Index

Note: Page numbers followed by f indicate figures and t indicate tables.

A Application layer, 361

Abductive reasoning, 235 Application-level security, 459–460, 469, 470t
Acceleration, 238 APs. See Access points (APs)
Accelerometer, 239f, 240–241, 245f Architecture
Access-control mechanisms, 9 cloud-based application, 450–451
Access points (APs), 195 cryptography-based security, 451–452
dense wireless spaces, 201 encryption-based security, 470
design, 199 location-based security, 469
Accrual FDs, 412 TPA and, 470
Accumulation rate, 422 URI, 450
Accuracy, 397 and VMs, 463
Activity monitoring, 236–237 ARM algorithms. See Association rule mining
Actuator, 256 (ARM) algorithms
Adaptation manager (AM), 400–401 Artificial neural networks (ANNs), 235, 358–359,
and failure detector, 393–394, 400–401 369, 374–375, 379–380
self-healing module, 402–403 Assisted living, 236, 428–429
Adaptors implementation and system deployment, Association rule mining (ARM) algorithms, 366,
118–124, 119f 377
publisher adaptor, 120–122, 121f Association rules
run-time modifications, 124 item, 370
subscriber adaptor, 122–124, 122f itemset, 370
Advanced encryption standard (AES), 11–12 MinSup, 370
Adverse reactions, 263 rule confidence, 370
AE. See Airflow efficiency (AE) rule support, 370
AES. See Advanced encryption standard (AES) support count, 370
AEU. See Air economizer utilization (AEU) Asynchronous, 396–397, 406
Air economizer utilization (AEU), 315 Atomic operations, 163–169
Airflow efficiency (AE), 314 Authentication, users’ authorization and, 457–458,
Air management 468, 468t
efficiency, 330 Automatic drug distributors, 285–286
problems, 321–325 Autonomic computing, 393, 395
Airplane Health Management system, 262 Autonomous systems (AS), 422
Ambient Assisted Living (AAL), 256 Auxiliary
Ambient health monitoring, 237 EWIF index, 317–319
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, metric, 317
and Air-Conditioning Engineers Average mistake rate, 407, 410–411
(ASHRAE), 357
Angular velocity, 240, 244–245 B
ANNs. See Artificial neural networks (ANNs) Balancing strategies, 168–169
Anonymity, in cloud computing, 10–11 BAN. See Body Area Network (BAN)
Anonymized data, 269–270 Battery
Anonymizers, 3–4 context-aware management system, 451
AnonymousCloud architecture, 16–17, 17f lifetime, 451, 456
operation of, 18f limitation, 456
AnonymousCloud project, 16 power, 445–446
ANOVA method, 366–367 Baysian Inference, 235
Application dependent delay, 182 Beacons, 201–202

499
500 Index
Behavior, user, 452–453, 456
Benchmark, 337, 378–380
values for metric, 308–310, 330, 339
Big Data, 263, 299
stream systems, 396
technologies, 363, 371–372, 378–379
Bio-inspired P2P overlays
Honeycomb 2014, 38
P2PBA 2011, 37
Self-CAN 2012, 37–38
Self-Chord 2010, 37
SPIDER 2015, 38
BitTorrent 2003, 30
Black box steady-state models, 358
Black-hole attack, 459, 468–469
Blocked, 162, 165–168
blockedew , 180
Bluetooth, 450
Body Area Network (BAN), 232, 247–248,
256–260, 267
Boeing Operations Control Centers, 262
Boolean logic, 378
Botnet attack, 463, 471
Bottom-up approach, 377
Building energy modeling approaches, 357–359
Building energy performance, 354, 357, 379–380
Building-related data, 354, 356, 371–382, 372f
Business process model, 264
Busy, 164–165, 179
C risks in multitenancy, 462–464
CA. See Certification authority (CA)
CADE index. See Corporate average datacenter
efficiency (CADE) index
Calibrated simulation approach, 358
Call centers, technical support, 279–280
CAP principle, 153
Capture index (CI), 328–330
Carbon emission factor (CEF), 317
Carbon usage effectiveness (CUE), 317
Cardiovascular devices, 265–266
CART, 373–374
CC. See Cloud Computing (CC)
CCF. See Cooling capacity factor (CCF)
CDN. See Content distribution network (CDN)
CEE. See Coefficient of energy efficiency (CEE)
CEF. See Carbon emission factor (CEF)
Certification authority (CA), 15
CFD model. See Computational fluid dynamics
(CFD) model
Challenged environment
battery lifetime, 451
cloud-based applications, 447f, 457
communication, 446–447, 456
message delivery performance, 453
network connection, 450–451
quality-based service, 447–448
user’s privacy, 459
Chiller efficiency (Ch-E), 314
Chinese wall model, 7–8, 8f
Chord 2003, 34–36, 35f
CI. See Capture index (CI)
CICM. See Cross Interference Coefficients Matrix
(CICM)
CIF/QCIF, 436, 438
Cisco, 276
City dynamics, PSNs, 63–65, 64f, 65f
Classical Inference algorithms, 235
Classification algorithms, 368–369
CLF. See Cooling load factor (CLF)
Client-Server (C/S) streaming model, 418
Clinical trials, for medical devices, 282–283
Cloud APIs, 211
Cloud architecture, 363, 364f
Cloud-based applications, 445–448, 447f
application-level security, 459–460
data confidentiality, 464–465
data storage protection, 460–462
device constraints, 451–452
heterogeneity of networks, 450–451
high mobility of nodes, 449–450
location-related privacy issues, 465–466
security point of view, 467
unpredictable user behavior, 452–453
user identity, 458–459
users’ authorization and authentication, 457–458
Cloud-based solutions
scalability, 462
usage of, 445, 450, 460
Cloud computing (CC), 4–5, 333–334, 342–343,
431
anonymity in, 10–11
architecture, 7f
privacy in, 7–10, 8f
productivity metrics in, 333–334
reference model, 5–7
ToR in, 16–22
types, 5f
Cloud provider (CP), 4–6
Clustering algorithms, 367–368
CODEC, 430
Coefficient of energy efficiency (CEE), 308
Coefficient of performance (COP), 311–314

Cohort, unbalanced, 288
Complementary data fusion algorithm (CDFA),
236–237, 242, 244f, 247f
vs. KDFA, 248t
Complementary filter, WBASN, 242
comparison, 246
on real-time data, 245
on test basis, 244–246
Completeness, 397, 401
Complex events, detection, 258, 259f
Component
cooling system, 304, 308, 315
DC, 306, 330–332
HVAC system, 311, 313t
power delivery, 304, 308
Compression, 417, 423f, 430, 436, 438–439
Computational constraints, 233
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model,
thermal metrics, 327–333
Computational intelligence, 235
Computer room air conditioning (CRAC), 332–333
return temperature index, 327–328
thermal metrics, 321, 324–325, 327–328
Confidence degree, 394, 396
Confidentiality, data, 464–465, 468t, 469
Consumer, knowledge exploitation, 370–371
Content addressable network (CAN), structured
peer-to-peer overlay (2001), 31–33, 32f
Content delivery network (CDN), 425–428
Content distribution network (CDN), 131–133,
426, 439
establishment of, 420
Google, 427–428
Hulu’s mechanism, 427
multimedia, 428
Context-aware system
delivery manager, 138–141, 140f, 142f
discovery manager, 143–144, 144f
effective content distribution mechanisms,
133–135
HTTP gateway, 146–147, 147f
Peer-to-Peer network instantiation inside HB,
136–138, 137f, 139f
publishing manager, 141–143, 143f
service publication/management, 135–136
Streaming Gateway, 144–146, 146f
Contextual driver, 380
Conventional WiFi stack, 205
Converged information-centric space, parameters
for, 212–213
Converged wireless network, 224
Converged wireless space, 204–205
Index 501
Cooling capacity factor (CCF), 314–315
Cooling load factor (CLF), 310–311
Cooling system component, 304, 308, 315
Cooling system efficiency (CSE), 311–314
Cooling system sizing (CSS) factor, 314
Cooling tower efficiency (To-E), 314
COP. See Coefficient of performance (COP)
Coral 2004, 36
Corporate average datacenter efficiency (CADE)
index, 319–321
CRAC. See Computer room air conditioning
(CRAC)
Critical resource, 156, 161, 176–179, 181, 184–185
Critical section, 156–158, 160–161, 171–174
CRM system. See Customer relationship
management (CRM) system
Cross Interference Coefficients, 330–332
Cross Interference Coefficients Matrix
(CICM), 332
Cross-layer monitoring system, 131
CSE. See Cooling system efficiency (CSE)
CSS factor. See Cooling system sizing (CSS) factor
CUE. See Carbon usage effectiveness (CUE)
Customer relationship management (CRM) system,
279–280
Cyber attacks, 287–288
Cyber-physical system, 97, 255–256
smart medical devices, 260–262
Cycloid 2006, 36
D
DailyMotion, 422
Data
anonymized, 269–270
health support, 267–269
medical research, 270–271
quality assurance, 269–270
smart medical devices, 266–271, 266f
Data aggregation, WBASN, 233–236, 234f
Data analytics, smart medical devices
clinical trials, 282–283
multiple variants, 286–287
problem complexity, 283–284
quality, 284–286
unbalanced cohort, 288
variability, 287–288
Data analytics technologies
benchmarking, 378–380
building energy consumption, prediction,
372–375
energy profiling in buildings, 375–376
fault detection and diagnosis, 377–378
502 Index
Data analytics technologies (Continued)
occupant behavior, 380–382
physics of, 355f
Database management system (DBMS), 362–363
Data center infrastructure efficiency (DCiE), 308,
310, 319–321
Data center IT utilization (DCIU), 337
Datacenter performance efficiency (DCPE), 337
Data center performance per watt (DCPpW), 337
Data centers (DCs)
components, 306, 307f
electricity consumption, 299, 306
element, 315, 325, 332–333
energy efficiency, 299
concept, 299, 301
measurement, 299–300
metrics challenges, 338–343
metrics selection, 303–306
power/energy metrics, 306–321
problem statement, 300–303
productivity metrics, 333–338, 335t
thermal metrics, 321–333
energy performance evaluation, 299
environmental impact, 317
evaluation, 303
infrastructure, 304, 308–310, 309t, 339–341
life cycle assessment, 319
linked nature of systems, 340f
role of, 299
stakeholders, 308, 319, 321, 338
thermal performance, 299–300
Data cleaning process, 365
Data confidentiality, 464–465, 468t, 469
Data Distribution Service (DDS), 97–98
Data-driven approach, 380
Data-driven modeling, for energy-use evaluation,
357–358, 357f
Data encapsulation, 177, 191
Data fusion algorithm (DFA), WBASN, 233–236,
234f
Data Handover (DHO), 155–156, 176–181, 188,
190–191
API model, 176–181, 177f, 178f
cooperation model, 178–179, 179f
cycle evaluation with asynchronous locks,
186–188, 187f
cycle evaluation with mobility of peers,
189–190
life cycle model, 181, 182f
request, path, 179–181, 181f
Data integration platforms
existing solutions, 276–277
proposed architecture, 277–280
research institute, 280
Data integrity
alternative mechanism, 460
during data transmission, 470
device constraints, 451–452
fastening, 460
maintaining, 455
securing, 456
Data isolation, 452, 463
Data management
health support, 268–269
medical, 270–271
quality assurance, 269–270
stakeholders and interests, 271f
Data mining algorithms, 361
knowledge discovery phase, 367–370
Data preparation, 364–365
Data pre-processing, 364–366
Data quality, in building management system,
364–365
Data reduction phase, 366
Data reuse, 267f
Data scaling, 365–366
Data segmentation, 366–367
Data separation problems, 274–275
Data storage
application-level security, 459–460
data confidentiality, 464–465
privacy issues, 448
location-related, 465–466
protection, 460–462, 470
risks in multitenancy, 462–464
user identity, 458–459
users’ authorization and authentication,
457–458
Data type transformation, 365–366
Data-warehouse technology, 363
DBMS. See Database management system (DBMS)
DBSCAN. See Density-based algorithms
(DBSCAN)
DCcE. See DC computed efficiency (DCcE)
DC4Cities project, 337, 341–342
DC computed efficiency (DCcE), 321
DCeP metric, 334
DCiE. See Data center infrastructure efficiency
(DCiE)
DCIU. See Data center IT utilization (DCIU)
DCnE. See DC network efficiency (DCnE)
DC network efficiency (DCnE), 321
DCPE. See Datacenter performance efficiency
(DCPE)
 Index 503

DCPpW. See Data center performance per watt EHR system. See Electronic health record (EHR)
(DCPpW) system
DCs. See Data centers (DCs) Electricity consumption, data centers, 299, 306
DC storage efficiency (DCsE), 321 Electricity production rate (EPR), 315–317
DDS. See Data Distribution Service (DDS) Electronic health record (EHR) system, 255, 258,
Decision tree classifiers, 369 264–265
Defibrillator, 259–260 Electronics disposal efficiency (EDE), 319
Delay tolerant network (DTN) paradigm, 202, 449 Element, DC, 315, 325, 332–333
Demand-side management (DSM) strategies, 358 ELMP algorithm. See Exclusive locks with mobile
Dempster-Shafer Belief Accumulation Theory, 235 processes (ELMP) algorithm
Denial of service (DoS) attack, 14, 464 Empirical approach, 358
Dense wireless networks, 197 Encoding
Dense wireless spaces cloud based encoding, 431
access points, 201 digital video, 429–431
connectivity and congestion in, 197 H.264, 436
connectivity problem, 197–198, 198f identification, 418–419
devices and operation modes, 198–200, 199f non-scalable, 436–437
time slot division method, 202–204 qualities, 423–424
wireless interference and congestion, 200–202 temporal and spatial scalable, 438t
Density-based algorithms (DBSCAN), 367–368 Energy Analyst, knowledge exploitation,
Detection time, 407, 410–411 370–371
performance evaluation, 409 Energy carbon intensity (ECI), 317
Device constraints, 451–452 Energy consumption, building, prediction,
DFA. See Data fusion algorithm (DFA) 372–375
DHO. See Data Handover (DHO) Energy consumption index (ECI), 378
DHO life cycle, 177f, 181, 182f, 184–190 Energy data, collecting and storing, 361–363, 361f
Discrete co-sine transform (DCT), 429 Energy data Management and Mining System,
Distributed hash tables (DHT) CAN overlays, 31 359–361, 360f
DoS attack. See Denial of service (DoS) attack Energy efficiency, 353
Double-blind, 283 in buildings, 357–359
Drivers, 380 Energy efficiency, data centers, 299, 302, 318t
DropBox, ToR with, 18–19, 19f challenges, 338–343
DSM strategies. See Demand-side management concept, 299, 301
(DSM) strategies measurement, 299–300
Dynamic adaptive streaming (DASH), 424–425 metrics
Dynamic inverse models, 358 challenges, 338–343
Dynamic Multipath Onion Router (MORE), 14–15 power/energy, 306–321
productivity, 333–338, 335t
E selection, 303–306
EBM. See Evidence-based medicine (EBM) thermal, 321–333
ECI. See Energy carbon intensity (ECI); problem statement, 300–303
Energy consumption index (ECI) selection, 303–306
EDE. See Electronics disposal efficiency (EDE) Energy harvesting, 256
EDEN system, 384 Energy indicators, 378
Effective content distribution mechanisms, 133–135 Energy Manager, knowledge exploitation, 370–371
Effectiveness, 257, 303 Energy metrics, 303, 305–321
Efficacy, 257 business purposes, 320t
Efficiency, 257 DC broken down into sub-assemblies, 312t
Efficient resource sharing, 132 HVAC system, 313t, 314
E-health monitoring IT level, 322t
smart phones for, 236–237, 236t renewable energy sources, 315, 316t
E-health system, WBASN and, 232–237, 232f whole DC infrastructure, 309t
504 Index
EnergyPlus, 381
Energy profiling in buildings, 375–376
Energy reuse factor (ERF), 315–317
Energy saving
air-side free cooling, 315
IT level equipment, 337
over-cooling, 330
strategies, 299
Energy signature analysis (ESA) system,
378–379
Energy simulation programs, 359
Energy use intensity (EUI), 373–374
Energy water intensity factor (EWIF) index,
317–319
ENERWIN, 380–381
Engineering a commercial product, 262
EPR. See Electricity production rate (EPR)
Equipment, IT
formula and acronym, 304
power/energy metrics, 306, 308–310,
314, 319
productivity metrics, 334, 337–338
RCI, 328
scale, 304
thermal metrics, 319–328, 330, 332
ERF. See Energy reuse factor (ERF)
Error control mechanisms, 419
Estimation Algorithms, 236, 398–399
ETSI. See European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI)
EU FP7 Program, 341–342
EUI. See Energy use intensity (EUI)
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI), 310, 315–317
Evidence-based medicine (EBM), 273–274
EWIF index. See Energy water intensity factor
(EWIF) index
Exclusive locks with mobile processes (ELMP)
algorithm, 156, 161–162, 163f
atomic operations, 163–168
balancing following
departure, 170
new insertions, 169–170
token request, 170
balancing strategies, 168–169
connecting to the system, 168
data structure, 162–163
proof of, 170–172
Exergy balance, 332–333
Exergy-based approach, 332–333
Exiting, 165–166, 170, 174–175, 184
Exploratory data analytics algorithms, 354, 367
F
FaceBook, ToR with, 19–21, 19f, 20f
Facility efficiency (FE) index, 319–321
Facility utilization (FU), 319–321
Fail-stop model, 411
Failure detector (FD), 400–401, 411–412
adaptation manager, 393–394, 400–401
classification, 397t
features, 401–402
heartbeat, arrivals estimation, 398–399
impact (see Impact FD)
impact factor, 394, 399, 403, 405, 409, 412–413
implementation, 398
message-pattern strategy, 398
motivation scenarios, 399–400
performance evaluation
average mistake rate, 410–411
detection time, 409
environment, 405–407
QoS metrics, 407
query accuracy probability, 407–409
set configuration, 407, 408t
self-healing module, 401–402
status, 394, 403, 409, 411
threshold, 394, 396, 399, 403, 405, 407,
409, 412
timer-based strategy, 398, 406
trust level, 394, 396, 403, 407–408
unreliable (see Unreliable failure detector)
FastTrack unstructured P2P overlay, 30
Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD), 355,
377–378
Fault tolerance, 399, 411
Fault Tolerant Averaging, 236
Fault Tolerant Interval Function, 236
FDA, 282–283
FDD. See Fault detection and diagnosis (FDD)
Feature Maps Algorithms, 235–236
FE index. See Facility efficiency (FE) index
fetchcr , 180–181, 182f
fetchew , 182f, 186–187, 191
FHE. See Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE)
Firewalls, 457
Flooding attack prevention (FAP), 464
Forward approach, 357, 357f
Freenet unstructured P2P overlay, 28, 29f
FU. See Facility utilization (FU)
Full function devices (FFD), 435–436
Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), 9–10
Fuzzy logic, 378
Fuzzy logic algorithm, 235
 Index 505

G H
Gamification-based incentive mechanism, 77 Hadoop, 431
Garbage In, Garbage Out (GIGO), 289 Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS), 431
Gaussian process regression (GPR), 374 Handle, 156, 177, 179–180, 184, 188
GDPR. See General Data Protection Regulation HB. See Home-box (HB)
(GDPR) Healthcare
GEC. See Green energy coefficient (GEC) IoT, 434
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), telecare technology, 434
272–273 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Genetic algorithm (GA), 375 (HIPAA), 273
GET, 424 Health monitoring system, 260–262
G-force, 238 Health support system
Gia 2004, 30 data for, 267–269
Gini index, 369 medical problem, 277
Global positioning system (GPS), 261–262 real-life deployment of, 268
Gnutella unstructured P2P overlay, 29–30 Heartbeat, 399, 405–406, 411–412
Google Flu Trends (GFT), 289 arrivals estimation, 398–399
GOP. See Group of pictures (GOP) inter-arrival times, 408
GOPS, 424 sampling, 406t
GPS. See Global positioning system (GPS) Heat
return heat index, 325–327
grantcr , 182f
supply heat index, 325–327
grantew , 182f, 186–188
Heat power algorithm, 332
GRAS. See Grid reality and simulation environment
Heterogeneity of networks, 450–451
(GRAS)
Heterogeneous, 409
Gravity, 238, 241
Heterogeneous technologies, 99
Gray-box approach, 358–359
High-availability and integrity layer (HAIL),
Green energy, 315–317
461–462
Green energy coefficient (GEC), 315–317
HIPAA. See Health Insurance Portability and
Green Grid
Accountability Act (HIPAA)
DCeP metric, 334, 337–338
Home-box (HB), 131–132, 135
DCPE, 337
Peer-to-Peer network instantiation inside,
metrics, 321 136–138, 137f
power/energy metrics, 310, 315–317 Honeycomb 2014, 38
SpUE index, 321 Hospital centric cure, 231
white paper, 319 HTML 5, 420–421
WUE index, 317–319 HTTP. See Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP)
Grid reality and simulation environment (GRAS), HTTPS. See Hyper text transfer protocol secure
185–186 (HTTPS)
Group connect, 204–205, 207–210, 208f Human in the Loop, 255–256
vs. 4G infrastructure, 220–222 Humidity, 299
vs. LTE-A spaces, 221f HVAC system
traffic offload function of, 210–211, 211f component, 311, 313t
virtualization technology, 208–209, 209f power/energy metrics, 306, 310–314, 313t
Group of pictures (GOP), 423–424 HVAC system effectiveness (HVACSE ), 314
frame, 429–430 H.264/5 video encoding standards, 429–430
patterns, 436, 438 for LowPANS, 436–438
starting position of first frame, 424 mean bit rates, 438t
structure, 436 non-scalable encoding, 437
Gyroscope, 240–241 Hybrid Peer-to-Peer overlay
Gyroscope accelerometer integration, WBASN, JXTA overlay, 39–40, 40f
240–241 MOPAR, 40
506 Index

HyPeer 2011, 36 IoT6 ecosystem, 108f

Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) motivating scenario, 99–101, 100f
filtering issues, 420 Intelligent computer systems, 359
streaming mechanisms with, 418, 420–425 Intelligent data analysis, 354–355
Hyper text transfer protocol secure (HTTPS), Interdisciplinary approach, smart medical devices,
11–12, 18–19 262–265
International Energy Agency (IEA), 353
I Internet
IaaS. See Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) application protocol, 420
cloud computing, 431
ICD. See Implantable cardioverter defibrillator
C/S streaming model over, 418
(ICD)
ICT. See Information and communication ecosystem, 425–426
technology (ICT) and fluctuations, 439–440
popularization, 417
IDA-ICE, 381
traffic patterns, 426–427
Identity, user, 458–459, 468–469
YouTube, 427–428
Idle, 164, 166–167, 179–181
Internet of Things (IoT), 97, 260
IIS Smooth Streaming, 424, 425f
applications, 433–434
Impact factor
definition, 432
FD, 394, 399, 403, 405, 409
evolution of, 432f, 433f
query accuracy probability, 409
healthcare, 434
Impact FD, 403–405
mobile computing, 432
implementation, 406
safety and security, 434
QoS metrics, 407
surveillance, 434
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), 283
transportation, 434
Implantable devices, 285
Internet Protocol (IP) address, 3
Incentives, 453, 457
Interoperability, 258
Inclinometer, 238
Invalid, 165, 182f, 184, 189
Indicator, 301–302, 311, 330–332, 341–342
IoT. See Internet of Things (IoT)
Inductive transfer of energy, 256
IPTV platforms, 133–138
Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs), 237, 239
IT. See Information technology (IT)
Inference algorithms, 235
ITEE metric, 337–338
Information and communication technology (ICT),
ITEU, 337–338
231, 300–301
Information-centric space
parameters for converged, 212–213 J
Information technology (IT) JXTA overlay, 39–40, 40f
component, 304
energy efficiency metrics, 339 K
hardware systems, 304 Kademlia 2002, 33–34
power consumption, 310 Kalman data fusion algorithm (KDFA), 236–237,
power/energy metrics, 308, 322t 244f, 247f
Infrared technologies, 339–341 vs. CDFA, 248t
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), 6, 383 Kalman filter, WBASN, 242–243
Infrastructure, DC, 304, 308–310, 309t, 339–341 comparison, 246
Integrating Data for Analysis Anonymization and on real-time data, 245
SHaring (iDASH), 276 on test basis, 244–246
Integration in IoT KDFA. See Kalman data fusion algorithm (KDFA)
integration issues, 101–103, 103f Key Performance Indicator of Task Efficiency
adaptation problem, 102–103 (KPITE ), 310
connection problem, 102 Key performance indicators (KPI), 341–342,
scalability problem, 102 359–361, 378–379
understanding problem, 102 building, 379
 Index 507

climate, 379 Mashups, 458

inter-building, 379 Material recycling ratio (MRR), 319
intra-building, 379 Maximum Likelihood, 236
neighborhood, 379 Medical community, 265–266
Kinematic model, 237 Medical data management, 270–271
K-means clustering algorithm, 368, 381 Medical devices, clinical trials for, 282–283
K-medoids, 367–368 Medical statistics, 263
Knowledge discovery process Medical technology, state of the art, 256–258
clustering algorithms, 367–368 Medtech industry, 272
data pre-processing, 364–366 Medtronic Continuous Glucose Monitoring System,
data segmentation, 366–367 284, 285f
framework, 365f Message-pattern strategy, 398
knowledge exploitation, 370–371 Meteorological data, 360–361
Knowledge exploitation, 370–371 Methodology, metrics selection, 303–306
Knowledge layer, 361 Metrics, 303
KPI. See Key performance indicators (KPI) air/water economizer, 311
analysis of, 302
L benchmark values for, 308–310, 330, 339
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), challenges, 338–343
308 existing types, 303
Least squares, 236 framework, 303–305, 303t
L-EncDB, 9–10 power/energy metrics, 305
Life cycle assessment (LCA), data center, 319 productivity, 333–338, 335t
Lighting power density (LPD), 311 selection, 303–306
Linked list, 162–165, 167, 171–173, 173f, 174 thermal, 321–333
Liveness, 156–157, 159, 171, 175 M2M. See Machine-to-Machine (M2M)
Location-based social network, 48–49 Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), 208, 208f
Location-related privacy issues, 465–466 Mobile clouds, 196, 208, 210
lockedcr , 182f network, 460, 462–463, 465
lockedew , 180, 182f, 186–187 technology, 445–448
Lock manager, 156, 177–181, 184, 189 Mobile-cloud technology
Long-term traffic flow forecasting (LTFF), 83 integration, 445–446
Low-power wireless personal area networks usage, 446
(LoWPAN) VMs in, 463
bandwidth, 435 Mobile computing, 417
H.264 for, 436–438 Mobile devices
issues, 435 cloud-based applications, 445–446, 447f,
packet size, 435 450–451
LPD. See Lighting power density (LPD) constraints, 451–452
LTFF. See Long-term traffic flow forecasting growth, 445
(LTFF) for information exchange, 446
opportunistic networks, 446–448
M unpredictable user behavior, 452–453
Machine learning techniques, 354 user identity, 458–459
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) Mobile networks
domain, 103–104 PSN, 75–76
interaction, 103–104 urban infrastructure of, 47–48
Magnetometer, 236, 238 Mobile P2P streaming, 428–429
MANETs. See Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) Mobility, 189–190
Man in the middle (MITM) attacks, 465 heterogeneity of networks, 456
Mapping, 178–180 high, 449–450, 454
MapReduce model, 431 and interactions, 446
508 Index

MOPAR, hybrid Peer-to-Peer overlay, 40 O

MORE. See Multipath Onion Router
(MORE)
Motion capture, 236–237
Moving Average Filters, 236
MPEG4, 424, 429–431
codecs, 430
MRR. See Material recycling ratio (MRR)
MSensing Auction incentive mechanism, 76
MSensing Platform-Centric incentive
mechanism, 76
Multidimensional data, 273–274
Multidisciplinary team, 263
Multi-layer Peer-to-Peer overlay, 38–39, 39f
Multi-level architecture, 176–185, 190
Multimorbidity, 273–274
Multipath Onion Router (MORE), 14–15
Multiple linear regressions (MLRs), 358, 373
Multisensory data, 242–243
Multitenancy, risks in, 462–464
Mutual exclusion, 157–161
Observational study, 288
Occupancy grid, 235–236
Occupant behavior, 380–382
OGE. See On-site generation efficiency (OGE)
OLF. See Other load factor (OLF)
On-site generation efficiency (OGE), 315–317
OpenIoT, 98
Open standards, 259
Opportunistic networks, mobile device, 446–448
Orientation approximation, WBASN, 239–243, 240f
complementary filtering, 242
gyroscope accelerometer integration, 240–241
Kalman filter, 242–243
Orientation sensing, WBASN, 237–239
sensor data fusion, layered approach, 237–239,
238f
Orion Context Broker, 109–110, 120
functionalities, 109t
with integration layer, 110f
Other load factor (OLF), 311
Overall Airflow Efficiency Evaluation Standard, 330

N P
Naimi and Tréhel algorithm, 158–160, 160f,
PaaS. See Platform as a Service (PaaS)
161f
Pacemaker, 261, 283
Near video-on-demand (NVoD), 134–135
Participatory sensor networks (PSNs), 45, 48f
Netflix, 422, 426–429
challenges and opportunities
Networking. See also Cloud-based applications
data sampling, 85
connection, 450–451
large volume of data, 86–87
device constraints, 451–452
privacy, 87–88
heterogeneity of, 450–451
city dynamics, 63–65, 64f, 65f
high mobility of nodes, 449–450 data collection, 62f
mobile APIs, 60–62
PSN, 75–76 applications, 62–63
urban infrastructure of, 47–48 Web Crawler, 62
mobile ad-hoc, 208, 208f data description, 50
opportunistic, 446–448 data sharing, 69f
unpredictable user behavior, 452–453 data stream users’ activities in, 69t
Network scans, 235–236 definition, 46–47
Network virtual environment (NVE), 40 example, 48–49
Nodes functioning, 47–48
attacker, 464 incentive mechanism
communicating, 454 challenges and opportunities, 77–78
data transmission, 465 gamification, 77
foreign-attacked, 469 preliminaries, 74–75
high mobility of, 449–450, 455 reward, 76–77
unpredictable user behavior, 452–453 user cooperation, 75–76, 75f
Non-blocking function, 155, 190 network coverage, 50–54, 51f, 52f, 53f, 54f, 55f
N-to-N approach, 97, 104–105 node behavior, 59, 59f
NVE. See Network virtual environment (NVE) privacy, 87–88
NVoD. See Near video-on-demand (NVoD) properties, 49–60
 Index 509

quality of data from Platform as a Service (PaaS), 6, 383

challenges, 79–80 PLF. See Power load factor (PLF)
opportunities, 80–81 Plug-and-Play IP Security (PnP IPSec), 15
preliminaries, 78–79 Postmarket surveillance, 265–266, 288
routines and data sharing, 55–59, 57f, 58f Power consumption, 332, 339–341
sensing interval, 54–55, 56f computing servers, 342–343
social, economic, and cultural patterns, IT, 310
65–67, 67f total facility, 310
temporal dynamics whole infrastructure, 299–300, 303
challenges and opportunities, 73–74 Power delivery component, 304, 308
preliminaries, 71–73, 71f, 72f Power distribution units (PDUs), 311
and vehicular networks Power load factor (PLF), 310–311
challenges and opportunities, 84–85 Power metrics, 303, 305–321, 318t
monitoring events, 82 business purposes, 320t
preliminaries, 81–82 DC broken down into sub-assemblies, 312t
routines and behaviors, 82–83 HVAC system, 313t, 314
traffic management, 83–84 IT level, 322t
Particle filter, 236 renewable energy sources, 315, 316t
Patient centric cure, 231 whole DC infrastructure, 309t
PDE index, 333 Power usage effectiveness (PUE)
PDUs. See Power distribution units (PDUs) definition, 308
Peer-to-peer (P2P), 132 natural extension, 317
Peer-to-Peer Bee Algorithm (P2PBA) 2011, 37 power/energy metrics, 308–310
Peer-to-peer (P2P) overlay networks, 27 productivity metrics, 334
hybrid overlay, 28–30 scalability, 310
instantiation inside home-box, 136–138, 137f, thermal metrics, 332–333
139f P2P. See Peer-to-peer (P2P)
self-adaptive overlays, 36–39 Premarket approval, 257
structured overlay, 31–36 Premarket notification, 257
unstructured overlay, 28–30 Privacy
Peer-to-peer (P2P) streaming, 419, 428 challenges, 448
mechanisms, 419, 428 in cloud computing, 7–10, 8f
mobile, 428–429 issues
Peer-to-peer (P2P) WiFi, 200 due to networking and functional challenges,
capability, 205f 455t
connections, 196 location-related, 465–466
design, conventional vs., 206–207, 206f in mobile opportunistic/cloud-based networks,
stack, 206, 215–216, 225 465–466, 468t, 470t
Performance mobile opportunistic networks, 448, 453–454,
cloud-based solutions, 460 455t, 461, 466–467
coefficient of performance, 311–314 leakage, 449
data forwarding, 459 protection, 274, 276
DCPE, 337 PSNs, 87–88
message delivery, 453, 456–457, 469 vs. quality of research, 272–276
thermal, 299–300, 303 risks, 454
Personal weather stations (PWS), 360–361 Privacy-as-a-Service, 9–10
Physical activity monitoring, 236 Processes’ relevance, FD, 400–401, 411–412
Physical driver, 380 adaptation manager, 393–394, 400–401
Physiological driver, 380 classification, 397t
PKI certificate. See Public key infrastructure (PKI) features, 401–402
certificate heartbeat, arrivals estimation, 398–399
PlanetLab, 394–395, 405–407 impact (see Impact FD)
510 Index
Processes’ relevance, FD (Continued)
impact factor, 394, 399, 403, 405, 409, 412–413
implementation, 398
message-pattern strategy, 398
motivation scenarios, 399–400
performance evaluation
average mistake rate, 410–411
detection time, 409
environment, 405–407
QoS metrics, 407
query accuracy probability, 407–409
set configuration, 407, 408t
self-healing module, 401–402
status, 394, 403, 409, 411
threshold, 394, 396, 399, 403, 405, 407,
409, 412
timer-based strategy, 398, 406
trust level, 394, 396, 403, 407–408
unreliable, 396–399
Productivity metrics, 306, 333–338, 335t
power usage effectiveness, 334
Program in Placebo Studies & Therapeutic
Encounter (PiPS), 273–274
Progressive download
DASH, 424–425
HTTP, 420, 423–424
Project, DC4 Cities, 337, 341–342
Proprietary standards, 259
Protocol
dynamic routing, 451
HTTP, 418, 421
IPv6, 435
multicast, 419
routing, 435
RTP, 418–419
RTP/RTCP, 418, 439–440
streaming, 418
TCP, 420
UDP, 418–419
Prototype-based algorithms, 367–368
PSNs. See Participatory sensor networks (PSNs)
Psychological driver, 380
Public cloud environment, 457, 463
Public key infrastructure (PKI) certificate, 11
Publish/subscribe (P/S) framework, 97, 105–107
adaptors design, 109–116, 109t, 110f, 111f
behavior dimension, 115–116
interaction dimension, 113–115, 114f
structure dimension, 111–113
adaptors implementation and deployment, 116,
118f
boundary layer, 116–117
control layer, 117
entity layer, 117–118
challenges and open issues, 106–107
domain model, 110, 111f
integration layer, 108–109
PUE. See Power usage effectiveness (PUE)
Pump, 304, 308
Pumping efficiency, 314
Q
QCIF format, 438
QoS metrics, impact FD, 407
Quality assurance, data for, 269–270
Quality of research, privacy vs., 272–276
Quality (SNR) scalability, 430
Query accuracy probability, 407, 412–413
detection time and, 409
performance evaluation, 407–409
threshold and, 408f
R
Rack cooling index (RCI), 328
Rack power density (RPD), 321
Random early detection (RED), 419
Randomized control trial (RCT), 283
Read manager, 179, 188–189
Read write locks for mobile processes (RW-LMP)
algorithm, 156, 172
entering the critical section, 173
handling requests in linked-list, 172–173, 173f
leaving the critical section, 173–174
leaving the system, 174–175, 175f
proof of, 175–176
Real-life environment, 449, 452–453, 456
Real-time control protocol (RTCP), 418–419,
439–440
Real-time transport protocol (RTP), 418–419,
439–440
Recirculation index (RI), 328–330
Reduced function devices (RFD), 435–436
Redundancy, 399
Regression-based systems, 379–380
Release consistency model, 154
Reliable Abstract Sensing, 235–236
Renewable energy impact, 339
Renewable energy sources (RES), 315
reqcr , 182f
reqew , 179, 182f
Requesting, 164, 179
RES. See Renewable energy sources (RES)
Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project, 273–274
Resource-freeing attacks (RFAs), 463

Resource manager, 177, 184–185
Resource-related challenges, 462–464
Responsible disposal, 319
Return heat index (RHI), 325–327
Return temperature index (RTI), 327–328
RFD. See Reduced function devices (RFD)
RHI. See Return heat index (RHI)
RI. See Recirculation index (RI)
Risks
in multitenancy, 462–464
privacy, 454
security, 454–455, 458, 460–461
Root of the tree, 158–159, 162, 167, 171–172
RPD. See Rack power density (RPD)
RTCP. See Real-time control protocol (RTCP)
RTI. See Return temperature index (RTI)
RW-LMP algorithm. See Read write locks for
mobile processes (RW-LMP) algorithm
S Set top boxes (STB), 133
SaaS. See Software as a Service (SaaS)
Safety, 156, 158–159, 171, 175, 191
Safety margin, 398, 407, 409
Sampling frequency, 356, 356f
Samsung Simband, 276
Scalable video encoding (SVE), 430–431, 433–434,
436–438
Secure socket layer (SSL), 13–14, 461–462
Security issues, 446–448, 450, 455t
Security risks, 454–455, 458, 460–461
Security threats, 448, 456
Self-adaptive overlays, bio-inspired P2P overlays,
36–37
Honeycomb 2014, 38
P2PBA 2011, 37
Self-CAN 2012, 37–38
Self-Chord 2010, 37
SPIDER 2015, 38
Self-CAN 2012, 37–38
Self-configuring, 395
Self-healing, 393, 406–407, 411
goals, 395–396
new challenges to design, 396
property, 395–396
Self-healing module, 401f
adaptation manager, 402–403
class model, 402f
components, 393–394, 400–401
failure detector, 401–402
Self-Managed Cell (SMC), 411
Self-optimization, 395
Self-protection, 395
Index 511
Self-service cloud (SSC) model, 463
Self-validated public data distribution (SvPDD)
protocol, 15
Sensing layers
challenges and opportunities, 70–71
framework for integration of multiple layers,
68–70
preliminaries, 68
Sensor data, 268
fusion, layered approach, 237–239, 238f
open source information, 360–361
Sensor integration, 233
Sensor network, proliferation of, 354
Sequential consistency model, 154
Servers, 333, 337, 342–343
Service Level Agreements (SLAs), 383–384
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm,
106–107
Service providers (SPs), 131, 133–134
SHI. See Supply heat index (SHI)
Short-term traffic flow forecasting (STFF), 83
Single Connect communication paradigms,
207–208, 208f
Single-sign-on technique, 457–458, 468
SkipNet 2003, 36
Smart City, 300, 341–342
cluster collaboration, 342t
IoT applications in, 433, 433f
Smart City Cluster, 341–342
Smart medical devices
adoption of, 258–260
challenges for data analytics, 282–288
clinical trials for, 282–283
complex events, detection, 258, 259f
current information sources, 290–291
Cyber-Physical Systems, 260–262
data, 266–271, 266f
data collection, 269–270
data integration platforms
existing solutions, 276–277
proposed architecture, 277–280
research institute, 280
designing and operating, 255–256
distributing, 259–260
environment, 261f
evaluation, 265
goal of, 267
interdisciplinary approach, 262–265
mentality mismatch, 262–265
multiple variants, 286–287
postmarket surveillance, necessity of, 265–266
512 Index

Smart medical devices (Continued) Coral 2004, 36

primary/secondary use, 266–271 Cycloid 2006, 36
privacy vs. quality of research, 272–276 HyPeer 2011, 36
problem complexity, 283–284 Kademlia 2002, 33–34
quality, 284–286 SkipNet 2003, 36
responsibility for published results, 289–290 Tapestry 2004, 36
software applications and, 256 taxonomy, 41t
stakeholders and their interests, 271–272 Viceroy 2002, 36
stream distribution, 281–282 Subsets, 399–401, 403, 412
stream processing, 280–281 SUN Microsystems, 321
and telemedicine systems, 258 Supply heat index (SHI), 325–327
variability of, 287–288 Support vector machines (SVM),
Smartphones and apps, 286 374–375
Smart phones for e-health monitoring, 236–237, classifiers, 368–369
236t Support vector regression (SVR), 374
Smart textiles, 256 Surveillance systems, 434
Sniffing attack, 463 Survey data, 362
Social collaborations, user’s, 446 Suspected, 394, 397, 405, 409
Social driver, 380 SVE. See Scalable video encoding (SVE)
Social media, 46–49, 289 SvPDD protocol. See Self-validated public data
Social network, location-based, 48–49 distribution (SvPDD) protocol
Social wireless network, WDHs in center of, SVR. See Support vector regression (SVR)
214–216 SWaP. See Space, watts, and performance (SWaP)
Software as a Service (SaaS), 7 Swiss cloud, 275–276
Software-based systems, 261 Sybil attacks, 450
Space usage effectiveness (SpUE) index, 321 Symbolic Aggregate approXimation (SAX), 376
Space, watts, and performance (SWaP), 321 Synchronous systems, 396–397
Spatial scalability, 430 SYN cookie, 14
SPIDER 2015, 38 System
SPs. See Service providers (SPs) cooling, 314
SpUE index. See Space usage effectiveness (SpUE) within DC, 340f
index economizer, 315
Spurious correlations, 282 HVAC (see HVAC system)
SSL. See Secure socket layer (SSL) support, 306
Stakeholders System integration (SI), 101
data centers, 308, 319, 321, 338
and interests, 271–272 T
State concept, 156, 163–165 Tapestry 2004, 36
Statistical regression models, 359 TCP protocol
Status, 394, 403, 409, 411 congestion control algorithms, 422
Steady-state inverse models, 358 sending rate of, 419
STFF. See Short-term traffic flow video streaming, 418, 420
forecasting (STFF) TDHO , 170–172, 187f, 188–189, 189f
Storage Technical support
data (see Data storage) call centers, 279–280
data integrity at, 455 configurators, 278–279
and device processing power, 451 operators, 279
Store and forward information, 446 subunits, 278f
Stream distribution, smart medical devices, 281–282 Technologies
Stream process, smart medical devices, 280–281 ICT, 300–301
Structured Peer-to-Peer overlay, 31 information
CAN 2001, 31–33 component, 304
Chord 2003, 34–36, 35f energy efficiency metrics, 339

hardware systems, 304
power/energy metrics, 308, 322t
infrared, 339–341
Telemedicine, 258, 260
Temporal scalability, 430
Test set, 368–369
The Onion Router (ToR), 3–4, 11
attacks against, 13–14
in cloud computing, 16–22
connection/circuit setup in, 12–13
cryto-encapsulation, 13f
denial of service attack, 14
with DropBox, 18–19, 19f
in existing implementations, 15–16
with FaceBook, 19–21, 19f, 20f
network, 11–12, 12f
timing attack, 14–15
ToR Cloud Project, 16
website fingerprinting attack, 15
with YouTube, 21–22, 21f
Thermal influence indices, 330–332
Thermal management
air performances, 302, 305, 325
data centers, 321–325, 326t
renewable energy sources, 315
Thermal metrics, 305, 321–333
air by-pass problems, 324
air management problems, 324–325
air recirculation problems, 324
CFD model, 327–333
classification, 325
global thermal management, 326t
global vs. local, 325, 330
to investigate “glocal” aspects, 331t
local phenomena, 329t
power usage effectiveness, 332–333
Thermal performance, data centers, 299–300, 303
Threats, security, 448, 456
3G/LTE spaces vs. WDH, 222–224
Threshold, 396, 399, 405, 412
detection time, 409
Impact FD, 403–405
input parameter, 394
query accuracy probability, 407–409
sets and, 404t
Timer-based strategy, 398, 406
Time series data, 376
Time slot division multiple access (TSDMA), 202
vs. traditional wireless access, 203f, 204f
Tlocked , 182, 188, 189f
TLS. See Transport layer security (TLS)
Top-down approach, 377
Index 513
ToR. See The Onion Router (ToR)
Total Compute Capacity, 337
Tower of Babel, 300
Traffic offload function of group connect, 210–211,
211f
Training set, 368–369
Transcoding, 431
Transparent distributed data management
connection and disconnection at application level,
184
contributions, 155–157
DHO
API model, 176–181
cooperation model, 178–179, 179f
cycle evaluation with asynchronous locks,
186–188, 187f
cycle evaluation with mobility of peers,
189–190
deviation from normal DHO cycle, 184–185
life cycle model, 181, 182f
request, path, 179–181, 181f
multi-level architecture and data abstraction, 176
mutual exclusion, 157–161
algorithm, distributed, 158
Naimi and Tréhel algorithm, 158–160, 160f,
161f
simultaneous requests, 160–161
objectives, 155
observed delays, 182
shared and exclusive requests, 188, 189f
Transportation, IoT, 434
Transport layer security (TLS), 461–462
protocol, 12
Trust
mechanisms, 449
service providers, 472–473
Trusted, 394, 397, 401, 403, 407, 411–412
Trusted platform module (TPM), 465–466
Trust level, 394, 396, 403, 407–408
TSDMA. See Time slot division multiple access
(TSDMA)
TWait , 182, 186, 187f, 188
TWblocked , 182, 186, 187f, 188
U
Ubiquitous, 402–403, 405, 411
computing, 393, 395
environment, 411–413
WSNs, 399–400, 400f, 403
UDDI. See Universal Description, Discovery and
Integration (UDDI)
UDP, video streaming, 418–419, 439–440
514 Index

Unbalanced cohort, 288 content delivery networks, 425–428

Uniform resource identifier (URI), 450 encoding, 429–431
Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs), 311 with HTTP, 420–425
Universal Description, Discovery and Integration IoT, 432–434
(UDDI), 135–136 low power personal area networks, 435–438
Unlock, 180 neighbors, 419–420
Unpredictable user behavior in mobile, 452–453 P2P streaming, 428–429
Unreliable failure detector, 393, 396–399, 403 Video Transcoding Systems, 431
accuracy, 397 Virtual machine monitors (VMMs), 462–463
completeness, 397 Virtual machines (VMs), 6f, 463–464, 466
Unstructured multisource multicast (UMM) Virtual resource, in cloud-based environment,
2010, 30 465–466
Unstructured Peer-to-Peer overlay, 28 Virtual wireless user (VWU), 208–209
BitTorrent 2003, 30
FastTrack 2006, 30
Freenet 2001, 28, 29f
W
Water economizer utilization (WEU), 315
Gia 2004, 30
Water pump efficiency (WP-E), 314
Gnutella 2002, 29–30
Water usage effectiveness (WUE) index,
taxonomy, 41t
317–319
UMM 2010, 30
Water usage effectiveness source (WUESource)
Unsupervised data mining algorithms, 365
metric, 317–319
Upsite Technologies, 314–315
WBASF. See Wireless body area sensor fusion
UPS-LF. See UPS load factor (UPS-LF)
(WBASF)
UPS load factor (UPS-LF), 311
WBASN. See Wireless Body Area Sensor Network
UPSs. See Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
(WBASN)
UPS system efficiency (UPS-SE), 311
WDHs. See Wireless data hubs (WDHs)
Urban computing, 45, 70
Wearable device, 284–285
Urban social behavior, 58–60, 67, 85
Web
URI. See Uniform resource identifier (URI)
content delivery networks, 426–427
User behavior, unpredictable, 452–453, 456
digital content and services, 425–426
User identity, 458–459
HTTP, 420–421
User-programmable devices, 286
Web-based interface, 459
Users’ authorization and authentication,
Web Crawler, 62
457–458
Web Services Discovery Architecture (WSDA),
Users, knowledge exploitation, 370–371
135–136
Website fingerprinting attack, 15
V WEU. See Water economizer utilization (WEU)
Valid, 180, 184–185 Wide area network, communication, 267
Vehicular Networks (VANETs) and PSNs Wi-Fi, 471–472
challenges and opportunities, 84–85 Wireless body area sensor fusion (WBASF),
monitoring events, 82 236–237, 244–248
preliminaries, 81–82 Wireless Body Area Sensor Network (WBASN),
routines and behaviors, 82–83 231
traffic management, 83–84 data aggregation and data fusion, 233–236,
Vendor-independent research institute, 280 234f
Viceroy 2002, 36 data fusion algorithms, 235–236, 235f
Video compression, 417 and e-health systems, 232–237, 232f
Video frames, 419, 431 orientation approximation, 239–243, 240f
Video on demand (VoD), 131–133, 135 complementary filtering, 242
Video streaming gyroscope accelerometer integration,
architectures, 418–420 240–241
cloud computing, 431 Kalman filter, 242–243
 Index 515

orientation sensing, 237–239 Wireless traffic offload

sensor data fusion, layered approach, 237–239, conventional vs. P2P WiFi design, 206–207, 206f
238f group connect, 204–205, 207–210, 208f
smart phones for e-health monitoring, 236–237, traffic offload function of, 210–211, 211f
236t virtualization technology, 208–209, 209f
Wireless data hubs (WDHs), 196, 209–210, two wireless stacks, 205–206, 205f
212–214, 213f Wireless virtualization, 209, 209f
boxes using manager with a smartphone, 216, Workload
216f artificial, 337
in center of social wireless network, 214–216 data centers and, 301
deployment models, 219–220 scheduling, 339–341
vs. 3G/LTE spaces, 222–224 WPANs. See Wireless personal area networks
group connect and, 219–220 (WPANs)
modeling and performance analysis WP-E. See Water pump efficiency (WP-E)
mobility traces and throughput datasets, WSDA. See Web Services Discovery Architecture
217–219, 217f (WSDA)
no-wires WDH space maintenance, 216 WSNs. See Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
WUE index. See Water usage effectiveness (WUE)
parameters for converged information-centric
index
space, 212–213
WUESource metric. See Water usage effectiveness
role, 215f
source (WUESource) metric
Wireless local access networks (WLANs), 197
Wireless networks, 417, 428, 435
Wireless nodes, 286 Y
Wireless personal area networks (WPANs), 231 YouTube, 420–425, 426f
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs), 45, 47, 234–235, ToR with, 21–22, 21f
433–434
ubiquitous, 399–400, 400f, 403 Z
Wireless stacks, 205–206, 205f Z-score index, 378