it passes
through different mediums? What factors affect the angle of refraction?
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Conclusions
What are your conclusions for this experiment?
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Reflection
Reflect on your performance during the lab activity. Did you actively participate and engage in the tasks?
Did you collaborate effectively with your lab partners? What could you do differently to improve your
performance in future lab activities? Which part of the experiment do you like or dislike?
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Post Lab Questions:
1. What did you observe when you placed different color filters in front of the white light torch?
How did the RGB percentage change?
When we placed different color filters in front of the white light torch, we observed that the color of the
light changed. The RGB values also changed, with different percentages for each color channel (R, G, B).
The RGB percentage decreased for the color channel that was filtered out by the color filter.

2. Based on your observations in Experiment 2.1, which color filter was most effective in filtering
out the red, blue, and green lights? Explain your reasoning.
Based on our observations in Experiment 2.1, the color filter that was most effective in filtering out the
red light was the green filter. This is because when we placed the green filter in front of the red light
torch, the RGB values for the red channel decreased significantly. The green filter absorbed most of the
red light, allowing only a small amount to pass through.

3. In Experiment 2.2, what happened when the red, blue, and green lights overlapped? How did the
resulting RGB values compare to the individual light sources?
In Experiment 2.2, when the red, blue, and green lights overlapped, we observed that the resulting light
appeared white. The RGB values for the resulting light were approximately equal for all three color
channels (R, G, B). This means that the resulting light contained a balanced combination of red, blue, and
green light, resulting in the perception of white light.

4. In Experiment 3, what did you notice about the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?
Was there a consistent relationship between the two angles? Explain.
In Experiment 3, we noticed that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection were always equal.
There was a consistent relationship between the two angles, which is known as the law of reflection.
According to this law, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection when light reflects off a
flat mirror.

5. In Experiment 4, what angle of incidence produced an angle of refraction of 90°? What does this
angle represent in terms of the critical angle?
The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which the angle of refraction becomes 90°, and light no
longer refracts into the second medium. It is the maximum angle of incidence for total internal reflection
to occur.

6. In Experiment 5, how did the angle of refraction change when the angle of incidence was varied?
Was there a consistent pattern? Explain.
In Experiment 5, we observed that as the angle of incidence increased, the angle of refraction also
increased. There was a consistent pattern where the angle of refraction was always greater than the angle
of incidence. This is because light bends away from the normal when it passes from air to glass, resulting
in an increased angle of refraction.

7. In Experiment 6, what angle of incidence produced an angle of refraction of 90°? How does this
angle compare to the critical angle in Experiment 4?

9. Based on your observations in these experiments, how does the behavior of light change when it passes
through different mediums? What factors affect the angle of refraction?

Based on our observations, the behavior of light changes when it passes through different mediums.
When light passes from one medium to another, it can reflect, refract, or be absorbed by the medium. The
angle of refraction depends on the angle of incidence and the refractive indices of the two mediums. The
refractive index is a measure of how much the speed of light changes when it passes from one medium to
another. The angle of refraction is determined by the ratio of the refractive indices of the two mediums
and the angle of incidence.
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