Topic 11

Reproduction in human
Human biology june 2023
4HB
26/2/2023
Part 1
Reproductive systems
Menstrual cycle
Placenta
Birth
Breast feeding
 Male reproductive system

Label and function

-
urethra

x x
scrotum
run

sperm
1. Testes : produce sperm cells and testosterone ' somenf~asrs.rsfluid
ness

seminal
2. Epididymis : storage to the sperm cells till time of ejaculation
0
3. Scrotum : protect the testes from physical damage , keep the testes at cooler temperature than body by 2 to 3
C to allow development of sperm
4. Vas deference / sperm duct : transport the sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis
5. Seminal vesicle and prostate gland : they produce the seminal fluid ( provide nutrients for the sperm to stay
alive , medium for swimming of sperm , alkaline ph to neutralize the acidity of the vagina) where the sperm with
seminal fluid form semen
Urethra : carry semen from the sperm duct to tip of the penis ,and carries the urine out of the body
They never mix ;;;;;;there are rings of muscles close during sexual inter course to ensure that no chance for
urine and semen to get mixed ,,....so they never get out of the urethra at same time .

Suggest what happen if there is a reduction in duameter of urethra

Pain and difficulty in urination and ejaculation
Increase risk of bladder infection
 Label and stating the function
Female reproductive system
-

1. Ovary : production of egg cell ( ovum) i.e site of ovulation

Production pf oestrogen ( female sex hormone)

2. Oviduct : site of fertilisation

Move down egg / zygote to the uterus by peristalsis
and beating of cilia
soo

3. Uterus : implantation of embryo

Site of growth and development of the embryo into fetus
4. Cervix : muscular ring close during pregnancy to the baby in
place while dilates and open at birth time to pass the baby out.

Btg
5. Vagina : site of coopulation. And sperm deposition as well as
birth canal / way for the baby out ay birth .
wens
:
o
.
-

BEE
 Egg Sperm

haploid nucleus

Mft
jellylike structure .
Jpg Acrosome .

-
cytoplasm with Flagellum Middle head
Food storage part
with
many mitochondria
haploid nucleus .

1
Cell membrane .
Why food storage : if fertilsed , it
is used in the early development
of zygote / embryo. Smaller in size
Larger in size Why large in size ?to provide a larger flagellum
No flagellum surface area for the sperm to attach
acrosome
No acrosome thus increase chance of penetration. .
Less dense cytoplasm with no food storage
Dense cytoplasm with large food storage
No Jelly like layer
Jelly like layer
Has X-or Y chromosome in the haploid nucleus
Has only X-chromosome in the haploid nucleus

Non motile Motile ( mobile = movable .

Move by cilia un oviduct Move by flagellum

One per month Many per ejaculation
At puberty
At this age children become adult
Capable of producing gametes and have children

In boys FSH ….stimulate the testes to start producing sperm cells

LH ……stimulate stimulate testes to secrete testosterone

In girls FSH …..stimulate the egg development

Stimulate the release of oestrogen
LH ….stimulate ovulation
and the production of progesterone

Secondary sexual characteristics in male and female : Growth spurt

Boys ….voice deepens , facial hair develops , increase in muscle mass , testes are stimulated to +hair grows in
produce sperm cells armpits and in pubic
Girls …..hips widen , increase thickness of uterus lining , breast develops and increase in size , regions
menstrual cycles begin. Body smell increase
 Menstrual cycle

Its a cycle that lasts about 28 days involves changes in ovaries and uterus lining . By the
control of hormones to be ready for fertilsation and pregnancy as well as implantation

FSH Ovaries Uterus lining Oestrogen

LH Inhibit Progesterone
Inhibit

FELPStimulate the
Stimulate the
release
Stimulate the
release
release

Target
Ovary Uterus lining
Ovary Uterus lining

Function
1.
Development
of follicle to
allow
vo 1.stimulate the
release of the
egg from ovary
into the oviduct
v
1. Maintain the
maturation of 1. Build up uterus to be ready for thickness of uterus
an egg lining To be ready fertilisation. lining to be ready for
2. Stimulate for implantation. 2. Stimulate implantation
release of 2. Stimulate the release of 2. Inhibit the release
oestrogen release of LH progesterone of LH and FSH
3. Inhibit release
of FSH
Site of production Pituitary gland Pituitary gland Ovary
Ovary
 &.I
Thickness
1 . FSH Yellow body
of uterus
3. LH continue to
lining Corpus Luteum
release
progestero
ne for the
first 3
Released from yellow body months of
pregnancy
4. Progesterone :
2. Oestrogen A) maintain the thickness of uterus lining to
Breaking down of A) repair of uterus lining where
uterus lining it stimulates the increase in the be ready for implantation
Level of
( bleeding) shed thickness of uterus lining to be B) inhibit the release of FSH ( prevent
progesterone ready for implantation of a
out through vagina
and fertilsed egg / embryo
maturation of another egg)
carrying unfertilsed
oestrogen egg out of the body
B) when oestrogen reaches to Inhibit the release of LH ( prevent release of
maximum concentration in
drops .
blood ….stimulate the release of
another egg).
MENSTRUATIONS LH By negative feed back mechanism
C) Inhibit the release of FSH

1. 4. 14. 28

1. FSH : released from the pituitary gland during the early days of
menstrual cycle
A) stimulate the development of follicle to allow maturation of an egg
B) stimulate the release of oestrogen / follicle release the oestrogen
3. LH released from the pituitary gland
A) stimulate ovulation , that involves the release of the egg
from the ovary into the oviduct to be ready for fertilisation.
B) change the remaining follicle into Corpus luteum which will
secrete progesterone
 B- Hormones 1
Pituitary gland:
controlling the releases
Pituitary gland
development of hormones( FSH, LH)
which control activity
ova. of the ovary.
LH
FSH
2
Follicle stimulating LH 3
hormone: LH Luteinising hormone:
FSH
stimulates stimulates release of
development of mature ovum from ovary
Graafian follicle in and development of
(A) Gonadotropins from
ovary. pituitary gland
corpus luteum from the
remains of the follicle.

Graafian follicle:
Is the fluid sac

r
with the ovum Corpus luteum:
inside it. Is the remaining cells

ab
of the Graafian follicle,
which produces
progesterone
hormone.
Oestrogen:
Secreted by the
Graafian
follicle,repairs
the lining of the
uterus and
stimulates
lG Progesterone
Secreted by the
corpus
luteum,keeping
the lining of the
iha
development of uterus thickened
female 2ry ready for
sexual implantation and
characteristics. pregnancy.
Also prevents FSH
secretion which
.N

prevents the
release of any
more mature ova
by feedback
inhibition.
Dr

Ovulation( day 14)

Where the Graafian follicle becomes mature,it moves to the surface of the
ovary and bursts stimulated by LH, finally the ovum is released into the
funnel of the oviduct.
(Fertile period= 3 days before ovulation and 3 days after ovulation=day 11to
day 17).

2 or 3 days after ovulation, the an unfertilsed egg will be lost through vagina.

Ovulation: the release of egg from follicle into

oviduct

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