MEE 2005

HEAT TRANSFER

MODULE -3

CODUCTION -II
Course Instructor
Nataraj G
Assistant Professor (Sr.)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore
 Unsteady state
or
Transient state analysis

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Over view of Module II
Conduction II – Un-Steady state 1D heat conduction

o Unsteady state heat transfer,

- Systems with negligible internal resistance –

(lumped heat capacity analysis) ;

- Infinite bodies – flat plate, cylinder and sphere;

- Semi-infinite bodies;

- chart solutions.

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Systems with negligible internal resistance –
(lumped heat capacity analysis)

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method
In heat transfer analysis,
 some bodies are observed to behave like a “lump” - whose
interior temperatures remains essentially uniform at all times
during a heat transfer process.
 The temperature of such bodies can be taken to be a function of
time only T(t).

 Consider a small hot copper ball coming out of an oven (Fig).

Measurements indicate the temperature of the copper ball changes Copper Ball With Uniform Temperature
with time, but it does not change with position at any given time.
 Thus the temperature of the ball remains uniform at all times, and
we can talk about the temperature of the ball with no reference to a
specific location.

 Now let us consider a large potato put in a vessel with boiling water.
After few minutes, if you take out the potato, you must have noticed
that the temperature distribution within the potato is not even close to Potato With Different
being uniform. Temperatures
 Thus, lumped system analysis is not applicable in this case. At Different Locations

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method
 Before presenting a criterion about applicability of the lumped system
analysis, we develop the formulation associated with it.

 Consider a hot metal forging that is initially at a

uniform temperature Ti and is quenched by
immersing it in a liquid of lower temperature
<Ti (Fig).
 If the quenching is said to begin at time t=0, the
temperature of the solid will decrease for time
t>0 , until it eventually reaches.
 This reduction is due to convection heat transfer
at the solid-liquid interface.
 The essence of the lumped system analysis is the
assumption that the temperature of the solid is Cooling Of A Hot Metal Forging
uniform within the body at all times and
changes with time only, T=T(t).
 This assumption implies that temperature
gradients within the solid are negligible.

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method
During a differential time interval dt , the temperature of the body rises by a differential
amount dT. An energy balance of the solid for the time interval dt can be expressed as,

 Heat transfer into   The increase in the energy 

 the body during dt    of the body during dt 
   

(1)
(1)

(2)

where a body of volume V, surface area As, density, and specific heat Cp is initially at a uniform
temperature Ti (Fig).

(3) (OR)

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method
A heat balance at the cooled surface can be constructed by using Fourier’s Law for the conduction flux in the
solid at the surface and Newton’s Law of Cooling for the convective loss at the surface:

The Biot number (Bi) is a dimensionless quantity
used in heat transfer calculations. This ratio
determines whether or not the temperatures
inside a body will vary significantly in space, while
the body heats or cools over time, from a thermal
gradient applied to its surface.
The numerical value of Biot Number (Bi) is a criterion
which gives a direct indication of the relative
importance of conduction and convection in
determining the temperature history of a body being
heated or cooled by convection at its surface.

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Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University
Transient state analysis- lumped heat capacity method

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Dr. G.Nataraj, SMEC, VIT University