International Conference

2023 International Confere nce on

on Computational Intelligence
Intelligence for Information, Security
Security and
and Communication Applications
Applications
(CIISCA)
(CIISCA)
2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Information, Security and Communication Applications (CIISCA) | 979-8-3503-3972-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CIISCA59740.2023.00011

:HDUDEOH7H[WLOH$QWHQQDIRU2Q%RG\
Wearable Textile Antenna for On-Body
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
Communication

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Adarsh Marimganti &9HQNDW6DKLWK
C.Venkat Sahith 6D\\DG.KDVLP
Sayyad Khasim $8VKDVUHH
A.Ushasree
*5,(7
GRIET *5,(7
GRJET *5,(7
GRIET *5,(7
GRJET
+\GHUDEDG,QGLD
Hyderabad, India +\GHUDEDG,QGLD
Hyderabad, India +\GHUDEDG,QGLD
Hyderabad, India +\GHUDEDG,QGLD
Hyderabad, India
DGDUVKUDM#JPDLOFRP
adarshraj0403@gmail .com 9HQNDWVDKLWK#JPDLOFRP
Venkatsahith2@gmail.com VD\\DGNKDVLP#JPDLOFRP
sayyadkhas im842@gmai I.com XVKDVUHHPLVKUD#JPDLOFRP
ushasreemishra@gmail.com
 
06DW\DQDUD\DQD
M.Satyanarayana 18GD\D.XPDU
N.Udaya Kumar 
09*5FROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ
MVGR college of Eng ineering 0/5,70
MLRITM
9L]DJ,QGLD
Vizag, India 0HGFKDO,QGLD
Medchal, India
SURIPVQ#JPDLOFRP
profmsn26@gmail .com MR\XGD\D#JPDLOFRP
joyudaya@gmai l.com
 

$EVWUDFW²:HDUDEOH
Abstract- Wearable WH[WLOH
textile DQWHQQDV
antennas DUH
are FRPSDFW
compact PLFURVWULS
micro-strip GHVLJQ
design FKDOOHQJLQJ
challenging, HVSHFLDOO\
especially FRQVLGHULQJ
considering DVSHFWV
aspects VXFK
such DV
as
SDWFKDQWHQQDVIDEULFDWHGRQDIOH[LEOHWH[WLOHGLHOHFWULFVXEVWUDWH
patch antennas fabricated on a flexible textile dielectric substrate. DQWHQQD
7KHSURSRVHGDQWHQQDRSHUDWHVDW*+]IUHTXHQF\ZKLFKLV
antenna VL]H
size, VWUXFWXUDO
structural GHIRUPDWLRQ
deformation HIIHFWV
effects, FRXSOLQJ
coupling WR
to WKH
the
The proposed antenna operates at 2.45 GHz frequency, which is
SDUW
part RI
of WKH
the ,QGXVWULDO
Industrial, 6FLHQWLILF
Scientific, DQG
and 0HGLFDO ,60  EDQG
Medical (ISM) band. 7KH
The ERG\DQGPDQXIDFWXULQJFRPSOH[LW\DQGSUHFLVLRQ>@>@)RXU
body, and manufacturing complexity and precision [8][9]. Four
DQWHQQDLVGHVLJQHGXVLQJGHQLPDVDVXEVWUDWHDQGDFRSSHUVWULS
antenna is designed using denim as a substrate and a copper strip GLVWLQFWDQWHQQDVKDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGLQVWDJHVDVSDUWRIWKLV
distinct antennas have been developed in stages as part of this
DV
as D
a SDWFK
patch. 7KH
The GHQLP
denim VXEVWUDWH
substrate LV
is FKRVHQ
chosen GXH
due WR
to LWV
its ORZ
low FRVW
cost, VWXG\
study. $
A VWDQGDUG
standard UHFWDQJXODU
rectangular SDWFK
patch ZLWK
with Da PLFURVWULS
microstrip OLQH
line
IOH[LELOLW\DQGDELOLW\WREHLQWHJUDWHGZLWKFORWKLQJ7KHFRSSHU
flexibility, and ability to be integrated with clothing. The copper SRZHU IHHGLQJ
SDWFK
(power feeding PHFKDQLVP
mechanism) VHUYHV
serves DV
as WKH
the PDLQ
main GHVLJQ¶V
design's
patch LV
is GHVLJQHG
designed WRto SURYLGH
provide Da FRPSDFW
compact DQGand HIILFLHQW
efficient UDGLDWLQJ
radiating
HOHPHQW
element. 7KH
The SURSRVHG
proposed DQWHQQD
antenna LV
is FKDUDFWHUL]HG
characterized LQ in WHUPV
terms RI
of LWV
its SULPDU\UHIHUHQFH>@1H[WWRHQKDQFHWKH$QWHQQD¶VRYHUDOO
primary reference [10]. Next, to enhance the Antenna's overall
UHWXUQ
return ORVV
loss, UDGLDWLRQ
radiation SDWWHUQ
pattern, DQG
and HIILFLHQF\
efficiency. 7KH
The V\QWKHVLV
synthesis LV
is SHUIRUPDQFH6WDJHVDQGHDFKKDYHWKUHHYHUWLFDOVORWVDQG
performance, Stages 2 and 3 each have three vertical slots and
SHUIRUPHG
performed LQ in IRXU
four VWDJHV
stages, ZKLFK
which LQYROYH
involve GHVLJQLQJ
designing, WHVWLQJ
testing, DQG
and WUXQFDWHG
truncated FRUQHUV
comers >@>@
[l 1][12]. 6WDJH
Stage 
4 KDV
has SDUDVLWLF
parasitic HOHPHQWV
elements WR
to
RSWLPL]DWLRQ
optimization RI of WKH
the DQWHQQD
antenna. 7KHThe H[SHULPHQWDO
experimental UHVXOWV
results LPSURYH
GHPRQVWUDWH
improve WKH
the GLUHFWLYLW\
directivity. 7KHVH
These JUDGXDO
gradual FKDQJHV
changes LPSURYH
improve WKH
the
demonstrate WKDW that WKH
the SURSRVHG
proposed DQWHQQD
antenna KDV
has Da ZLGH
wide EDQGZLGWK
bandwidth,
JRRGUDGLDWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGKLJKHIILFLHQF\7KHZHDUDEOH
good radiation characteristics, and high efficiency. The wearable
DQWHQQDSDUDPHWHUV>@>@+)66VRIWZDUHLVXVHGWRVLPXODWH
antenna parameters [l 3][14]. HFSS software is used to simulate
WH[WLOHSDWFKDQWHQQDSUHVHQWHGLQWKLVUHVHDUFKSDSHUSURYLGHVD
textile patch antenna presented in this research paper provides a WKHVHSURSRVHGGHVLJQV7KLVZRUNLVIXUWKHUEURNHQGRZQLQWR
these proposed designs. This work is further broken down into
ORZFRVWDQGIOH[LEOHVROXWLRQIRURQERG\FRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHPV
low-cost and flexible solution for on-body communication systems, WKHIROORZLQJVHFWLRQV6HFWLRQFRYHUVWKHPDWHULDOVXVHGIRU
the following sections: Section 2 covers the materials used for
ZKLFK
which FDQcan EHbe LQWHJUDWHG
integrated LQWR
into FORWKLQJ
clothing DQG
and XVHG
used LQin YDULRXV
various SURGXFWLRQDQG6HFWLRQRXWOLQHVWHFKQLFDOVSHFLILFDWLRQVDQG
production, and Section 3 outlines technical specifications and
DSSOLFDWLRQV
applications, LQFOXGLQJ
including KHDOWKFDUH
healthcare, VSRUWV
sports, DQG
and VHFXULW\
security. 7KH
The
design comprises an 80 x 84 x 2 mm3 PLFURVWULSOLQHIHGSRUWDEOH
GHVLJQFRPSULVHVDQ[[PP microstrip line-fed portable
PDWKHPDWLFDO
mathematical DQDO\VLV
analysis RI
of WKH
the SURSRVHG
proposed GHVLJQ
design. 6HFWLRQ
Section 4
WH[WLOH
textile SDWFK
patch DQWHQQD
antenna, Da GHQLP
denim VXEVWUDWH
substrate ZLWK
with Da 
1.6 GLHOHFWULF
dielectric SURYLGHV
provides Da WKRURXJK
thorough RYHUYLHZ
overview RI
of DQWHQQD
antenna GHVLJQ
design. 6HFWLRQ
Section 
5,6
constant, which achieved a gain of 5.40 dB.
FRQVWDQWZKLFKDFKLHYHGDJDLQRIG% SURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHUHVXOWV
provide information about the results.

/͘
I. ,1752'8&7,21
INTRODUCTION //͘
II. 0$7(5,$/'(7$,/6
MATERIALDETAILS
257$%/(DQWHQQDVDUHSODFHGYHU\QHDUWRWKHZHDUHU¶VERG\
ORTABLE antennas are placed very near to the wearer's body
3pin
LQ %RG\$UHD 7KH
The SURSRVHG
proposed WH[WLOH
textile DQWHQQD
antenna LVis GHVLJQHG
designed IRU
for 
2.45 *+]
GHz,
Body Area 1HWZRUNV %$1V  ULVNLQJ
Networks (BANs), risking KDUPIXO
harmful UDGLDWLRQ
radiation
ZKHUHGHQLPLVXVHGDVVXEVWUDWH7KHWZRQHHGHGDWWULEXWHVIRU
where denim is used as substrate. The two needed attributes for
EHLQJDEVRUEHGE\WKHZHDUHU>@5DGLDWLRQGDPDJHVWKHXVHU¶V
being absorbed by the wearer [l]. Radiation damages the user's
WKHGHVLJQDUHGLHOHFWULFFRQVWDQWDQGORVVWDQJHQWGDWDRIIDEULF
the design are dielectric constant and loss tangent data of fabric
OLYLQJ
living WLVVXH
tissue >@
[2]. /LYLQJ
Living WLVVXH
tissue LV
is LQKHUHQWO\
inherently ORVV\
lossy, ZKLFK
which
>@
[ 1]. 'HQLP
Denim KDV
has Da ORVV
loss WDQJHQW WDQ  RI
tangent (tan) of 
0.024 DQG
and Da UHODWLYH
relative
LQFUHDVHV
increases WKH
the ULVN
risk RI
of HOHFWULFDO
electrical VLJQDO
signal DEVRUSWLRQ
absorption E\
by DGMDFHQW
adjacent SHUPLWWLYLW\
permittivity (r)U  RI
of 
1.6. &RSSHU
Copper, ZKLFK
which KDV
has WKH
the VHFRQGKLJKHVW
secondhighest
WLVVXH,WSRVHVDVLJQLILFDQWWKUHDWWRRQH¶VKHDOWKDQGVKRXOGEH
tissue. It poses a significant threat to one's health and should be
HOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLYLW\RIDOOPHWDOVLVXWLOL]HGDVDFRQGXFWRU
electrical conductivity of all metals, is utilized as a conductor
DYRLGHG>@$PHDVXUHRIKRZPXFKUDGLDWLRQLVDEVRUEHGE\
avoided [4]. A measure of how much radiation is absorbed by
LQVWHDGRIVLOYHUEHFDXVHLWLVPRUHDIIRUGDEOHDQGKDVDKLJKHU
instead of silver because it is more affordable and has a higher
KXPDQWLVVXHZKHQDQHOHFWURPDJQHWLFILHOGLPSLQJHVRQLWLV
human tissue when an electromagnetic fie ld impinges on it is HOHFWULFDO
electrical FRQGXFWLYLW\7KHUH
conductivity. There DUH are VHYHUDO
several GLIIHUHQW
different FRQGXFWLYH
conductive
FDOOHG
called WKH
the 6SHFLILF
Specific $EVRUSWLRQ
Absorption 5DWH 6$5 . $FFRUGLQJ
Rate (SAR) According WR to D
a
DQG
and GLHOHFWULF
dielectric PDWHULDOV
materials XVHG
used WR
to PDNH
make SRUWDEOH
portable DQWHQQDV
antennas, EXW
but
KLJKHU6$5YDOXHPRUHUDGLDWLRQLVEHLQJDEVRUEHGUHJDUGOHVV
higher SAR value, more radiation is being absorbed, regardless
GHQLPDQGFRSSHUFRPELQDWLRQRIIHUDGHTXDWHSURWHFWLRQIURP
denim and copper combination offer adequate protection from
RIZKHUHWKDWRUJDQLVORFDWHGLQWKHERG\>@6LQFHWKH\FDQ
of where that organ is located in the body [4]. Since they can
(0
EM UDGLDWLRQ
radiation, DUH
are UHVLVWDQW
resistant WR
to PDQ\
many PHFKDQLFDO
mechanical GHIRUPDWLRQV
deformations
HQDEOHZLUHOHVVFRPPXQLFDWLRQDQGVHQVLQJWKDWLVOLJKWZHLJKW
enable wireless communication and sensing that is lightweight, EHQGLQJ WZLVWLQJ
(bending, twisting, DQG
and ZLQGLQJ
winding), DQG
and KDYH
have OLWWOH
little HIIHFW
effect RQ
on
IOH[LEOH
flexible, DIIRUGDEOH
affordable, DQG
and VLPSOH
simple, SRUWDEOH
portable DQWHQQDV
antennas KDYH
have
ZHDWKHU
weather FRQGLWLRQV UDLQ VQRZ
conditions (rain, snow, LFH
ice, HWF
etc.) >@
[3]. $SSOLFDWLRQ
Application,
DWWUDFWHGPXFKDWWHQWLRQLQUHFHQW\HDUV>@>@7KHVHDQWHQQDV
attracted much attention in recent years [5][6]. These antennas IUHTXHQF\
frequency, SUHFLVLRQ
precision RI of UHTXLUHG
required VSHFLILFDWLRQV
specifications, VHDPOHVV
seamless
PXVW
must EH be FRPSOLDQW
compliant ZKHQ
when LPSOHPHQWHG
implemented XWLOL]LQJ
utilizing IOH[LEOH
flexible
LQWHJUDWLRQ
integration LQWR
into WKH
the ZHDUHU¶V
wearer ' s JDUPHQW
garment, UREXVWQHVV
robustness DJDLQVW
against
PDWHULDOV
materials DQGand VKRXOG
should KDYH
have ORZSURILOH
low-profile GHVLJQ
design FRQVWUXFWLRQ
construction
H[WUHPHZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVDQGHYHQWXDOO\
extreme weather conditions, and eventually,
EHFDXVH
because WKH\
they DUH
are HPSOR\HG
employed RQon YDULRXV
various KXPDQ
human ERG\
body UHJLRQV
regions .
6XFK
Such DQWHQQDV
antennas PXVW
must EH
be DEOH
able WR
to RSHUDWH
operate QHDU
near WKH
the KXPDQ
human ERG\
body
ZLWKOLWWOHGHJUDGDWLRQ>@7KHVHUHTXLUHPHQWVPDNH$QWHQQD
with little degradation [7]. These requirements make Antenna

979-8-3503-3972-7/23/$31.00 ©2023
979-8-3503-3972-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
IEEE 1
DOI 10.1109/CIISCA59740.2023.00011
DOI I0.1109/CIISCA59740.2023.000I I
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on January 27,2024 at 15:42:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 %(IIHFWLYHGLHOHFWULFFRQVWDQWFDOFXODWLRQ
B. İUHII
u) 
Effective dielectric constant calculation (c,.~
7KHEM
The (0waveZDYHdetects
GHWHFWVan
DQeffective
HIIHFWLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\EHFDXVH WKH
permittivity because the
PLFURVWULSSDWFKLVVDQGZLFKHGEHWZHHQWKHGLHOHFWULFVXEVWDQFH
microstrip patch is sandwiched between the dielectric substance
DQGWKHDWPRVSKHUH
and the atmosphere.
2
cre f f = [cr : 1] + [Cr ; 1 ] [ l + l!i ] - l /
  (2)
&&DOFXODWLRQRIH[WHQVLRQOHQJWK¨/
C. Calculation of extension length M
'XH to
Due WR the
WKH impact
LPSDFW of
RI bordering
ERUGHULQJ fields
ILHOGV at
DW both
ERWK ends
HQGV of
RI the
WKH
 SDWFKWKHH[WHQVLRQRIOHQJWKLVJLYHQE\
patch, the extension of length is given by

I. Denim substrate 
)LJ'HQLPVXEVWUDWH
Fig. b..L = 0.41 2h [ (cre f J + 0.3) ] [ (!ft + 0.264) ] ( 3)
(cre f f - 0.258) (3/t + 0.8) 
'7KHRSWLPXPSDWFKVL]H/
D. The optimum patch size L
FRVW and
cost DQG speed
VSHHGof
RI manufacture
PDQXIDFWXUHcan
FDQall
DOO be
EH taken
WDNHQinto
LQWRaccount
DFFRXQW
ZKLOHFRQVLGHULQJDPDWHULDOW\SH>@
while considering a material type [6]. /HQJWKRIWKHHIIHFWLYHSDWFK
Length of the effective patch.

L= [
-,----,---
C ] - 2b..L
Il///͘ 0$7+(0$7,&$/02'(/2)$17(11$
l. MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF ANTENNA  (2f r ✓cref J)  
(4)

7KH desired
The GHVLUHG Antenna
$QWHQQD is LV developed
GHYHORSHG mainly
PDLQO\ using
XVLQJ theWKH
PLFURVWULS square
microstrip VTXDUH patch
SDWFK design
GHVLJQ method.
PHWKRG Using
8VLQJ the
WKH HFSS
+)66 ,9352326('$17(11$'(6,*167$*(6
IV. PROPOSED ANTENNA DESIGN STAGES
VLPXODWLRQSODWIRUPLWLVWXQHGWRIXQFWLRQDWDIUHTXHQF\RI
simulation platform, it is tuned to function at a frequency of2.4 
*+])HZGHYHORSPHQWVLQDQWHQQDGHVLJQKDYHEHHQPDGHWR
GHz. Few developments in antenna design have been made to
,QVHWfeeding
Inset IHHGLQJis LVthe
WKHpreferred
SUHIHUUHGfeeding
IHHGLQJ method
PHWKRGfor IRU wearable
ZHDUDEOH
FUHDWH the
create WKH best
EHVW performance.
SHUIRUPDQFH A $ standard
VWDQGDUG rectangular
UHFWDQJXODU patch
SDWFK
DQWHQQDVVLQFHLWLVERWKVLPSOHWRIDEULFDWHDQGHDV\IRUSHRSOH
antennas since it is both simple to fabricate and easy for people
VWUXFWXUH (stage
structure VWDJH 1)
  was
ZDV built
EXLOW and
DQGsimulated
VLPXODWHG initially.
LQLWLDOO\$ PLQRU
A minor
WRZHDUWKHDQWHQQD$FFRUGLQJWR)LJDW\SLFDOUHFWDQJXODU
to wear the antenna. According to Fig.1, a typical rectangular
DOWHUDWLRQZDVLQWURGXFHGXVLQJWKUHHYHUWLFDOVORWV
alteration was introduced using three vertical slots (stage VWDJH 2) LQ
in
PLFURVWULSSDWFKVWUXFWXUH
micro-strip patch structure with ZLWKDGLHOHFWULFFRQVWDQWRID
a dielectric constant of 1.6, a
WKH same
the VDPH patch
SDWFK toWR improve
LPSURYH impedance
LPSHGDQFH matching.
PDWFKLQJ Another
$QRWKHU
ORVVWDQJHQWRIDQGDWKLFNQHVVRIPPLVFRQVWUXFWHG
loss tangent of 0.024, and a thickness of 2 mm is constructed
YDULDWLRQRFFXUVE\VOLFLQJWZRORZHUFRUQHUV
variation occurs by slicing two lower comers (Stage 6WDJH3) DQGWKH
and the
DQGSXWLQWRSUDFWLFH(YROXWLRQVRI
and put into practice. Evolutions of the WKHstage
VWDJHFRQFHSW ZHUH
1 concept were
,QFOXVLRQ of
Inclusion RI two
WZR parasitic
SDUDVLWLF elements
HOHPHQWV (Stage
6WDJH 4).  The
7KH
SHUIRUPHG to
perfor'.ned WR arrive
DUULYH at
DW the
WKH final
ILQDO design.
GHVLJQ After
$IWHU necessary
QHFHVVDU\
UHSUHVHQWDWLRQRIWKHIRXUGHVLJQSDWFKHVLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJXUH
representation of the four design patches is illustrated in Figure
DOWHUDWLRQV aD final
alterat10ns, ILQDO antenna
DQWHQQD (Stage
6WDJH 4)
  has
KDV been
EHHQ designed
GHVLJQHG by E\
Before
2. %HIRUH incorporating
LQFRUSRUDWLQJother
RWKHUcharacteristics
FKDUDFWHULVWLFV into
LQWRthe
WKHantenna
DQWHQQD
UHWXUQLQJ the
returning WKH associated
DVVRFLDWHG preceding
SUHFHGLQJ three
WKUHH antennas
DQWHQQDV 7KH best
. The EHVW
VWUXFWXUHOLPLWLQJERG\FRXSOLQJLVWKHPRVWFUXFLDOFRPSRQHQW
structure, limiting body coupling is the most crucial component
UHVXOWis
result LVdepicted
GHSLFWHGin LQthe
WKHfigure
ILJXUHasDVbeing
EHLQJ80 mm
PP long,
ORQJ84
mm
PP
RIWKHGHVLJQ>@
of the design [ 11].
EURDGZLWKDUDGLDWLQJSDWFKGLPHQVLRQRI
broad, with a radiating patch dimension of 44.8 * PP 54 mm 2and
DQGDa
7RFUHDWHDUHFWDQJOHSDWFKLWLVFUXFLDOWRFRQVLGHUYDULRXV
To create a rectangle patch, it is crucial to consider various WKLFNQHVVof
thickness RI2 mm
PP(d). G 7KH UHTXLUHGadjustments
The required DGMXVWPHQWVcontinue
FRQWLQXHto WR
IDFWRUVincluding
factors, LQFOXGLQJthe WKHdesired
GHVLUHGfrequency,
IUHTXHQF\ substrate
VXEVWUDWH height
KHLJKWandDQG
UHGXFHWKHUHWXUQORVVIRUWKHIRXUDQWHQQDV2QHLWKHUVLGHRI
reduce the return loss for the four antennas. On either side of
PDWHULDO patch
material, SDWFK dimensions,
GLPHQVLRQV feeding
IHHGLQJ technique,
WHFKQLTXH and
DQG location.
ORFDWLRQ
WKH radiating
the UDGLDWLQJ patch,
SDWFK two
WZR parasitic
SDUDVLWLF stubs
VWXEV PEI
3( and
DQG PE2
3( are
DUH
*+] is
2.45GHz LV the
WKH best
EHVW frequency
IUHTXHQF\ to WR use
XVH when
ZKHQ designing
GHVLJQLQJ aD
LQWURGXFHGas
introduced, DVseen
VHHQinLQFig.
)LJd.G$V SHUthe
As per WKHabove
DERYHformula;
IRUPXODHand DQG
UHFWDQJXODUSDWFKDQWHQQDEHFDXVHLWLVLQWKH,60EDQGDQGKDV
rectangular patch antenna because it is in the ISM band and has VRPHLPSURYHPHQWVWKHDQWHQQD¶VSUHGLFWHGVL]HFDQEHVKRZQ
some improvements, the antenna's predicted size can be shown
QRlicense
no OLFHQVHrequirements
UHTXLUHPHQWV[8].>@7KH VXEVWUDWHfor
The substrate IRUwearable
ZHDUDEOHSDWFK
patch LQ)LJ
in Fig. 3.
DQWHQQDVLVPDGHRIDWH[WLOHLQWKLVFDVHDSDLURIMHDQVZLWKD
antennas is made of a textile, in this case, a pair of jeans with a
 dielectric
1.6 GLHOHFWULF constant.
FRQVWDQW The
7KH substrate
VXEVWUDWH is
LV 3.5mm
PP tallWDOO since
VLQFH
DQ\WKLQJOHVVGRHVQRWSURYLGHWKHGHVLUHGOHYHORIUHWXUQORVV
anything less does not provide the desired level of return loss.
7KHIROORZLQJSDUDPHWHUVUHSUHVHQWWKHPDWKHPDWLFDOPRGHORI
The following parameters represent the mathematical model of
DQWHQQDGHVLJQ
antenna design.

$0HDVXUHPHQWRI3DWFK:LGWK
A. Measurement of Patch Width
7KHIROORZLQJIRUPXOD
The following formula isLVused
XVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKHSDWFK ZLGWK
to calculate the patch width
Z
(w)
c/2
W=2fry~
  
(1)
(c) Id)

:KHUHİ LVWKHIDEULFPDWHULDO¶VUHODWLYHSHUPLWWLYLW\DQGFLV 
Where c,.Uis the fabric material ' s relative permittivity and c is
WKHVSHHGRIOLJKWLQHPSW\VSDFH )LJ7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHVXJJHVWHGDQWHQQD
Fig.2. The development of the suggested antenna
the speed of light in empty space.

22
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on January 27,2024 at 15:42:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 G%DW*+]IRUVWDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\
25 .36dB at 2.45GHz for stages 2,3,4 respectively.
- - stage4
• Stage 1

.....~ ...-=:=-
• • • II
• I •• _-

O N
I
• .;~ j•
. I
:: -10
(/)
\, '/ II
~

-20
\f~
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

Freq (GHz]
)LJ$QWHQQDGLPHQVLRQV
Fig.3. Antenna dimensions 
)LJ&RPSDULVRQRI6RIVWDJHDQGVWDJH
Fig.4. Comparison of S 11 of stage I and stage 4

7$%/(,
TABLE 1 %96:5
B. VSWR
0($685(0(1762)),1$/67$*(
MEASUREMENTS OF FINAL STAGE
 0HDVXUHPHQW
Measurement It,WUHIHUVWRWKHSURSRUWLRQRIWKHKLJKHVWYROWDJHWRWKHORZHVW
refers to the proportion of the highest voltage to the lowest
PP 
(mm) YROWDJH along
voltage DORQJ the
WKH transmission
WUDQVPLVVLRQ line.
OLQH In
,Q aD perfect
SHUIHFW system,
V\VWHP the
WKH
length of inset feed 
OHQJWKRILQVHWIHHG 
34.5 YROWDJHGRHVQ¶WIOXFWXDWH+HQFHLWV96:5LV
voltage doesn't fluctuate . Hence its VSWR is 1.0.
of insert feed 
ZLGWKRILQVHUWIHHG
width 
2.6
length of parasitic element 
OHQJWKRISDUDVLWLFHOHPHQW 
30 VSWR = Vmax
of parasitic element 
ZLGWKRISDUDVLWLFHOHPHQW
width 7  Vmin  
(6)
of patch 
OHQJWKRISDWFK
length 
17
of center patch 
ZLGWKRIFHQWHUSDWFK
width 8
ZKHUH9
where V,,,ax VSHFLILHVWKHOLQH¶VPD[LPXPVLJQDOYROWDJH
PD[specifies the line's maximum signal voltage
of other two patches 
ZLGWKRIRWKHUWZRSDWFKHV
width 5 DQG9
and V,,,;,, VSHFLILHVLWVORZHVWYROWDJH
PLQspecifies its lowest voltage.
of copper material 
OHQJWKRIFRSSHUPDWHULDO
length 
44.8 7KH Antenna
The $QWHQQD¶V 96:5 isLV depicted
' s VSWR GHSLFWHG in
LQ fig.5
ILJ 7KH VSWR
. The 96:5
width of copper 
ZLGWKRIFRSSHU 
54 REWDLQHGIRUWKHWKUHHVWDJHVRIWKH$QWHQQDOLHVEHWZHHQDQG
obtained for the three stages of the Antenna lies between l and
di stance between patches 
GLVWDQFHEHWZHHQSDWFKHV 
8.5 ,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWWKH96:5DW*+]LV*+]
2. It is observed that the VSWR at 2.42GHz is l .365 ,2.48GHz
length of slice 
OHQJWKRIVOLFH 
8.44 LVDQGDW*+]LVIRUVWDJHVUHVSHFWLYHO\
is 1.255, and at 2.45GHz is 1.114 for stages 2,3 ,4 respectively.
• Stage 4
95(68/7$1$/<6,6
V. RESULT ANALYSIS Stage 1
40

7KH following
The IROORZLQJ parameters
SDUDPHWHUV are
DUH verified
YHULILHG for
IRU the
WKH proposed
SURSRVHG 30
DQWHQQDGHVLJQLQ+)66
antenna design in HFSS
er
~ 20
$5HWXUQORVV
A. Return loss >

10
7KH fraction
The IUDFWLRQ of
RI aD signal
VLJQDO reflected
UHIOHFWHG due GXH to
WR an
DQ impedance
LPSHGDQFH
PLVPDWFK is
mismatch LV termed
WHUPHG return
UHWXUQ loss.
ORVV It,W quantifies
TXDQWLILHV the
WKH decibel
GHFLEHO
YDULDWLRQEHWZHHQWKHLQFLGHQWDQGUHIOHFWHGSRZHU
variation between the incident and reflected power (dB) G% .
2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
Freq [GHz]
‫כ‬log
10 ORJ 
 5HWXUQ/RVV
Return G% = í
Loss (dB) - * 10 353, 
(PRIP1) 
(5) )LJ&RQWUDVWEHWZHHQ96:5RIVWDJHDQGVWDJH
Fig.5. Contrast between VSWR of stage 1 and stage 4

&5$',$7,213$77(51
C. RADIATION PATTERN
ZKHUH3
where UHIHUVWRWKHSRZHUUHIOHFWHGDQG3
PR5refers UHIHUVWRWKH
to the power reflected and Pi,refers to the
7KHSRZHUIOXFWXDWLRQHPLWWHGE\DQDQWHQQDDVDIXQFWLRQRI
The power fluctuation emitted by an antenna as a function of
SRZHULQFLGHQW
power incident.
WKHGLUHFWLRQDQGGLVWDQFHIURPWKH$QWHQQDLVWHUPHGUDGLDWLRQ
the direction and distance from the Antenna is termed radiation
7KHreturn
The UHWXUQloss
ORVVobtained
REWDLQHGfor
IRUZHDUDEOHWH[WLOHSDWFKDQWHQQD
wearable textile patch antenna SDWWHUQ The
pattern. 7KH far
IDU field
ILHOG of
RI the
WKH Antenna
$QWHQQD records
UHFRUGV this
WKLV power
SRZHU
GHVLJQHG in
designed LQ HFSS
+)66 isLV shown
VKRZQ in
LQ fig.4,
ILJ the
WKH return
UHWXUQ loss
ORVV can
FDQ be
EH YDULDWLRQDVDIDFWRURIWKHDUULYDODQJOH)LJXUHGHSLFWVWKH
variation as a factor of the arrival angle. Figure 6 depicts the
REVHUYHGDVG%DW*+]G%DW*+]
observed as -13 .94dB at 2.42GHz, -18 .92dB at 2.48GHz, - UDGLDWLRQSDWWHUQRIWKH$QWHQQDIURP+)66
radiation pattern of the Antenna from HFSS.

33
Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on January 27,2024 at 15:42:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 
7KH
The JDLQ
gain YV
vs IUHTXHQF\
frequency JUDSK
graph LV
is VKRZQ
shown LQ
in ILJ
fig.8. 7KH
The *DLQ
Gain
rE Plot 2 REWDLQHGDW*+]IUHTXHQF\LVG%6ORWVDUHPDGHLQWKH
obtained at 2.45GHz frequency is 5.40dB. Slots are made in the
- dB{rEPhi) PLFURVWULSSDWFKWRLPSURYHWKHIUHTXHQF\EDQGV7KHPDJQHWLF
microstrip patch to improve the frequency bands. The magnetic
Selup1 : LaslAdaplive
ILHOGVGRQRWH[LVWLQWKHKRUL]RQWDOGLUHFWLRQVRRQO\YHUWLFDO
fields do not exist in the horizontal direction, so only vertical
Freq='2 45GHz' Phi='lxleg'
VORWVDUHSUHIHUUHG+HQFHYHUWLFDOVORWVDUHPDGHLQVWDJHWR
slots are preferred. Hence vertical slots are made in stage 2 to
- dB{rEThela) PDNHLWDPXOWLEDQGDQWHQQD)ULQJLQJILHOGVDUHJHQHUDWHGDW
make it a multi-band antenna . Fringing fields are generated at
Selup1 : LaslAdaplive WKHHGJHVWRLPSURYHWKHVHILHOGVVOLFLQJLVGRQHRQWKHORZHU
the edges, to improve these fields slicing is done on the lower
Freq='245GHz' Phi='lxleg' YHUWLFHV
vertices LQ
in VWDJH
stage 
3. 7R
To IRFXV
focus WKHVH
these UDGLDWLRQV
radiations LQ
in D
a SDUWLFXODU
particular
GLUHFWLRQSDUDVLWLFHOHPHQWVDUHDGGHGLQWKHILQDOVWDJH
direction, parasitic elements are added in the final stage.

9,35$&7,&$/5(68/76$1'',6&866,216
VI. PRACTICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

TABLE II
7$%/(,,
PREVIOUS AND PRESENT WORK DONE
35(9,286$1'35(6(17:25.'21(

Ref
5HI )UHT *+]  *DLQ
Freq(GHz) G%  5/
Gain(dB) G%  6XEVWUDWH
R.L(dB) Substrate
)LJ5DGLDWLRQSDWWHUQRIVWDJHRI$QWHQQD 8
Fig.6. Radiatioo pattern of stage-4 of Antenna 2.06-2.8
 4.6
 -20.4
 Shieldlt Super
6KLHOG,W6XSHU
2 2.40
 5.8
 -26.6
 Cotton
&RWWRQ
'*$,1
D. GAIN Present work 
3UHVHQWZRUN 2.45 5.40
 -25.36
 Denim
'HQLP
*DLQFDQEHUHJDUGHGDVWKHDPRXQWRISRZHUWUDQVPLWWHGSHU
Gain can be regarded as the amount of power transmitted per
VROLGDQJOH(YHU\$QWHQQD¶VJDLQLVJUHDWHUWKDQG%IRUDQ\
solid angle. Every Antenna's gain is greater than 3dB for any 
DSSOLFDWLRQ
application. )LJXUH
Figure 
7 LOOXVWUDWHV
illustrates WKH
the JDLQ
gain RI
of WKH
the $QWHQQD
Antenna 7$%/(,,,
TABLE III
GHYHORSHGLQ+)66
developed in HFSS. &203$5,6212)9$5,28667$*(62)$17(11$
COMPARISON OF VARIOUS STAGES OF ANTENNA
Stages
6WDJHV )UHTXHQF\ *+]  5HWXUQORVV
Frequency(GHz) dB) 96:5
Return loss(G% VSWR %: 0+] 
BW(MHz)
Max:5.40 Gain Plot4 Stage-2 
6WDJH 2.42 - 13.94
 1.36
 60

Stage-3 
6WDJH 2.48 -18.92
 1.25
 70

Stage-4 
6WDJH 2.45 -25.36
 l.11 
 80


.5 TABLE IV
7$%/(,9
-10 COMPARISON OF HFSS AND PRACTICAL RESULTS
&203$5,6212)+)66$1'35$&7,&$/5(68/76
-15 .... 120
2.50 40 '  Simulated values
6LPXODWHGYDOXHV Measured values
0HDVXUHGYDOXHV
• eB(GainTotal)
..
• 120
5HWXUQORVV dB)
Return loss(G% -25.36
 -15.88

Min:-34.68
--- /
VSWR
96:5 I.II 
 1.39


 Fig. 9,10, 11 shows the fabricated model of the desired antenna.
)LJVKRZVWKHIDEULFDWHGPRGHORIWKHGHVLUHGDQWHQQD
)LJ'SRODUSORWRIVWDJHRI$QWHQQD
Fig.7. 3D polar plot ofstage-4 of Antenna
- 11- Stage 4
• Stage 2
----4-- Slage 3

C:
'iii
(!)

2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8

Freq {GHz]


)LJ)URQWYLHZ
Fig.9. Front view
)LJ&RPSDULVRQRIWKHJDLQSORWRIYDULRXVVWDJHV
Fig.8. Comparison of the gain plot of various stages

44

Authorized licensed use limited to: Indian Institute of Information Technology Design & Manufacturing. Downloaded on January 27,2024 at 15:42:05 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
  
)LJ%DFNYLHZ
Fig. I0. Back view )LJ5HWXUQORVVRIVWDJHSORWLQ91$
Fig. I 2. Retum loss of stage-4 plot in VNA

 
)LJ([SHULPHQWDOVHWXS
Fig. I I. Experimental setup )LJ96:5RIVWDJHSORWLQ91$
Fig.13. VSWR ofstage-4 plot in VNA

,Q
In WKH
the DERYH
above ILJXUH
figure, D
a LV
is GHQLP
denim IDEULF VXEVWUDWH  E
fabric(substrate), b LV
is WKH
the 9,,&21&/86,216
VII. CONCLUSIONS
FRSSHUVKHHW
copper sheet(FRQGXFWRU
conductor),DQGFLVWKH60$FRQQHFWRU
and c is the SMA connector. 7KLV
This FKDSWHU
chapter GHVFULEHV
describes XQLTXH
unique GHVLJQV
designs XVLQJ
using VORWV
slots DQG
and
)LJ
Fig.12 DQG
and 
13 DUH
are UHWXUQ
return ORVV
loss DQG96:5
and VSWR UHVSHFWLYHO\7KH
respectively. The SDUDVLWLFHOHPHQWV,QFUHPHQWDOFKDQJHVDUHXVHGWRLQFUHDVHWKH
parasitic elements. Incremental changes are used to increase the
DQWHQQDLVFRQQHFWHGWRD9HFWRUQHWZRUNDQDO\]HU 91$ WRJHW
antenna is connected to a Vector network analyzer (VNA) to get RYHUDOOSHUIRUPDQFHDWWKHUHVRQDQWIUHTXHQF\$FRPSDUDWLYH
overall performance at the resonant frequency. A comparative
SUDFWLFDOUHVXOWV5HVXOWVJHQHUDWHGLQWKH91$DUHYHU\FORVH
practical results. Results generated in the VNA are very close SHUIRUPDQFHDQDO\VLVRIWKHWKUHHVWDJHVRIWKH$QWHQQDVKRZV
performance analysis of the three stages of the Antenna shows
WRWKRVHREWDLQHGLQWKH+)66VRIWZDUHZKLFKLVUHSUHVHQWHGLQ
to those obtained in the HFSS software, which is represented in LQFUHDVHGEDQGZLGWKDQGUHGXFHGUHWXUQORVV$SHUIHFWJURXQG
increased bandwidth and reduced return loss. A perfect ground
WDEOH
table 4. SODQHFRXOGDFWDVDUHIOHFWRUSURWHFWLQJWKHERG\IURPKDUPIXO
plane could act as a reflector, protecting the body from harmful
 UDGLDWLRQIURPWKHKXPDQERG\DQGLWVDEVRUSWLRQRI(0ZDYHV
radiation from the human body and its absorption ofEM waves.

5()(5(1&(6
REFERENCES
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DQG)XWXUH'LUHFWLRQV´LQ,((($FFHVVYROSS
΀Ϯ΁
[2) ,QJDOH
lngale, 1LWLQ  . 'HVLJQLQJ
Nitin . (2022) Designing RIof 7H[WLOH
Textile $QWHQQD
Antenna )RU
For RQ
on %RG\
Body
Commun ication.
&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
΀ϯ΁
[3) ;:DQJ/;LQJDQG+:DQJ´$:HDUDEOH7H[WLOH$QWHQQDIRU/R5D
X. Wang, L. Xing, and H. Wang, "A Wearable Textile Antenna for LoRa
$SSOLFDWLRQV´
Appli cations," 
2021 ,(((
IEEE WK
4th ,QWHUQDWLRQDO
International &RQIHUHQFH
Conference RQ
on (OHFWURQLF
Electronic
,QIRUPDWLRQDQG&RPPXQLFDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\
Information and Communication Technology (ICE ,&(,&7 2021.
ICT),
΀ϰ΁
[4) 3RWH\3UDQLWD0DQLVKDQG.XVKDO7XFNOH\´'HVLJQRIZHDUDEOHWH[WLOH
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DQWHQQDIRUORZEDFNUDGLDWLRQ´-RXUQDORI(OHFWURPDJQHWLF:DYHVDQG
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App li cations 34.2 (2020):
΀ϱ΁
[5) 4
Q. +
H. 'DQJ
Dang, 6
S. -
J. &KHQ
Chen, '
D. &
C. 5DQDVLQJKH
Ranasinghe, DQG
and &
C. )XPHDX[
Furneaux, ´$
"A
5HFRQILJXUDWLRQ
Reconfiguration 0RGXOH
Module ZLWK
with &RSODQDU
Coplanar 6QDS2Q
Snap-On &RQQHFWLRQ
Connection IRU
for
:HDUDEOH 7H[WLOH $QWHQQDV´  ,((( $VLD3DFLILF
Wearable Texti le Antennas," 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Microwave 0LFURZDYH
&RQIHUHQFH
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(APMC), 
2019, SS
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613 -615 , GRL
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[6] '%RQHIDFLßF-%DUWROLF%,YVLßFDQG0.DWDOHQLF´:LGHEDQG
D. Bonefaci· c, J. Bartoli ' c, B. Iv' si· c, and M. Kataleni' c, "Wideband
7H[WLOH
Textile ' 3ODQDU
Plaoar 0RQRSROH
Monopole $QWHQQD´
Antenna,"  2019 (XURSHDQ
European 0LFURZDYH
Microwave
&RQIHUHQFHLQ&HQWUDO(XURSH
Conference in Central Europe (EuMCE), (X0&(  2019.
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&RQIHUHQFH
Conference RQon ,QWHOOLJHQW
Intelli gent &RPSXWLQJ
Computing, ,QVWUXPHQWDWLRQ
Instrumentation DQG and &RQWURO
Control
7HFKQRORJLHV ,&,&,&7 
Technologies (ICICICT), 2019
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[8] ()10+XVVLQ3-6RK0)-DPORV+/DJRDQG$$$O+DGL
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´:LGHEDQG
"Wideband WH[WLOH
textile DQWHQQD
antenna ZLWK
with ORZ
low EDFN
back UDGLDWLRQ
radiation IRU
for ZHDUDEOH
wearab le
DSSOLFDWLRQV´856,$VLD3DFLILF5DGLR6FLHQFH&RQIHUHQFH
appli cations," 2016 URS! Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (URS! 856,
$35$6&
AP-RASC), 
2016, SS
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doi:
I 0. 1109/URS IAPRASC.20 16.760 1399.
856,$35$6&
΀ϵ΁
[9] 8VKDVUHH
Ushasree, $
A. , DQG
and 9LSXO
Vipul $JDUZDO
Agarwal. ´0HWDPDWHULDO
" Metamaterial /RDGHG
Loaded (QGILUH
Endfire
&LUFXODUO\
Circularly 3RODUL]HG
Polarized +LJK*DLQ
High-Gain 0LFURVWULS
Microstrip 3DWFK$QWHQQD
Patch Antenna IRU fo r /L%DQG
Band
)UHTXHQF\$SSOLFDWLRQV´ ,UDQLDQ -RXUQDO RI 6FLHQFH DQG
Frequency Applications." Iranian Journal of Sc ience and Technology, 7HFKQRORJ\
7UDQVDFWLRQVRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ 
Transactions of Electrical Engineering 46.3 (2022): 873 -882.  
΀ϭϬ΁
(10] 8VKDVUHH$HWDO´,QWUXVLRQ'HWHFWLRQ6\VWHPXVLQJ0DFKLQH/HDUQLQJ
Ushasree, A., et al. " Intrusion Detection System using Machine Learning
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9RO1R,233XEOLVKLQJ
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(11] (O
El *KDUEL
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Fem ' DQGH]*DUF
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Gi l.
´(PEURLGHUHG
" Embroidered ZHDUDEOH
wearable $QWHQQDEDVHG
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SAR $QDO\VLV
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WH[WLOH
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simultaneous QHDUDQG
near-and IDUILHOG
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wireless
SRZHUWUDQVPLVVLRQ´,(((2SHQ-RXUQDORI$QWHQQDVDQG3URSDJDWLRQ
power transmission." IEEE Open Journal of Antennas and Propagati on
3 (2022):
 
398-4 11 .
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Li, Rongqiang, et al. "An EBO-based triple-band wearab le antenna fo r
:%$1DSSOLFDWLRQV´0LFURPDFKLQHV
WBAN applications." Micromachines 13.11 (2022): 1938.
 

66

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