Building Site:

()

Customer:
Semelle v

()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 2

GENERAL IDENTIFICATION
Customer: SEMELLE V

Building Site:
0

Data di esecuzione: 20/07/2023

20/07/2023

Operators:

Attendees:

Distribution list: Copies: 0

Copies: 0
Copies: 0

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 3

INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ANALYSIS OF CARBONATION DEPHT
2.1 SURVEY METHOD

2.2 TOOLS FEATURES

3. SURVEY SHEET
4. DATA PROCESSING AND RESULTS
ATTACHMENTS

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 4

1. INTRODUCTION
In accordance with the assignment conferred, an analysis was performed to determine
the conditions of the structural and facade reinforced concrete of the in
The monitoring was performed to determine the state of the damage and deterioration of
the reinforced concrete structural elements using the most suitable non-destructive test
methods. The need to follow the evolution in time of the phenomena affecting the
building requires a suitable test method.
In this specific case, instrumental tests will be performed to determine the evolution of
the carbonation areas in the visible reinforced concrete structures to obtain the
information required to draw up a management and maintenance plan for the building.
In order to provide a correct diagnosis on the deterioration of the reinforced concrete
structures, the investigation can be performed in the following phases:
 gathering data
 examining existing documentation (if present)
 visual examination on site
 Carbontest® perforation tests
 review and analysis of results
Through the visual examination and by gathering historical data it is possible to obtain
enough information to provide guidelines for the non-destructive tests. This procedure
optimizes the number of tests to be performed and the time required.
The test results are processed and used to complete test reports, while the Photographic
documentation gathered provides the rest of the information required. The values
measured during the tests and the analysis of the same can be used to create an image
showing the propagation of the carbonation, which is essential in order to predict the
residual life of the structure.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 5

2. ANALYSIS OF CARBONATION DEPHT

The procedure required by Standard UNI EN 206-1 concerning the “Corrosion and
protection of reinforcing steel in concrete. Determination of the carbonation depth and
of the chlorides penetration profile in concrete determines the characteristics of the state
of preservation of the reinforcement by taking and analysing concrete samples.
Samples can be taken using three different methods:
- coring, conform to Standard UNI 6131:2002 of a depth and size specified on the basis
of the purpose of the survey;
- taking samples of concrete fragments, in the case of concrete cover to reinforcement
which is already visible damaged or breaking away from the reinforcement;
- taking samples of powder using a percussion drill.
The carbonation depth is often measured using a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in
ethyl alcohol, which tends to turn pink when it comes into contact with materials with a
pH greater than 8.3-10 and remains colourless at lower pH values.
The concrete cover to reinforcement, usually characterised by a pH of 13-13.80,
protects the steel which is covered by a film of oxide a few nanometres thick. The
alkalinity of the concrete reduces progressively on contact with the carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere, so the pH drops to below 9. In these new conditions the film of oxide is
destroyed and the reinforcement is no longer protected by conditions of passivity.
The attack continues until the section of the reinforcement is reduced considerably, and
the strength of the bond with the concrete is limited by loss of adherence. Furthermore,
the by-products of corrosion occupy a greater volume than the original steel under
attack. The increase in volume between the metal and concrete produces considerable
tensile stress in points of the concrete making it crack (a phenomena called “spalling”).
The penetration of the carbonation depends, not only on the intrinsic characteristics of
the cast concrete (type of cement, water/cement ratio in the mix, porosity, casting,
compacting, curing, cracking, concrete cover to reinforcement) but also on
environmental conditions (damp, temperature, CO2 concentration in the air, exposure).
In particular, temperatures over 15-20 °C with a relative humidity in the air of around
60% constitute conditions in which these reactions can occur but prevent liquid water
from being trapped in the pores of the concrete, which would prevent the transportation
of carbon dioxide in a gaseous phase.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 6

The presence of alternating wet and dry conditions, such as those caused by rain on the
facades of buildings, slightly reduces the progress of the carbonation zones but provides
ideal conditions for corrosion of the reinforcement.
The differences in exposure constitute the main variables in the progress of carbonation
propagation for the same intrinsic building characteristics.
Standard UNI EN 206, in fact, divides the levels of aggressive environmental conditions
into 4 XC levels for corrosion induced by carbonation.
When the reinforced concrete is exposed to air and damp, the exposure is classified as
follows:
 XC1 – Dry or saturated
 XC2 – Damp, rarely dry
 XC3 – Moderately damp
 XC4 – Cycles of wetting and drying
In-depth knowledge of the interference causes of carbonation helps choose test points,
favouring more sensitive ones or those in which the evolution of the phenomenon
appears to be more advanced.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 7

2.1 SURVEY METHOD

The Carbontest® procedure used to analyse the depth of the carbonation, respects
regulatory requirements using the powder sample method, but introduces an innovative
collection system making sample taking less invasive and notable reducing test time
compared to traditional methods.
The test is performed when the zones where the best results can be obtained have been
found. A picker is placed against the concrete to be tested with a test tube to catch the
powder produced by drilling. A normal percussion drill is used to drill a hole in the
concrete, proceeding at a constant speed for the entire duration of the drilling. The first
powder produced collects at the bottom of the test tube, while the last powder collects at
the top. The use of a transparent container lets you check the powder is flowing freely
while the hole is being drilled and the result is an orderly sample in the test tube.
The length of the powder sample is precisely measured after drilling and compared to
the depth of the hole, considering that the powder will occupy a greater volume no
matter how packed down it is.
A Pasteur pipette is used to apply a phenolphthalein film along the flared longitudinal
cut in the test tube so the liquid penetrates into the sample powder. The chemical
reaction of the reagent occurs immediately. The carbonated concrete does not change
colour, while the concrete which hasn't yet been affected by carbonation turns pink.
After drying the sample for a short time, the length of the carbonated part is measured
precisely, not including the part in a good condition. The ratio scale determined
beforehand lets us calculate the real carbonation value at the point on the building
tested.
Specific concrete filler can be used to close the hole drilled to take the sample and
returns the element tested to its original form, preventing aggression from EXTERIOR
agents which could accelerate the damage at this point.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 8

2.2 TOOLS FEATURES

As well as a percussion drill, the following components are required to perform a
Carbontest® :
 Picker for collecting the powder consisting of a ring-shaped head with a
seal which traps the powder. The rear part of the ring has a funnel-shaped
tube so the powder drops into the test tube.
 Styrene-acrylonitrile test tube 18 cm long, with an inner diameter of 9
mm. The transparent tube has a specific thin cut along the generator
where the reagent liquid can be applied, while preventing the powder
from escaping.
 Ruler with a graduated scale for inserting in the hole and measuring the
powder in the test tube.
 1% solution of phenolphthalein in ethyl alcohol , characterised by a
reaction range from pH 8.3 to pH 10.0 which turns the powder not
affected by carbonation, pink.
 Pasteur pipette (3 ml) for applying a measure of phenolphthalein along
the thin cut in the test tube

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 9

3. SURVEY SHEETS
The final part of Standard UNI EN 206-1 indicates the minimum information to include
in the carbonation test report. A specific survey sheet is used to note down the results of
the test with the measurements taken, so the results of each test can be referred to
quickly. The survey sheet contains the date the sample was taken and the details of the
structure being tested, instructions for identifying the test and the results.
The Test identificationis a summary of the information required to univocally find the
point where the sample was taken, a description of the main characteristics of the
concrete and the environmental conditions found.
In particular, the exposure class in accordance with Standard UNI EN 206, the direction
the surface is facing and the environment the structure is found in are specified. Finally,
the definition of the type of element, groups the data together in terms of structural
homogeneity.
The Test result contains the main quantities measured in the various phases of the
Carbontest® procedure. When the ratio scale between the depth of the hole and the
amount of powder in the test tube has been calculated, the depth of the carbonation can
be calculated precisely.
The Photographic documentation completing the test report identifies the test point with
pictures of the test results measuring the carbonation directly in the test tube containing
the sample taken.
Notes and comments complete the analysis and provide further information on test
findings.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 10

TEST N° 1

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 1.1 - Foto 1.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 11

TEST N° 2

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 2.1 - Foto 2.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 12

TEST N° 3

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 3.1 - Foto 3.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 13

TEST N° 4

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 4.1 - Foto 4.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 14

TEST N° 5

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 5.1 - Foto 5.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 15

TEST N° 6

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 6.1 - Foto 6.2 -

TEST RESULT

130
Hole depht: Carbonated powder length: 10 mm
mm
165 0.79
Powder sample length: Scale ratio:
mm mm

Effective carbonation depth: 8 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 16

TEST N° 7

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 7.1 - Foto 7.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 17

TEST N° 8

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 8.1 - Foto 8.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 18

TEST N° 9

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 9.1 - Foto 9.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 19

TEST N° 10

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 10.1 - Foto 10.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 20

TEST N° 11

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 11.1 - Foto 11.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 21

TEST N° 12

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 12.1 - Foto 12.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 22

TEST N° 13

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 13.1 - Foto 13.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 23

TEST N° 14

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 14.1 - Foto 14.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 24

TEST N° 15

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 15.1 - Foto 15.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 25

TEST N° 16

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 16.1 - Foto 16.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 26

TEST N° 17

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 17.1 - Foto 17.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 27

TEST N° 18

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 18.1 - Foto 18.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 28

TEST N° 19

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 19.1 - Foto 19.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 29

TEST N° 20

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 20.1 - Foto 20.2 -

TEST RESULT

130
Hole depht: Carbonated powder length: 10 mm
mm
165 0.79
Powder sample length: Scale ratio:
mm mm

Effective carbonation depth: 8 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 30

TEST N° 21

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 21.1 - Foto 21.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 31

TEST N° 22

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 22.1 - Foto 22.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 32

TEST N° 23

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 23.1 - Foto 23.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 33

TEST N° 24

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 24.1 - Foto 24.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 34

TEST N° 25

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 25.1 - Foto 25.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 35

TEST N° 26

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 26.1 - Foto 26.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 36

TEST N° 27

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 27.1 - Foto 27.2 -

TEST RESULT

120
Hole depht: Carbonated powder length: 0 mm
mm
165 0.73
Powder sample length: Scale ratio:
mm mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 37

TEST N° 28

Operator Execution Date 20/07/2023

TEST IDENTIFICATION

Tested Element: Tested Element

Environment: Exposure

Concrete Condition:

Test Point Identification:

Foto 28.1 - Foto 28.2 -

TEST RESULT

Hole depht: 0 mm Carbonated powder length: 0 mm

Powder sample length: 0 mm Scale ratio: 0 mm

Effective carbonation depth: 0 mm

NOTES

Survey complies with the provisions of the UNI EN 206-1 standard of reference.

Cod. - - ()
Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 38

4. DATA
PROCESSING AND RESULTS
The samples taken during the test must be organized on the basis of criteria for
comparing the carbonation depth values between homogeneous structural elements.
As well as the summary table containing the measurements of all the tests performed,
for each criterion of comparison there is also a summary sheet containing the graph
showing the propagation of the carbonation, with reference to the average depth of the
carbonation measured, which is useful for predicting the residual life of the structure.
The reliability of the carbonation propagation prediction depends on the reliability of
the parameters used and the measurements taken. Even in apparently homogeneous
conditions of concrete exposure, the quantities measured may vary from point to point,
therefore on sites of major importance it is advisable to take a considerable number of
measurements and make a probabilistic prediction.
Carbonation starts on the outer surface of the concrete and then penetrates into inner
areas. The penetration in time can be calculated using the formula s=K t 1/n where in
time (t) the thickness of the carbonated layer (s), penetrates on the basis of coefficient
K, which is the index of penetration speed. In most parts of the concrete exponent n is
approximately 2 so a parabolic trend can be calculated. The penetration of the
carbonation can be measured in various parts of existing structures and therefore, if the
age of the structure is known, coefficient K can be determined experimentally to
precisely predict the future carbonation trend.
The diagram, reconstructed on the basis of the value of propagation coefficient (K),
shows the real trend in the hypothesis of:
 the lack of variations in exposure in relation to the past;
 the homogeneity of the concrete throughout the entire thickness;
 constant relative humidity (R.H. = 65%)
Over 2.5 mm of rainfall, by convention represent periods in which the carbonation
process stops temporarily as the carbon dioxide cannot escape through the water-
saturated capillary pores. Therefore, in this condition the prediction of the penetration in
the concrete will be overestimated.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 39

In any case, when the thickness of the concrete cover to reinforcement and the
carbonation penetration principle are known, the residual life of the reinforcement can
be calculated.

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Diagnostics investigation for the carbonation depth with CARBONTEST® 40

SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENTS PERFORMED AND SURVEY

ENVIRONME CARBONATI
N° TEST ELEMENT EXPOSURE ORIENT.
NT ON [mm]
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 8
7 0
8 0
9 0
10 0
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
19 0
20 8
21 0
22 0
23 0
24 0
25 0
26 0
27 0
28 0

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