Zappy Leoj A.

Lopez
IR156B
Prof. Raissa Segovia

Empire Period What inhabitants Present Region Highlights

(approx years) were called
Moche 100 CE to Moche/Mochica Northern coast  The elaborate porcelain artwork created by the Moche
800 CE of Peru people was highly renowned. They created realistic
and expressive ceramics that depicted various aspects
of daily life, religious rituals, and mythological themes.
 The Moche were masters of metalworking; they
created elaborate ornaments, jewelry, and tools out of
alloys, copper, silver, and gold.
 Moche society was hierarchical and comprised priests,
warriors, commoners, and elites.
 The Moche constructed exquisite adobe brick
structures, such as temples and governmental centers.
The Huaca de la Luna and Huaca del Sol (Temples of
the Sun and Moon, respectively) are the most well-
known of these.
 Its demise has been attributed to various factors,
including societal upheaval, natural calamities, and
climate change.

Nazca 100 BCE Paleo-Indians Southern coast  The Nazca Lines are among this civilization's most
to 800 CE of Peru iconic and mysterious features. These geometric
patterns, animals, and plants are shown in these
geoglyphs that are etched into the desert floor.
 The Nazca people built complex underground
aqueducts and surface canals to manage water in the
arid desert climate. They were thus able to engage in
prosperous agriculture and grow crops like maize,
beans, and cotton.
 They created exquisitely detailed clay containers with
intricate motifs, frequently with stylized representations
of people and animals.
 The Nazca people have unusual funeral traditions.
They regularly buried their dead in shallow graves
 alongside grave items like clothing and food. At times,
the deceased were draped in elaborate tapestries and
placed in fetal positions.
 The Nazca people constructed pyramids with
ceremonial cores and adobe bricks. One notable place
that is believed to be an important administrative and
religious center is Cahuachi.
 There appears to have been religious and ceremonial
practices, possibly involving the use of hallucinogenic
drugs and ritual equipment, based on archeological
data.
 The Nazca culture fell as a result of a number of
causes, including environmental hardship, societal
unrest, and climatic change.
 The trophy head-taking customs of the Nazca people
were well-known. This entailed gathering and
exhibiting severed heads as trophies, maybe as a
representation of authority or ritual importance.
Great Basin 12,000 bison-oriented Currently,  Numerous Native American communities in the Great
Culture BCE to indigenous people Nevada, Utah, Basin lived nomadic or semi-nomadic lives as a result
of the region's resource scarcity and arid climate. They
10,000 California, migrated in tiny family groupings in accordance with the
BCE Idaho, seasonal cycles of animal and plant migration.
Wyoming, and  The people of the Great Basin were adept at using a
portions of variety of plants, seeds, and small game. Seeds from
Oregon make plants and grasses, as well as small mammals and
wildlife like rabbits, were important food sources.
up the Great  Tribes in the Great Basin were renowned for their
Basin. extraordinary basketry abilities. They used indigenous
plant resources, such willow and various grasses, to
weave intricate baskets.
 There are a lot of petroglyphs and rock art sites in the
Great Basin. These rock paintings and engravings
were made by Native American tribes living in the area;
they frequently showed scenes from daily life, hunting,
and spiritual beliefs.
 The dwellings constructed by the Great Basin people
varied according on the available materials. Pit homes
were the norm in several areas. They were covered
 with an earthen and branch structure after being
partially excavated.
 Several bands would gather for seasonal gatherings for
communal events, which were typical of the Great
Basin people's nomadic way of life. These gatherings
included social interactions, commerce, and
ceremonies that permitted the exchange of goods and
cultural practices.
 Traditionally, tools were constructed from locally
available materials, and clothing was made from
animal hides. The Great Basin people hunted,
collected, and processed materials using tools like
digging sticks, nets, and many kinds of knives.
 The Great Basin tribes' customary way of life was
drastically altered by the entrance of European
invaders. Horses, guns, and new illnesses all had a
significant impact on their civilizations.

Pacific Coast Cannot be North West Coast It is currently  A prominent ceremonial custom among many Pacific
Culture determine found along the Coast cultures was the potlatch. It featured lavish
feasting, performances, and gift-giving. In addition to
coasts of being social gatherings, potlatches had significant
northern roles in culture and the economy by redistributing
California, parts wealth and preserving social standing.
of Alaska,  For many Pacific Coast tribes, especially those of the
Oregon, and Northwest Coast, totem poles are iconic. These
elaborately carved wooden poles represented family
British ancestries, marked significant occasions, and
Columbia. symbolized spiritual beliefs, among other things. On a
totem pole, every figure and pattern had a distinct
meaning.
 For tribes living around the Pacific Coast, cedar was an
indispensable resource that was employed extensively
in woodworking. Cedar wood was used to make
numerous tools, boats, and plank dwellings.
 Coastal tribes relied heavily on the sea for their fishing,
whaling, and shellfish harvesting activities. Large cedar
trees were used to make dugout canoes by highly
trained canoe builders, making coastal waterway travel
and fishing more efficient
  Among the Pacific Coast tribes, basketry and weaving
were significant traditional crafts. Basketry was used to
make hats, mats, baskets, and other useful things.
 Ornate masks and ceremonial clothing were produced
for use in dances, festivals, and rituals. These artifacts
often featured folkloric, animal, and spirit
representations.
 The salmon was important to many Pacific Coast
societies both culturally and economically. Salmon rites
and rituals guaranteed a prosperous fishing season,
revered salmon, and expressed gratitude for their
abundance. The tribes employed sophisticated fishing
equipment including traps and weirs.
 The Pacific Coast tribes experienced significant
transformations in trade, technology, and social
structures as a result of European contact.
Eastern 1000 BCE Contained diversed It is currently in  Many tribes in the Eastern Woodlands combined
Woodland to 1000 CE tribes the southeast of farming with hunting and gathering. A key component
of their farming operations was the "Three Sisters"
Culture Canada and agricultural system, which comprised the production of
reaches the Gulf maize, beans, and squash. A sustainable and well-
of Mexico from balanced food supply became possible thanks to this
the eastern tactic.
United States.  Longhouses were unique dwellings used by several
tribes in the Eastern Woodland, particularly those
speaking the Iroquoian language group. These long,
shared structures were built from a wooden pole frame
covered in bark.
 For ceremonial and funeral purposes, several tribes in
the Eastern Woodlands built clay mounds. These
mounds came in a variety of shapes and sizes, and
they were frequently found close to rivers or other
noteworthy natural features. Present-day Illinois's
Cahokia Mounds is one of the most well-known mound
complexes.
 Wampum belts were worn as significant cultural
symbols and records, made from beads made from
shells. They served as a medium of exchange, a record
of historical events, and a means of narrative.
  Social structure, political structure, and ceremonial life
were all significantly influenced by the clan system.
 The animistic beliefs of the Eastern Woodland tribes
attributed spiritual significance to the natural elements,
animals, and celestial bodies. Rituals, dances, and
ceremonies were all part of spiritual activities to honor
and interact with the supernatural realm.
 People who lived near rivers often made dugout
canoes out of large trees. These canoes were essential
for transportation, fishing, and trading. They enabled
effective passage across the region's numerous rivers
and lakes.
 Beginning in the fifteenth century, European contact
had a significant impact on the tribes of the Eastern
Woodlands. Conflicts with European settlers
occasionally resulted from the introduction of European
illnesses, trade networks, firearms, and new
technologies.
Southwestern 1200 CE to Apache and Navajo The states of  Pueblo architecture is characterized by the use of
Culture 1500 CE (prominent tribes in Sonora and adobe, or sun-dried clay bricks, to build apartment-like
structures called pueblos. These structures are
Southwestern Chihuahua in typically erected on raised mesas or into the side of
Culture) northern cliffs for defensive reasons.
Mexico, as well  Rich spiritual traditions, like the Kachina religious rites,
as Colorado, are practiced by Pueblo tribes. Exquisitely carved dolls
Arizona, New and masks known as kachinas represent gods or other
supernatural beings. Representations of Kachinas are
Mexico, Utah, danced in rituals to bring rain and fertility to the village.
and Nevada,  Pueblo ceramics are frequently distinguished by their
are currently use of vivid colors, elaborate geometric patterns, and
home to the detailed motifs. Finely woven carpets and textiles are
Southwestern produced by the Navajo and other tribes, who are well-
known for their weaving techniques.
Culture.  Pueblo peoples, especially the Hopi and Zuni, employ
kivas, which are underground ceremonial chambers,
for religious rites and ceremonies. Kivas are sacred
locations that are essential to the Pueblo people's
spirituality.
 Certain cultures in the Southwest, including the
Ancestral Puebloans (formerly called Anasazi), built
 intricate cliff houses. Notable examples of these
archeological sites are Mesa Verde in Colorado and
Chaco Canyon in New Mexico.
 Traditionally, the Navajo people resided in buildings
called hogans. These are usually made of mud and
wooden poles, shaped like circles or octagons, with a
central hearth and a domed ceiling.
 Native American art and legend from the Southwest
frequently include the humpbacked flute musician
Kokopelli. Kokopelli is connected to the land's spirit,
music, and fertility.
 Spanish colonial influence brought new techniques to
silversmithing, and the pairing of silver with turquoise
and other jewels has come to define Southwestern
Native American art.

Mississippian 800 to Mississippians The  The biggest pre-Columbian earthwork in North

Culture 1540 CE Mississippian America, Monks Mound, is part of the earthen mound
complex of the Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site.
Culture in Cahokia acted as a center for religion, politics, and
present day are trade.
now  Building earthen mounds is a widely recognized aspect
inside:Ohio, of Mississippian culture. Mounds had a variety of uses;
Oklahoma, the they were used as dwelling mounds, platform mounds
for ceremonial constructions, and burial mounds.
Mississippi  Mississippian societies had vast networks of trade that
Valley, and the made it easier to exchange items like copper, shells,
neighboring ceramics, and other artifacts. Trade routes facilitated
regions. the interchange of ideas and cultures by connecting
remote areas.
 The Mississippian people were expert potters who
produced ceramics with elaborate designs and
exquisite decorations. Vases made of pottery included
human forms, animal patterns, and unique geometric
shapes. The cultural and creative complexity of these
societies is reflected in the artistry of Mississippian
pottery.
 Another famous feature of Cahokia is Woodhenge, a
circle of wooden posts that is timed to coincide with
lunar and solar cycles. The Mississippian people used
 the location as an astronomy observatory to keep tabs
on heavenly motions and plan their calendar.
 Chiefdoms, comprising strong leaders governing local
hubs, were the organizational unit of Mississippian
societies. Individuals with specialized roles, such
priests, soldiers, and artisans, played crucial roles in
the operation of the chiefdoms' social systems.
 Important status insignia and trade goods were
artifacts made of copper and sea shell. During
ceremonial and ritual activities, privileged persons
wore copper headdresses and jewelry, as well as
intricately etched shell gorgets.
 The decline may have been caused by elements
including resource depletion, social instability,
environmental changes, and outside forces. The
abandonment of the once-thriving towns caused the
Mississippian peoples to disperse.