T VARC 100: RC#12

H Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form
of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate,
E sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the
good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground
colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.
V A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its
queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed.
E The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status
through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been
R long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent
fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by
1. Which of the following most accurately states the main
idea of the passage?
(A) Naked mole rat colonies are the only known examples
of cooperatively breeding vertebrate societies.
(B) Naked mole rat colonies exhibit social organization
based on a rigid caste system.
(C) Behavior in naked mole rat colonies may well be a close
vertebrate analogue to behavior in eusocial insect
societies.
(D) The mating habits of naked mole rats differ from those
of any other vertebrate species.

B a new queen.
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its
2.It can be inferred from the passage that the performance
of tasks in naked mole rat colonies differs from task
A behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,
differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being
performance in eusocial insect societies in which of the
following ways?
L limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller non-breeding
members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food,
(A) In naked mole rat colonies, all tasks ate performed
cooperatively.
transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the (B) In naked mole rat colonies, the performance of tasks is
colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that less rigidly determined by body shape.
M differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a
task, regardless of its age.
(C) In naked mole rat colonies, breeding is limited to the
largest animals.
E Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats,
(D) In eusocial insect societies, reproduction is limited to a
single female.
most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are
N dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of
labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked
T mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be
totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not
O sexually active, and many never breed.

R
T VARC 100: RC#12
H Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form 3.According to the passage, which of the following is
of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate, a supposition rather than a fact concerning the
E sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the queen in a naked mole rat colony?
good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground
(A) She is the largest member of the colony.
colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.
(B) She exerts chemical control over the colony.
V A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its
queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed.
(C) She mates with more than one male.
(D) She attains her status through aggression.
E The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status
through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been 4.The passage supports which of the following
R long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent
fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by
inferences about breeding among Lycaon pictus?
(A) The largest female in the social group does not
B a new queen.
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its
maintain reproductive status by means of behavioral
control.
A behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,
differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being (B) An individual’s ability to breed is related
primarily to its rate of growth.
L limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller non-breeding
members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food, (C) Breeding is the only task performed by the
transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the breeding female.
colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that (D) Breeding is not dominated by a single pair of
M differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a
task, regardless of its age.
dogs.

E Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats,
most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are
N dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of
labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked
T mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be
totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not
O sexually active, and many never breed.

R
T VARC 100: RC#12
H Until recently, scientists did not know of a close vertebrate analogue to the extreme form
of altruism observed in eusocial insects like ants and bees, whereby individuals cooperate,
E sometimes even sacrificing their own opportunities to survive and reproduce, for the
good of others. However, such a vertebrate society may exist among underground
colonies of the highly social rodent Heterocephalus glaber, the naked mole rat.
V A naked mole rat colony, like a beehive, wasp’s nest, or termite mound, is ruled by its
queen, or reproducing female. Other adult female mole rats neither ovulate nor breed.
E The queen is the largest member of the colony, and she maintains her breeding status
through a mixture of behavioral and, presumably, chemical control. Queens have been
5.According to the passage, naked mole rat colonies may
differ from all other known vertebrate groups in which of
the following ways?
(A) Naked mole rats exhibit an extreme form of altruism.
(B) Naked mole rats are cooperative breeders.
(C) Among naked mole rats, many males are permitted to
breed with a single dominant female.
(D) Among naked mole rats, different tasks are performed
at different times in an individual’s life.

R long-lived in captivity, and when they die or are removed from a colony one sees violent
fighting for breeding status among the larger remaining females, leading to a takeover by
B a new queen.
Eusocial insect societies have rigid caste systems, each insect’s role being defined by its
A behavior, body shape, and physiology. In naked mole rat societies, on the other hand,
differences in behavior are related primarily to reproductive status (reproduction being
L limited to the queen and a few males), body size, and perhaps age. Smaller non-breeding
members, both male and female, seem to participate primarily in gathering food,
transporting nest material, and tunneling. Larger nonbreeders are active in defending the
colony and perhaps in removing dirt from the tunnels. Jarvis’ work has suggested that
M differences in growth rates may influence the length of time that an individual performs a
task, regardless of its age.
E Cooperative breeding has evolved many times in vertebrates, but unlike naked mole rats,
most cooperatively breeding vertebrates (except the wild dog, Lycaon pictus) are
N dominated by a pair of breeders rather than by a single breeding female. The division of
labor within social groups is less pronounced among other vertebrates than among naked
T mole rats, colony size is much smaller, and mating by subordinate females may not be
totally suppressed, whereas in naked mole rat colonies subordinate females are not
O sexually active, and many never breed.

R
 VARC 100: RC#11
T Recently the focus of historical studies of different ethnic groups in the United States has
shifted from the transformation of ethnic identity to its preservation. Whereas earlier historians
H argued that the ethnic identity of various immigrant groups to the United States blended to
form an American national character, the new scholarship has focused on the transplantation
E of ethnic cultures to the United States. Fugita and O’Brien’s Japanese American Ethnicity
provides an example of this recent trend; it also exemplifies a problem that is common to such
scholarship.
V In comparing the first three generations of Japanese Americans (the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei),
Fugita and O’Brien conclude that assimilation to United States culture increased among
E Japanese Americans over three generations, but that a sense of ethnic community endured.
Although the persistence of community is stressed by the authors, their emphasis in the book
R could just as easily have been on the high degree of assimilation of the Japanese American
population in the late twentieth century, which Fugita and O’Brien believe is demonstrated by
B the high levels of education, income, and occupational mobility achieved by Japanese
Americans. In addition, their data reveal that the character of the ethnic community itself
A changed: the integration of Sanseis into new professional communities and nonethnic
voluntary associations meant at the very least that ethnic ties had to accommodate multiple
L and layered identities. Fugita and O’Brien themselves acknowledge that there has been a
“weakening of Japanese American ethnic community life.”
Because of the social changes weakening the bonds of community, Fugita and O’Brien
M maintain that the community cohesion of Japanese Americans is notable not for its initial
intensity but because “there remains a degree of involvement in the ethnic community
E surpassing that found in most other ethnic groups at similar points in their ethnic group life
cycle.” This comparative difference is important to Fugita and O’Brien, and they hypothesize
N that the Japanese American community persisted in the face of assimilation because of a
particularly strong preexisting sense of “peoplehood”. They argue that this sense of
T peoplehood extended beyond local and family ties.
O Fugita and O’Brien have explained persistence of ethnic community by citing a preexisting
sense of national consciousness that is independent of how a group adapts to United States
R culture. However, it is difficult to prove as Fugita and O’Brien have attempted to do that a
sense of peoplehood is a distinct phenomenon. Historians should instead attempt to identify
directly the factors that sustain community cohesion in generations that have adapted to
United States culture and been exposed to the pluralism of American life.
1. Which one of the following best summarizes the main
point of the author of the passage?
(A) Fugita and O’Brien’s study provides a comparison of the
degree of involvement in ethnic community of different
groups in the United States.
(B) Fugita and O’Brien’s study describes the assimilation of
three generations of Japanese Americans to United States
culture.
(C) Fugita and O’Brien’s study illustrates both a recent trend
in historical studies of ethnic groups and a problem typical
of that trend.
(D) Historical studies of ethnic preservation among
Japanese Americans have done much to define the
interpretive frameworks for studies of other ethnic groups
2. According to the passage, Fugita and O’Brien’s data
indicate which one of the following about the Japanese
American ethnic community?
(A) Community bonds have weakened primarily as a result
of occupational mobility by Japanese Americans.
(B) The community is notable because it has
accommodated multiple and layered identities without
losing its traditional intensity.
(C) Community cohesion is similar in intensity to the
community cohesion of other ethnic groups that have been
in the United States for the same period of time.
(D) The nature of the community has been altered by
Japanese American participation in new professional
communities and nonethnic voluntary associations.
 VARC 100: RC#11
T Recently the focus of historical studies of different ethnic groups in the United States has shifted
3. Which one of the following provides an example of a
from the transformation of ethnic identity to its preservation. Whereas earlier historians argued
H that the ethnic identity of various immigrant groups to the United States blended to form an
research study that has conclusion most analogous to that
argued for by the historians mentioned in line 4?
American national character, the new scholarship has focused on the transplantation of ethnic
E cultures to the United States. Fugita and O’Brien’s Japanese American Ethnicity provides an (A) a study showing how musical forms brought from other
example of this recent trend; it also exemplifies a problem that is common to such scholarship. countries have persisted in the United States
(B) a study showing the organization and function of ethnic
In comparing the first three generations of Japanese Americans (the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei), associations in the United States
V Fugita and O’Brien conclude that assimilation to United States culture increased among (C) a study showing how architectural styles brought from
Japanese Americans over three generations, but that a sense of ethnic community endured. other counties have merged to form an American style
E Although the persistence of community is stressed by the authors, their emphasis in the book (D) a study showing how cultural traditions have been
could just as easily have been on the high degree of assimilation of the Japanese American preserved for generations in American ethic neighborhoods
R population in the late twentieth century, which Fugita and O’Brien believe is demonstrated by
the high levels of education, income, and occupational mobility achieved by Japanese
B Americans. In addition, their data reveal that the character of the ethnic community itself
4. As their views are discussed in the passage, Fugita and
O’Brien would be most likely to agree with which one of
changed: the integration of Sanseis into new professional communities and nonethnic voluntary
A associations meant at the very least that ethnic ties had to accommodate multiple and layered
the following?
(A) The community cohesion of an ethnic group is not
identities. Fugita and O’Brien themselves acknowledge that there has been a “weakening of
L Japanese American ethnic community life.”
affected by the length of time it has been in the United
States.
Because of the social changes weakening the bonds of community, Fugita and O’Brien maintain (B) An ethnic group in the United States can have a high
that the community cohesion of Japanese Americans is notable not for its initial intensity but degree of adaptation to United States culture and still
M because “there remains a degree of involvement in the ethnic community surpassing that found sustain strong community ties.
in most other ethnic groups at similar points in their ethnic group life cycle.” This comparative (C) The strength of an ethnic community in the United
E difference is important to Fugita and O’Brien, and they hypothesize that the Japanese American States is primarily dependent on the strength of local and
community persisted in the face of assimilation because of a particularly strong preexisting family ties.
N sense of “peoplehood”. They argue that this sense of peoplehood extended beyond local and (D) High levels of education and occupational mobility
family ties. necessarily erode the community cohesion of an ethnic
T group in the United States.
Fugita and O’Brien have explained persistence of ethnic community by citing a preexisting sense
O of national consciousness that is independent of how a group adapts to United States culture.
However, it is difficult to prove as Fugita and O’Brien have attempted to do that a sense of
R peoplehood is a distinct phenomenon. Historians should instead attempt to identify directly the
factors that sustain community cohesion in generations that have adapted to United States
culture and been exposed to the pluralism of American life.
 VARC 100: RC#11
T Recently the focus of historical studies of different ethnic groups in the United States has shifted 5. According to Fugita and O’Brien, the Japanese sustained
H from the transformation of ethnic identity to its preservation. Whereas earlier historians argued
that the ethnic identity of various immigrant groups to the United States blended to form an
community cohesion despite all of the following, except
(A) a sense of national consciousness or peoplehood
E American national character, the new scholarship has focused on the transplantation of ethnic
cultures to the United States. Fugita and O’Brien’s Japanese American Ethnicity provides an
(B) increased participation in educational and professional
activities
example of this recent trend; it also exemplifies a problem that is common to such scholarship.
(C) diversity of American society
(D) interaction with nonethnic organizations
V In comparing the first three generations of Japanese Americans (the Issei, Nisei, and Sansei),
Fugita and O’Brien conclude that assimilation to United States culture increased among
E Japanese Americans over three generations, but that a sense of ethnic community endured.
Although the persistence of community is stressed by the authors, their emphasis in the book
R could just as easily have been on the high degree of assimilation of the Japanese American
population in the late twentieth century, which Fugita and O’Brien believe is demonstrated by
B the high levels of education, income, and occupational mobility achieved by Japanese
Americans. In addition, their data reveal that the character of the ethnic community itself
A changed: the integration of Sanseis into new professional communities and nonethnic voluntary
associations meant at the very least that ethnic ties had to accommodate multiple and layered
L identities. Fugita and O’Brien themselves acknowledge that there has been a “weakening of
Japanese American ethnic community life.”

Because of the social changes weakening the bonds of community, Fugita and O’Brien maintain
M that the community cohesion of Japanese Americans is notable not for its initial intensity but
because “there remains a degree of involvement in the ethnic community surpassing that found
E in most other ethnic groups at similar points in their ethnic group life cycle.” This comparative
difference is important to Fugita and O’Brien, and they hypothesize that the Japanese American
N community persisted in the face of assimilation because of a particularly strong preexisting
sense of “peoplehood”. They argue that this sense of peoplehood extended beyond local and
T family ties.

O Fugita and O’Brien have explained persistence of ethnic community by citing a preexisting sense
of national consciousness that is independent of how a group adapts to United States culture.
R However, it is difficult to prove as Fugita and O’Brien have attempted to do that a sense of
peoplehood is a distinct phenomenon. Historians should instead attempt to identify directly the
factors that sustain community cohesion in generations that have adapted to United States
culture and been exposed to the pluralism of American life.
 VARC 100: RC#10
In 1977 the prestigious Ewha Women’s University in Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first women’s 1. Which of the following is NOT necessarily true of the family
T studies program in Asia. Few academic programs have ever received such public attention. In broadcast structures in Western and Korean cultures?
debates, critics dismissed the program as a betrayal of national identity, an imitation of Western ideas, and a (A) the former is based on the ideal of competition among the
H distraction from the real task of national unification and economic development. Even supporters members while the latter is based on the ideal of cooperation
underestimated the program; they thought it would be merely another of the many Western ideas that had
E already proved useful in Asian culture, akin to airlines, electricity, and the assembly line. The founders of the
(B) a family member in the West would generally find himself torn
between shouldering the responsibilities of being a father and a
program, however, realized that neither view was correct. They had some reservations about the applicability
of Western feminist theories to the role of women in Asia and felt that such theories should be closely son at once
(C) a Western family man is more repressive than a Korean
V examined. Their approach has thus far yielded important critiques of Western theory, informed by the special
experience of Asian women. counterpart
E For instance, like the Western feminist critique of the Freudian model of the human psyche, the Korean
(D) domestic disharmony is more common in the Western families
than in the Korean ones
R critique finds Freudian theory culture-bound, but in ways different from those cited by Western theorists. The
Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory assumes the universality of the Western nuclear, male-headed 2. Which of the following best summarizes the content of the
B family and focuses on the personality formation of the individual, independent of society. An analysis based on passage?
such assumptions could be valid for a highly competitive, individualistic society. In the Freudian family drama,
A family members are assumed to be engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each other—father against son
(A) A critique of a particular women’s studies program
(B) A report of work in social theory done by a particular women’s
and sibling against sibling. Such a concept projects the competitive model of Western society onto human
L personalities. But in the Asian concept of personality there is no ideal attached to individualism or to the
studies program
independent self. The Western model of personality development does not explain major characteristics of (C) An assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of a particular
the Korean personality, which is social and group-centered. The “self” is a social being defined by and acting in women’s studies program
M a group, and the well-being of both men and women is determined by the equilibrium of the group, not by (D) An analysis of the philosophy underlying women’s studies
programs
individual self-assertion. The ideal is one of interdependency.
E
In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an
N admission of weakness or failure. All this bears directly on the Asian perception of men’s and women’s
psychology because men are also “dependent.” In Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily show their
T emotions, something that might be considered a betrayal of masculinity in Western culture. In the kinship-
O based society of Korea, four generations may live in the same house, which means that people can be sons
and daughters all their lives, whereas in Western culture, the roles of husband and son, wife and daughter, are
R often incompatible.
 VARC 100: RC#10
In 1977 the prestigious Ewha Women’s University in Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first women’s 3. Which of the following conclusions about the introduction of
T studies program in Asia. Few academic programs have ever received such public attention. In broadcast Western ideas to Korean society can be supported by information
debates, critics dismissed the program as a betrayal of national identity, an imitation of Western ideas, and a contained in the passage?
H distraction from the real task of national unification and economic development. Even supporters (A) Except for technological innovations, few Western ideas have
underestimated the program; they thought it would be merely another of the many Western ideas that had
E already proved useful in Asian culture, akin to airlines, electricity, and the assembly line. The founders of the
been successfully transplanted into Korean society.
(B) The introduction of Western ideas to Korean society is viewed
program, however, realized that neither view was correct. They had some reservations about the applicability
of Western feminist theories to the role of women in Asia and felt that such theories should be closely by some Koreans as a challenge to Korean identity.
(C) The development of the Korean economy depends heavily on
V examined. Their approach has thus far yielded important critiques of Western theory, informed by the special
experience of Asian women. the development of new academic programs modeled after
E For instance, like the Western feminist critique of the Freudian model of the human psyche, the Korean
Western programs.
(D) The extent to which Western ideas must be adapted for
R critique finds Freudian theory culture-bound, but in ways different from those cited by Western theorists. The acceptance by Korean society is minimal.
Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory assumes the universality of the Western nuclear, male-headed
B family and focuses on the personality formation of the individual, independent of society. An analysis based on 4. It can be inferred from the passage that the broadcast media in
such assumptions could be valid for a highly competitive, individualistic society. In the Freudian family drama,
A family members are assumed to be engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each other—father against son
Korea considered the establishment of the Ewha women’s studies
program
and sibling against sibling. Such a concept projects the competitive model of Western society onto human
L personalities. But in the Asian concept of personality there is no ideal attached to individualism or to the
(A) imitative
independent self. The Western model of personality development does not explain major characteristics of (B) insignificant
the Korean personality, which is social and group-centered. The “self” is a social being defined by and acting in (C) newsworthy
M a group, and the well-being of both men and women is determined by the equilibrium of the group, not by (D) praiseworthy
individual self-assertion. The ideal is one of interdependency.
E
In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an
N admission of weakness or failure. All this bears directly on the Asian perception of men’s and women’s
psychology because men are also “dependent.” In Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily show their
T emotions, something that might be considered a betrayal of masculinity in Western culture. In the kinship-
O based society of Korea, four generations may live in the same house, which means that people can be sons
and daughters all their lives, whereas in Western culture, the roles of husband and son, wife and daughter, are
R often incompatible.
 VARC 100: RC#10
In 1977 the prestigious Ewha Women’s University in Seoul, Korea, announced the opening of the first women’s 5. It can be inferred from the passage that the position taken by
T studies program in Asia. Few academic programs have ever received such public attention. In broadcast some of the supporters of the Ewha women’s studies program was
debates, critics dismissed the program as a betrayal of national identity, an imitation of Western ideas, and a problematic to the founders of the program because those
H distraction from the real task of national unification and economic development. Even supporters supporters
underestimated the program; they thought it would be merely another of the many Western ideas that had
E already proved useful in Asian culture, akin to airlines, electricity, and the assembly line. The founders of the
(A) assumed that the program would be based on the uncritical
adoption of Western theory
program, however, realized that neither view was correct. They had some reservations about the applicability
of Western feminist theories to the role of women in Asia and felt that such theories should be closely (B) failed to show concern for the issues of national unification
and economic development
V examined. Their approach has thus far yielded important critiques of Western theory, informed by the special
experience of Asian women. (C) were unfamiliar with Western feminist theory
E For instance, like the Western feminist critique of the Freudian model of the human psyche, the Korean
(D) accepted the universality of Freudian theory

R critique finds Freudian theory culture-bound, but in ways different from those cited by Western theorists. The 6. Which of the following statements about the Western feminist
Korean theorists claim that Freudian theory assumes the universality of the Western nuclear, male-headed critique of Freudian theory can be supported by information
B family and focuses on the personality formation of the individual, independent of society. An analysis based on contained in the passage?
such assumptions could be valid for a highly competitive, individualistic society. In the Freudian family drama,
A family members are assumed to be engaged in a Darwinian struggle against each other—father against son
(A) It recognizes that the Freudian theory is contextual
(B) It was written after 1977.
and sibling against sibling. Such a concept projects the competitive model of Western society onto human
L personalities. But in the Asian concept of personality there is no ideal attached to individualism or to the
(C) It acknowledges the universality of the nuclear, male-headed
independent self. The Western model of personality development does not explain major characteristics of family.
the Korean personality, which is social and group-centered. The “self” is a social being defined by and acting in (D) It challenges Freud’s analysis of the role of daughters in
M a group, and the well-being of both men and women is determined by the equilibrium of the group, not by Western society.
individual self-assertion. The ideal is one of interdependency.
E
In such a context, what is recognized as “dependency” in Western psychiatric terms is not, in Korean terms, an
N admission of weakness or failure. All this bears directly on the Asian perception of men’s and women’s
psychology because men are also “dependent.” In Korean culture, men cry and otherwise easily show their
T emotions, something that might be considered a betrayal of masculinity in Western culture. In the kinship-
O based society of Korea, four generations may live in the same house, which means that people can be sons
and daughters all their lives, whereas in Western culture, the roles of husband and son, wife and daughter, are
R often incompatible.
 VARC 100: RC#9
In recent years, a growing belief that the way society decides what to treat as true is controlled through largely 1. Which of the following would be the closest to objectivism, as it
T unrecognized discursive practices has led legal reformers to examine the complex interconnections between has been defined in the passage?
narrative and law. In many legal systems, legal judgments are based on competing stories about events. (A) An editorial written in a newspaper column
H Without having witnessed these events, judges and juries must validate some stories as true and reject others (B) A travel blog describing a surreal place
as false. This procedure is rooted in objectivism, a philosophical approach that has supported most Western
E legal and intellectual systems for centuries. Objectivism holds that there is a single neutral description of each
(C) A historian’s account of events that may have led to the Russian
revolution
event that is unskewed by any particular point of view and that has a privileged position over all other
accounts. The law’s quest for truth, therefore, consists of locating this objective description, the one that tells (D) A biography of a famous painter
V what really happened, as opposed to what those involved thought happened.
2. Which one of the following best states the main idea of the
E The serious flaw in objectivism is that there is no such thing as the neutral, objective observer. As
psychologists have demonstrated, all observers bring to a situation a set of expectations, values, and beliefs
passage?
(A) Some legal scholars have sought to empower people
R that determine what the observers are able to see and hear. Two individuals listening to the same story will historically excluded from traditional legal discourse by instructing
hear different things, because they emphasize those aspects that accord with their learned experiences and them in the forms of discourse favored by legal insiders.
B ignore those aspects that are dissonant with their view of the world. Hence there is never any escape in life or (B) Some legal scholars have argued that the basic flaw inherent in
in law from selective perception or from subjective judgments based on prior experiences, values, and beliefs.
A The societal harm caused by the assumption of objectivist principles in traditional legal discourse is that,
objectivist theory can be remedied by recognizing that it is not
possible to obtain a single neutral description of a particular
historically, the stories judged to be objectively true are those told by people who are trained in legal
L discourse, while the stories of those who are not fluent in the language of the law are rejected as false.
event.
(C) Some legal scholars have proposed alleviating the harm caused
Legal scholars such as Patricia Williams, Derrick Bell, and Mari Matsuda have sought empowerment for the by the prominence of objectivist principles within legal discourse
M latter group of people through the construction of alternative legal narratives. Objectivist legal discourse by replacing that discourse with alternative forms of legal
narrative.
systematically disallows the language of emotion and experience by focusing on cognition in its narrowest
E sense. These legal reformers propose replacing such abstract discourse with powerful personal stories. They (D) Some legal scholars have contended that those who feel
argue that the absorbing, nonthreatening structure and tone of personal stories may convince legal insiders excluded from objectivist legal systems would be empowered by
N for the first time to listen to those not fluent in legal language. The compelling force of personal narrative can the construction of a new legal language that better reflected
create a sense of empathy between legal insiders and people traditionally excluded from legal discourse and,
T hence, from power. Such alternative narratives can shatter the complacency of the legal establishment and
objectivist principles.

O disturb its tranquility. Thus, the engaging power of narrative might play a crucial, positive role in the process of
legal reconstruction by overcoming differences in background and training and forming a new collectivity
R based on emotional empathy.
 VARC 100: RC#9
In recent years, a growing belief that the way society decides what to treat as true is controlled through largely 3. According to the passage, which one of the following is true
T unrecognized discursive practices has led legal reformers to examine the complex interconnections between about the intellectual systems mentioned in the passage?
narrative and law. In many legal systems, legal judgments are based on competing stories about events. (A) They are inherently flawed, owing to the inaccuracy of an
H Without having witnessed these events, judges and juries must validate some stories as true and reject others underlying tenet.
as false. This procedure is rooted in objectivism, a philosophical approach that has supported most Western
E legal and intellectual systems for centuries. Objectivism holds that there is a single neutral description of each
(B) They have generally remained unskewed by particular points of
view.
event that is unskewed by any particular point of view and that has a privileged position over all other
accounts. The law’s quest for truth, therefore, consists of locating this objective description, the one that tells (C) Their discursive practices have yet to be analyzed by legal
scholars.
V what really happened, as opposed to what those involved thought happened.
(D) They have shaped the philosophy of objectivism in legal
E The serious flaw in objectivism is that there is no such thing as the neutral, objective observer. As
psychologists have demonstrated, all observers bring to a situation a set of expectations, values, and beliefs
discourse

R that determine what the observers are able to see and hear. Two individuals listening to the same story will 4. Which one of the following best describes the sense of
hear different things, because they emphasize those aspects that accord with their learned experiences and “cognition” referred to in the passage?
B ignore those aspects that are dissonant with their view of the world. Hence there is never any escape in life or (A) the interpretation of visual cues
in law from selective perception or from subjective judgments based on prior experiences, values, and beliefs.
A The societal harm caused by the assumption of objectivist principles in traditional legal discourse is that,
(B) dispassionate logical thinking
(C) sudden insights inspired by the power of personal stories
historically, the stories judged to be objectively true are those told by people who are trained in legal
L discourse, while the stories of those who are not fluent in the language of the law are rejected as false.
(D) the reasoning actually employed by judges to arrive at legal
judgments
Legal scholars such as Patricia Williams, Derrick Bell, and Mari Matsuda have sought empowerment for the
M latter group of people through the construction of alternative legal narratives. Objectivist legal discourse
systematically disallows the language of emotion and experience by focusing on cognition in its narrowest
E sense. These legal reformers propose replacing such abstract discourse with powerful personal stories. They
argue that the absorbing, nonthreatening structure and tone of personal stories may convince legal insiders
N for the first time to listen to those not fluent in legal language. The compelling force of personal narrative can
create a sense of empathy between legal insiders and people traditionally excluded from legal discourse and,
T hence, from power. Such alternative narratives can shatter the complacency of the legal establishment and
O disturb its tranquility. Thus, the engaging power of narrative might play a crucial, positive role in the process of
legal reconstruction by overcoming differences in background and training and forming a new collectivity
R based on emotional empathy.
 VARC 100: RC#9
In recent years, a growing belief that the way society decides what to treat as true is controlled through largely 5. It can be inferred from the passage that Williams, Bell, And
T unrecognized discursive practices has led legal reformers to examine the complex interconnections between Matsuda believe which one of the following to be central
narrative and law. In many legal systems, legal judgments are based on competing stories about events. component of legal reform?
H Without having witnessed these events, judges and juries must validate some stories as true and reject others (A) incorporating into the law the latest developments in the fields
as false. This procedure is rooted in objectivism, a philosophical approach that has supported most Western
E legal and intellectual systems for centuries. Objectivism holds that there is a single neutral description of each
of psychology and philosophy
(B) eradicating from legal judgments discourse with a particular
event that is unskewed by any particular point of view and that has a privileged position over all other
accounts. The law’s quest for truth, therefore, consists of locating this objective description, the one that tells point of view
(C) granting all participants in legal proceedings equal access to
V what really happened, as opposed to what those involved thought happened.
training in the forms and manipulation of legal discourse
E The serious flaw in objectivism is that there is no such thing as the neutral, objective observer. As
psychologists have demonstrated, all observers bring to a situation a set of expectations, values, and beliefs
(D) making the law more responsive to the discursive practices of a
wider variety of people
R that determine what the observers are able to see and hear. Two individuals listening to the same story will
hear different things, because they emphasize those aspects that accord with their learned experiences and 6. Those who reject objectivism would regard “the law’s quest for
B ignore those aspects that are dissonant with their view of the world. Hence there is never any escape in life or truth” as most similar to which one of the following?
in law from selective perception or from subjective judgments based on prior experiences, values, and beliefs.
A The societal harm caused by the assumption of objectivist principles in traditional legal discourse is that,
(A) the painstaking assembly of a jigsaw puzzle
(B) the search for a valuable diamond among trinkets
historically, the stories judged to be objectively true are those told by people who are trained in legal
L discourse, while the stories of those who are not fluent in the language of the law are rejected as false.
(C) hunt for a legendary animal
(D) comparing an apple with an orange
Legal scholars such as Patricia Williams, Derrick Bell, and Mari Matsuda have sought empowerment for the
M latter group of people through the construction of alternative legal narratives. Objectivist legal discourse
systematically disallows the language of emotion and experience by focusing on cognition in its narrowest
E sense. These legal reformers propose replacing such abstract discourse with powerful personal stories. They
argue that the absorbing, nonthreatening structure and tone of personal stories may convince legal insiders
N for the first time to listen to those not fluent in legal language. The compelling force of personal narrative can
create a sense of empathy between legal insiders and people traditionally excluded from legal discourse and,
T hence, from power. Such alternative narratives can shatter the complacency of the legal establishment and
O disturb its tranquility. Thus, the engaging power of narrative might play a crucial, positive role in the process of
legal reconstruction by overcoming differences in background and training and forming a new collectivity
R based on emotional empathy.
 VARC 100: RC#8
Establishing a competitive edge means turning the tables of the market into your businesses favor. To ensure 1. The primary function of the passage as a whole is to
T the market forces favor your company is key to gaining an edge on the competition. With so many businesses (A) account for the popularity of a practice
competing for the customer’s dollars and attention, each business has to work hard to set itself apart from its (B) evaluate the utility of a practice
H competitors. Whether they offer a unique product or service, or even if they’ve been in business for a long (C) demonstrate how to institute a practice
time, differentiating your product or service can mean the difference in low or no profits for your company.
E Being different doesn’t always have to be unconventional in the business world; it can mean something as
(D) explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy
simple as offering tried-and-true methods, but with your own spin. Essentially, doing what has worked for
years can prove to be more profitable than being creative or wild. 2. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as
circumstances in which professional service firms can benefit from
V The most effective way to instill trust and gain customers is to be true to your company’s word. That means offering an unconditional guarantee EXCEPT:
E honoring and aggressively backing any merchandise return policies, product guarantees, and ensuring
customer satisfaction on all levels. Customers generally tell others about their satisfaction with a company and
(A) The firm is having difficulty retaining its clients of long
standing.
R their comfort level on doing business with them. This is by far the most flattering thing that a company can (B) The firm is having difficulty getting business through client
experience. And, over time, that trust that they have worked hard to foster will translate into your business recommendations.
B standing out from the crowd. (C) The firm charges substantial fees for its services.
A Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising,
(D) The adverse effects of poor performance by the firm are
significant for the client.
accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such
L guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations.
Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is
very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is
M difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.

E However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure
is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the
N promised level of service. It may conflict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that
a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that
T lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with
O outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees.
And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment
R to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.
 VARC 100: RC#8
Establishing a competitive edge means turning the tables of the market into your businesses favor. To ensure 3. Which of the following is cited in the passage as a goal of some
T the market forces favor your company is key to gaining an edge on the competition. With so many businesses professional service firms in offering unconditional guarantees of
competing for the customer’s dollars and attention, each business has to work hard to set itself apart from its satisfaction?
H competitors. Whether they offer a unique product or service, or even if they’ve been in business for a long (A) A limit on the firm’s liability
time, differentiating your product or service can mean the difference in low or no profits for your company.
E Being different doesn’t always have to be unconventional in the business world; it can mean something as
(B) Successful competition against other firms
(C) Ability to justify fee increases
simple as offering tried-and-true methods, but with your own spin. Essentially, doing what has worked for
years can prove to be more profitable than being creative or wild. (D) Attainment of an outstanding reputation in a field
V The most effective way to instill trust and gain customers is to be true to your company’s word. That means 4. The passage’s description of the issue raised by unconditional
E honoring and aggressively backing any merchandise return policies, product guarantees, and ensuring
customer satisfaction on all levels. Customers generally tell others about their satisfaction with a company and
guarantees for health care or legal services most clearly implies
that which of the following is true?
R their comfort level on doing business with them. This is by far the most flattering thing that a company can (A) The legal and medical professions have standards of practice
experience. And, over time, that trust that they have worked hard to foster will translate into your business that would be violated by attempts to fulfill such unconditional
B standing out from the crowd. guarantees.
A Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising,
(B) The result of a lawsuit of medical procedure cannot necessarily
be determined in advance by the professionals handling a client’s
accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such
L guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations.
case.
Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is (C) The dignity of the legal and medical professions is undermined
very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is by any attempts at marketing of professional services, including
M difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth. unconditional guarantees.
(D) Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have
E However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure unsatisfactory outcomes cannot be adequately compensated by
is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the financial settlements alone.
N promised level of service. It may conflict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that
a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that
T lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with
O outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees.
And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment
R to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.
 VARC 100: RC#8
Establishing a competitive edge means turning the tables of the market into your businesses favor. To ensure 5. Which of the following hypothetical situations best exemplifies
T the market forces favor your company is key to gaining an edge on the competition. With so many businesses the potential problem noted in the second sentence of the last
competing for the customer’s dollars and attention, each business has to work hard to set itself apart from its paragraph?
H competitors. Whether they offer a unique product or service, or even if they’ve been in business for a long (A) An accountant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction leads
time, differentiating your product or service can mean the difference in low or no profits for your company.
E Being different doesn’t always have to be unconventional in the business world; it can mean something as
clients to believe that tax returns prepared by the accountant are
certain to be inaccurate.
simple as offering tried-and-true methods, but with your own spin. Essentially, doing what has worked for
years can prove to be more profitable than being creative or wild. (B) A lawyer’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes
clients suspect that the lawyer needs to find new clients quickly to
V The most effective way to instill trust and gain customers is to be true to your company’s word. That means increase the firm’s income.
E honoring and aggressively backing any merchandise return policies, product guarantees, and ensuring
customer satisfaction on all levels. Customers generally tell others about their satisfaction with a company and
(C) A business consultant’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction
is undermined when the consultant fails to provide all of the
R their comfort level on doing business with them. This is by far the most flattering thing that a company can services that are promised.
experience. And, over time, that trust that they have worked hard to foster will translate into your business (D) An architect’s unconditional guarantee of satisfaction makes
B standing out from the crowd. clients wonder how often the architect’s buildings fail to please
A Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising,
clients.
accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such
L guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations.
Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is
very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is
M difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.

E However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure
is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver the
N promised level of service. It may conflict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that
a firm is begging for business. In legal and health care services, it may mislead clients by suggesting that
T lawsuits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with
O outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees.
And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a commensurate commitment
R to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.
 VARC 100: RC#7
Although much has been written about the theological conflicts with Darwinian theory, little is known of the 1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
T powerful scientific objections that modified Darwin’s beliefs. (A) outline the process by which Darwin formulated and modified
his theory of natural selection
H During Darwin’s lifetime, the accepted theory of heredity was not Mendel’s theory of particulate inheritance , (B) propose a new interpretation of Darwin’s theory of evolution
which, though published, was unrecognized, but the theory of blending inheritance, which holds that forms
E intermediate between those of the parents result from mating. Jenkin pointed out that if a rare and favorable
(C) explain how other scientists of the time helped Darwin modify
and perfect his theories
mutation occurred, it would soon be blended out by repeated crossings from the wild-type form. Disputing
Darwin’s conception of evolution as proceeding through the natural selection of those with slightly better (D) discuss some of the scientific controversy that Darwin sparked
and describe his response to it
V characteristics that arose randomly, Jenkin concluded that natural selection could not account for the
tremendous diversity of life, hypothesizing that large numbers of organisms mutated simultaneously in the
E same direction—a controlled orthogenetic process resembling a series of “special creations.” 2. It can be inferred from the passage that the theory of blending
inheritance would predict that the offspring of
R Since “special creationism” was an ideological target of his, Darwin found himself in a quandary. Although he (A) two strains of snapdragons, one with abnormal, radically
did not abandon his theory, he admitted that natural selection played a much smaller part in evolution than he symmetrical flowers and the other with normal, bilaterally
B had previously claimed. He also embraced the Lamarckian concept that acquired traits in parents are symmetrical flowers, would always have normal, bilaterally
transmitted to their offspring, thus providing a mechanism by which an entire population could change in the
A same direction at once.
symmetrical flowers
(B) the progeny of a white horse and a black horse would always
L Another potent objection came from the physicists led by Lord Kelvin, who contested the assumption of
be gray
previous geologists and biologists that life had existed for billions of years, if not infinitely. How, they asked, (C) a man with type A blood and a woman with type B blood
could evolution proceed by slow steps in millions of years, and how could advanced forms recently evolved would always produce offspring with type A, type B, or type AB
M show such great differences? The Kelvinists, basing their conclusion on the assumption that the sun was an blood
(D) a fly with large eyes and a fly with small eyes would always
incandescent liquid mass rapidly radiating heat, calculated that the age of the earth was between 20 and 40
E million years. have an offspring with one large eye and one small eye
N Admitting that their calculations were correct and their premises rational, Darwin was forced to adjust this
theory. He proposed that change had occurred much more rapidly in the past than in the present, where
T species seemed static, and that more advanced forms varied more rapidly than lower forms. This provided
O further reason to advocate Lamarck’s theory of inheritance, because that could account for the rapid change.

R Interestingly, both these retreats of Darwin were later shown to be faulty. The discovery that the sun runs on a
nearly infinite amount of atomic fuel totally invalidated Kelvin’s argument, Mendel was “rediscovered” in the
twentieth century, when it was pointed out that the particulate nature of inheritance meant that favorable
mutation not only could persist, but could rapidly become prevalent.
 VARC 100: RC#7
Although much has been written about the theological conflicts with Darwinian theory, little is known of the 3. It can be inferred from the passage that “wild-type” means
T powerful scientific objections that modified Darwin’s beliefs. (A) nonmutant
(B) rare
H During Darwin’s lifetime, the accepted theory of heredity was not Mendel’s theory of particulate inheritance , (C) abnormal
which, though published, was unrecognized, but the theory of blending inheritance, which holds that forms
E intermediate between those of the parents result from mating. Jenkin pointed out that if a rare and favorable
(D) random
mutation occurred, it would soon be blended out by repeated crossings from the wild-type form. Disputing
Darwin’s conception of evolution as proceeding through the natural selection of those with slightly better 4. Which of the following, if it could be demonstrated, would tend
to support the Lamarckian concept that Darwin embraced?
V characteristics that arose randomly, Jenkin concluded that natural selection could not account for the
tremendous diversity of life, hypothesizing that large numbers of organisms mutated simultaneously in the (A) Human beings evolved from now-extinct animals much like
E same direction—a controlled orthogenetic process resembling a series of “special creations.” chimpanzees as a result of an erratic accumulation of changes in
the gene pool through thousands of generations.
R Since “special creationism” was an ideological target of his, Darwin found himself in a quandary. Although he (B) Some parental traits disappear in offspring and reappear in the
did not abandon his theory, he admitted that natural selection played a much smaller part in evolution than he following generation.
B had previously claimed. He also embraced the Lamarckian concept that acquired traits in parents are (C) Those hereditary traits that make their owners more likely to
transmitted to their offspring, thus providing a mechanism by which an entire population could change in the
A same direction at once.
grow up and reproduce become increasingly common in a
population from one generation to the next
L Another potent objection came from the physicists led by Lord Kelvin, who contested the assumption of
(D) Rats who have had their tails cut off produce tailless offspring
previous geologists and biologists that life had existed for billions of years, if not infinitely. How, they asked,
could evolution proceed by slow steps in millions of years, and how could advanced forms recently evolved
M show such great differences? The Kelvinists, basing their conclusion on the assumption that the sun was an
incandescent liquid mass rapidly radiating heat, calculated that the age of the earth was between 20 and 40
E million years.

N Admitting that their calculations were correct and their premises rational, Darwin was forced to adjust this
theory. He proposed that change had occurred much more rapidly in the past than in the present, where
T species seemed static, and that more advanced forms varied more rapidly than lower forms. This provided
O further reason to advocate Lamarck’s theory of inheritance, because that could account for the rapid change.

R Interestingly, both these retreats of Darwin were later shown to be faulty. The discovery that the sun runs on a
nearly infinite amount of atomic fuel totally invalidated Kelvin’s argument, Mendel was “rediscovered” in the
twentieth century, when it was pointed out that the particulate nature of inheritance meant that favorable
mutation not only could persist, but could rapidly become prevalent.
 VARC 100: RC#7
Although much has been written about the theological conflicts with Darwinian theory, little is known of the 5. It can be inferred from the passage that if Mendel’s work had
T powerful scientific objections that modified Darwin’s beliefs. been recognized and accepted during Darwin’s lifetime, it would
have had which of the following effect?
H During Darwin’s lifetime, the accepted theory of heredity was not Mendel’s theory of particulate inheritance , I. It would have refuted Jenkin’s objections to Darwin’s theories.
which, though published, was unrecognized, but the theory of blending inheritance, which holds that forms
E intermediate between those of the parents result from mating. Jenkin pointed out that if a rare and favorable
II. It would have supported Darwin’s theory that evolution
proceeds by very slow steps over millions of years.
mutation occurred, it would soon be blended out by repeated crossings from the wild-type form. Disputing
Darwin’s conception of evolution as proceeding through the natural selection of those with slightly better III. It would have clarified and supported Darwin’s theory of
natural selection.
V characteristics that arose randomly, Jenkin concluded that natural selection could not account for the
tremendous diversity of life, hypothesizing that large numbers of organisms mutated simultaneously in the (A) I only
E same direction—a controlled orthogenetic process resembling a series of “special creations.” (B) III only
(C) I and III only
R Since “special creationism” was an ideological target of his, Darwin found himself in a quandary. Although he (D) II and III only
did not abandon his theory, he admitted that natural selection played a much smaller part in evolution than he
B had previously claimed. He also embraced the Lamarckian concept that acquired traits in parents are
transmitted to their offspring, thus providing a mechanism by which an entire population could change in the
A same direction at once.
L Another potent objection came from the physicists led by Lord Kelvin, who contested the assumption of
previous geologists and biologists that life had existed for billions of years, if not infinitely. How, they asked,
could evolution proceed by slow steps in millions of years, and how could advanced forms recently evolved
M show such great differences? The Kelvinists, basing their conclusion on the assumption that the sun was an
incandescent liquid mass rapidly radiating heat, calculated that the age of the earth was between 20 and 40
E million years.

N Admitting that their calculations were correct and their premises rational, Darwin was forced to adjust this
theory. He proposed that change had occurred much more rapidly in the past than in the present, where
T species seemed static, and that more advanced forms varied more rapidly than lower forms. This provided
O further reason to advocate Lamarck’s theory of inheritance, because that could account for the rapid change.

R Interestingly, both these retreats of Darwin were later shown to be faulty. The discovery that the sun runs on a
nearly infinite amount of atomic fuel totally invalidated Kelvin’s argument, Mendel was “rediscovered” in the
twentieth century, when it was pointed out that the particulate nature of inheritance meant that favorable
mutation not only could persist, but could rapidly become prevalent.
 VARC 100: RC#6
While an understanding of the processes which regulate the abundance of animal populations is 1. All of the following are mentioned or implied as factors behind a
T fundamentally important both to applied biology and to ecology in general, it is a subject on which there are lack of consensus among scientists about the processes by which
very considerable divergences of opinion. These divergences, which have been so much discussed during the animals regulate their populations, except
H past two or three decades, may be attributed to a number of causes: to the common tendency to embrace (A) Linguistic ambiguities
partial, one-sided explanations instead of seeking a comprehensive viewpoint; to the diverse views
E engendered by the study of ecologically different groups of animals, or by a too exclusive attention to either
(B) Myopic approach to the subject
(C) Divergence in sample selection and empirical data
the biotic or the physical aspects of ecology; and, besides these outcomes of specialization, to confusion and
misunderstanding over the use of certain terms. (D) Absence of any specialization on the subject
V The departure point, the point of agreement, is that although numbers of animals in a given region may 2. Which of the following, if true, would best support the density-
E fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Basis this,
scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
dependent theory of population control as it is described in the
passage?
R The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate (A) As the number of foxes in Minnesota decreases, the growth
populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small rate of this population of foxes begins to increase.
B organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in (B) As the number of woodpeckers in Vermont decreases, the
photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory—the density-
A independent view—asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of
growth rate of this population of woodpeckers also begins to
decrease.
the number of individuals in a region.
L (C) As the number of prairie dogs in Oklahoma increases, the
A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent—that is, the rate of growth of a growth rate of this population of prairie dogs also begins to
population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation increase.
M may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase (D) After the number of beavers in Tennessee decreases, the
number of predators of these beavers begins to increase.
mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density
E populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have
demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the
N pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting
sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the
T original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the
O precise prediction of the effects of crowding.

R A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved a
“code” in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group
vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if
necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior
and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.
 VARC 100: RC#6
While an understanding of the processes which regulate the abundance of animal populations is 3. According to the Wynne-Edwards theory as it is described in the
T fundamentally important both to applied biology and to ecology in general, it is a subject on which there are passage, epideictic behavior displays serve the function of
very considerable divergences of opinion. These divergences, which have been so much discussed during the (A) determining roosting aggregations
H past two or three decades, may be attributed to a number of causes: to the common tendency to embrace (B) group vocalizing
partial, one-sided explanations instead of seeking a comprehensive viewpoint; to the diverse views
E engendered by the study of ecologically different groups of animals, or by a too exclusive attention to either
(C) regulating sexual activity
(D) regulating roosting aggregations, group vocalizing and sexual
the biotic or the physical aspects of ecology; and, besides these outcomes of specialization, to confusion and
misunderstanding over the use of certain terms. activity
V The departure point, the point of agreement, is that although numbers of animals in a given region may 4. The primary purpose of the passage is to
E fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Basis this,
scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
(A) argue against those scientists who maintain that animal
populations tend to fluctuate
R The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate (B) compare and contrast the density-dependent and epideictic
populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small theories of population control
B organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in (C) summarize a number of scientific theories that attempt to
photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory—the density-
A independent view—asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of
explain why animal populations do not exceed certain limits
(D) deplore the inadequacies of existing theories that attempt to
the number of individuals in a region.
L explain mechanisms of population regulation in animals
A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent—that is, the rate of growth of a
population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation
M may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase
mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density
E populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have
demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the
N pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting
sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the
T original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the
O precise prediction of the effects of crowding.

R A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved a
“code” in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group
vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if
necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior
and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.
 VARC 100: RC#6
While an understanding of the processes which regulate the abundance of animal populations is 5. Which of the following statements would provide the most of
T fundamentally important both to applied biology and to ecology in general, it is a subject on which there are logical continuation of the final paragraph of the passage?
very considerable divergences of opinion. These divergences, which have been so much discussed during the (A) Thus Wynne-Edwards’ theory raises serious questions about
H past two or three decades, may be attributed to a number of causes: to the common tendency to embrace the constancy of animal population in a region.
partial, one-sided explanations instead of seeking a comprehensive viewpoint; to the diverse views
E engendered by the study of ecologically different groups of animals, or by a too exclusive attention to either
(B) Because Wynne-Edwards’ theory is able to explain more kinds
of animal behavior than is the density-dependent theory,
the biotic or the physical aspects of ecology; and, besides these outcomes of specialization, to confusion and
misunderstanding over the use of certain terms. epideictic explanations of population regulation are now widely
accepted.
V The departure point, the point of agreement, is that although numbers of animals in a given region may (C) The results of one study, for instance, have suggested that
E fluctuate from year to year, the fluctuations are often temporary and, over long periods, trivial. Basis this,
scientists have advanced three theories of population control to account for this relative constancy.
group vocalizing is more often used to defend territory than to
provide information about population density.
R The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate (D) Some of these studies have, in fact, worked out a systematic
populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small and complex code of social behavior that can regulate population
B organisms with short life cycles, climatic changes need not be catastrophic: normal seasonal changes in size.
photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight), for example, can govern population growth. This theory—the density-
A independent view—asserts that climatic factors exert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of
the number of individuals in a region.
L
A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent—that is, the rate of growth of a
population in a region decreases as the number of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation
M may vary. For example, as numbers increase, the food supply would probably diminish, which would increase
mortality. In addition, as Lotka and Volterra have shown, predators can find prey more easily in high-density
E populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms: for example, Christian and Davis have
demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the
N pituitary and adrenal glands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting
sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the
T original provocation. One challenge for density-dependent theorists is to develop models that would allow the
O precise prediction of the effects of crowding.

R A third theory, proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed “epideictic,” argues that organisms have evolved a
“code” in the form of social or epideictic behavior displays, such as winter-roosting aggregations or group
vocalizing; such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can, if
necessary, exercise reproductive restraint. However, Wynne-Edwards’ theory, linking animal social behavior
and population control, has been challenged, with some justification, by several studies.
 VARC 100: RC#5
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social 1.Which of the following statements about migrants to colonial
T research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the North America is supported by information in the passage?
organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four (A) A larger percentage of migrants to colonial North America
H separate propositions. came as indentured servants than as free agents interested in
E The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside;
acquiring land.
(B) Migrants who came to the colonies as indentured servants
migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover.” Although at first the colonies held little positive
attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people were more successful at making a livelihood than were farmers
and artisans.
V increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds
that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New (C) Migrants to colonial North America were more successful at
E World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied
considerably.
acquiring their own land during the eighteenth century than
during the seven-tenth century.
R (D) As eighteenth century progressed, the character of migrants in
Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: demand by American employers changed.
B one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those
who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial
A entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At
2.The author of the passage states that Bailyn failed to
(A) give sufficient emphasis to the cultural and political
first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded
L skilled artisans.
interdependence of the colonies and England
(B) describe carefully how migrants of different ethnic
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is backgrounds preserved their culture in the united States
M undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the (C) take advantage of social research on the experiences of
colonists who migrated to colonial North America specifically to
empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture.
E It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of acquire land
seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university, (D) relate the experience of the migrants to the political values
N and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and that eventually shaped the character of the United States
institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
T
O Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just
prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States.
R Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants
were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not
surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to
ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American
political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic
 VARC 100: RC#5
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social 3. According to the passage, Bailyn and the author agree on which
T research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the of the following statements about the culture of colonial New
organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four England?
H separate propositions. (A) High culture in New England never equaled the high culture of
E The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside;
England.
(B) The cultural achievements of colonial New England have
migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover.” Although at first the colonies held little positive
attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people generally been unrecognized by historians.
(C) The colonists imitated the high culture of England, and did not
V increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds
that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New develop a culture that was uniquely their own.
E World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied
considerably.
(D) The southern colonies were greatly influenced by the high
culture of New England.
R
Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants: 4. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with
B one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those which of the following statements about Bailyn’s work?
who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial
A entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At
(A) Bailyn underestimates the effects of Puritan thought on North
American culture.
first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded
L skilled artisans.
(B) Bailyn overemphasizes the economic dependence of the
colonies on Great Britain.
Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is (C) Bailyn’s description of the colonies as part of an Anglo-
M undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the American empire is misleading and incorrect.
(D) Bailyn failed to test his propositions on a specific group of
empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture.
E It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of migrants to colonial North America.
seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university,
N and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and
institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
T
O Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just
prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States.
R Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants
were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not
surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to
ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American
political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic
 VARC 100: RC#5
Bernard Bailyn has recently reinterpreted the early history of the United States by applying new social
T research findings on the experiences of European migrants. In his reinterpretation, migration becomes the
organizing principle for rewriting the history of preindustrial North America. His approach rests on four
H separate propositions.
E The first of these asserts that residents of early modern England moved regularly about their countryside;
migrating to the New World was simply a “natural spillover.” Although at first the colonies held little positive
attraction for the English—they would rather have stayed home—by the eighteenth century people
V increasingly migrated to America because they regarded it as the land of opportunity. Secondly, Bailyn holds
that, contrary to the notion that used to flourish in America history textbooks, there was never a typical New
E World community. For example, the economic and demographic character of early New England towns varied
considerably.
5. According to the passage, which of the following is true of
English migrants to the colonies during the eighteenth century?
(A) Most of them were farmers rather than trades people or
artisans.
(B) Most of them came because they were unable to find work in
England.
(C) They differed from other English people in that they were
willing to travel.
(D) They expected that the colonies would offer them increased
opportunity.

R
Bailyn’s third proposition suggests two general patterns prevailing among the many thousands of migrants:
B one group came as indentured servants, another came to acquire land. Surprisingly, Bailyn suggests that those
who recruited indentured servants were the driving forces of transatlantic migration. These colonial
A entrepreneurs helped determine the social character of people who came to preindustrial North America. At
first, thousands of unskilled laborers were recruited; by the 1730’s, however, American employers demanded
L skilled artisans.

Finally, Bailyn argues that the colonies were a half-civilized hinterland of the European culture system. He is
M undoubtedly correct to insist that the colonies were part of an Anglo-American empire. But to divide the
empire into English core and colonial periphery, as Bailyn does, devalues the achievements of colonial culture.
E It is true, as Bailyn claims, that high culture in the colonies never matched that in England. But what of
seventeenth-century New England, where the settlers created effective laws, built a distinguished university,
N and published books? Bailyn might respond that New England was exceptional. However, the ideas and
institutions developed by New England Puritans had powerful effects on North American culture.
T
O Although Bailyn goes on to apply his approach to some thousands of indentured servants who migrated just
prior to the revolution, he fails to link their experience with the political development of the United States.
R Evidence presented in his work suggests how we might make such a connection. These indentured servants
were treated as slaves for the period during which they had sold their time to American employers. It is not
surprising that as soon as they served their time they passed up good wages in the cities and headed west to
ensure their personal independence by acquiring land. Thus, it is in the west that a peculiarly American
political culture began, among colonists who were suspicious of authority and intensely anti-aristocratic