Journal Pre-proofs

Design Method and Software Development for the Spiral-Wound Heat Ex-
changer with Bilateral Phase Change

Jinxing Wu, Jinyuan Zhao, Xuezhen Sun, Shaolin Liu, Mingqiang Wang

PII: S1359-4311(19)31740-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114674
Reference: ATE 114674

To appear in: Applied Thermal Engineering

Received Date: 16 March 2019

Revised Date: 8 November 2019
Accepted Date: 12 November 2019

Please cite this article as: J. Wu, J. Zhao, X. Sun, S. Liu, M. Wang, Design Method and Software Development
for the Spiral-Wound Heat Exchanger with Bilateral Phase Change, Applied Thermal Engineering (2019), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114674

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© 2019 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

 Design Method and Software Development for the Spiral-Wound Heat
Exchanger with Bilateral Phase Change
Jinxing Wu, Jinyuan Zhao, Xuezhen Sun, Shaolin Liu, Mingqiang Wang
(Research Center of Energy-saving Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China)
Abstract: Based on VB6.0, this paper has developed a new design software for the spiral-wound heat
exchanger (SWHE) with bilateral phase change using segmented calculation method，by which the SWHE
was divided into five segments, based on the different temperature of phase transition points of two heat
transfer mediums in the shell side and the tube side. Then design of each segment was conducted according
to the corresponding process conditions, finally the whole design of the SWHE was obtained. The results
gotten from the software design was compared with the data from the actual engineering, which showed
that the error of the outlet temperature was less than 2% and the error of the pressure drop was less than 5%.
According to the design method, this paper also analyzed the influence of structural parameters, such as the
diameter of the heat transfer tube (15-20 mm), the diameter of the core barrel (400-1000 mm) and the
length to diameter ratio (5-10), on the comprehensive performance of the SWHE. As a result, the length to
diameter ratio influenced the heat transfer area and pressure drop greatly. Because the design software is
found to be accurate, quicker and more efficient, it can be used for the design calculation and check
calculation for the SWHE with bilateral phase change.
Key words: spiral-wound heat exchanger; phase change; segmented calculation; software design
Nomenclature
VB6.0 Visual Basic 6.0 h heat transfer coefficient (W/m2.K)
SWHE spiral-wound heat exchanger X martinelli parameters
LMTD logarithmic mean temperature difference Re Reynolds number
T1 first section process temperature (℃) Wl mass flow of the liquid (kg/s)
T2 fourth stage process temperature (℃)  density (kg/m3)
Tsk dew point temperature of the shell side (℃)  dynamic viscosity (Pa s)
Tsg bubble point temperature of the tube side (℃) S: bubble boiling effect coefficient
Too outlet temperature of the shell side (℃) F influence coefficient of two-phase flow
Tii inlet temperature of the tube side (℃) d tube diameter (mm)
r0 latent heat of phase change (kJ/kg) f total heat transfer area margin
Go mass flow rate of the shell side medium (kg/s) Tio outlet temperature of the tube side (℃)
Cp specific heat capacity of the medium (J/kg.K) Toi inlet temperature of the shell side (℃)

1
1.Introduction
The piral wound heat exchanger (SWHE) is a
kind of shell and tube heat exchanger. It is widely
used in liquefied natural gas plants, air separation
plants, petrochemical enterprises, rectisol, nuclear
power stations due to their advantages of highly
compact structure , good thermal compensation
performance and high-pressure endurance[1,2]. In
recent years, with the intensification of energy
challenges in various industries, scholars pay more
attention to the research of heat exchanger[3,4].
Various ways was employed to augment thermal
characteristics of heat exchanger[5-7]. The phase
change heat transfer of the SWHE is a complicated
process, it also involves the structure design and
process calculation, so it is necessary to rely on the
computer method[8,9].
Computer software marketed by companies
such as HTRI and HTFS are used extensively in
the thermal design and rating of heat exchangers,
but they are limited to the straight heat exchanger
[10]. Yan Ren et al. [11] established a model to
simulate the heat transfer of shell-side film flow in
real working conditions. The results showed that
the numerical model used in their simulation
satisfied the accuracy requirement. Tingting Wang
et al. [12,13] proposed an algorithm to solve the
equations of the distributed-parameter model
quickly. A calculation method for counter-current
type coil-wound heat exchanger was presented by
Zhouwei Zhang et al. [14] for the heat exchange
process. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
model was employed with the smallest periodic
element and periodic boundary conditions by Tang
et al. [15] to examine the characteristics of the
shell side of SWHE. Due to the complexity and
uncertainty of fluid flow and heat transfer with
bilateral phase change in SWHE, the segmented
2
calculation method was adopted in this paper
according to the difference of the phase transition
point of the tube side and the shell side. Then the
heat transfer process of each segment was
calculated, and the design error of the heat
exchanger could be effectively reduced.
Due to the complex structure of the SWHE
and the phase change in the tube side and the shell
side, the calculation process of the manual
calculation method is cumbersome and the design
cycle is long. The heat exchanger design using
VB6.0 has the advantages of short design period,
friendly interface, convenient and flexible[16,17].
Meanwhile, the use of VB6.0 for the SWHE
design can also improve the heat exchanger design
quality, reliability and the degree of
standardization.
2. Design principle
2.1 Phase change heat transfer model
The phase change heat transfer model of the
tube side is shown in Fig.1. Bubbles begin to form
throughout the fluid region in the shell side of the
SWHE. As the bubbles grow, the gas clumps form
and eventually the whole area is filled with gas.
The whole heat transfer process can be divided
into three sections, the first section area is filled
with liquid phase, the second section is boiling
segment and the third segment area is filled with
gas phase. In other words, the first and the third
segments are single-phase flow, and the second
phase is gas-liquid two-phase flow.
Fig.1.
Phase change heat transfer model of the shell
side is shown in Fig.2. The fluid in the shell side of
the SWHE is cooled from initial superheated steam
to saturated steam. Then the film condensation
occurs, and the thickness of the liquid film
increases gradually until it becomes a full liquid
phase. There is no phase change in the first and
third segments, so the calculation methods of the
convective heat transfer coefficient are similar. The
calculation method of the second segment is
different from those in the other two segments,
because of the phase transition.
Fig.2.
2.2 Segmented calculation principle of large
SWHE
Since the phase transition in the tube side and the
shell side, the fluid performance parameters vary
greatly in the design of the SWHE. In the
petrochemical industry, for example, the physical
parameters of hydrocarbon fluids changes greatly
with the temperature changes. In order to improve
the accuracy of fluid property parameters in
process calculation, this paper adopts the
segmented calculation method to carry on the
design. In this method, the tube side (cold fluid)
and the shell side (thermal fluid) are divided into
five segments according to the positioning points
from the bottom to the top. The schematic diagram
of segmented calculation is shown in Fig.3. The
physical parameters of the fluid parameters are
corresponding to the average temperature of each
segment. In this way, the influence of physical
parameters on the temperature change is
effectively reduced.
Fig.3.
The demarcation points of the first segment
and second segment are determined by the dew
point temperature of the fluid in shell side. There is
a change of the liquid sensible heat in the first
segment and no phase transition in the shell side
nor the tube side. Part of phase transition occurs in
the second segment of the shell side, where is the
gas-liquid two-phase flow, and there is no phase
transition in the tube side.
3
The demarcation points of the second
segment and third segment is determined by the
boiling temperature of fluid in the tube side. Phase
transition occurs in the tube side and the shell side
of the third segment, where is the gas-liquid
two-phase flow, and there is no temperature
changes. The demarcation points of the third
segment and fourth segment are determined by the
dew point temperature of the shell side.
There is no phase transition in the shell side
of the fourth segment, and the phase transition
occurs in the tube side, where is the gas-liquid
two-phase flow. The demarcation points of the
fourth segment and fifth segment are determined
by the bubble point temperature of the tube side.
There is a change of the gas sensible heat in
the fifth section, and no phase transition on the
shell side or the tube side.
In the design of the SWHE, the inlet
temperature of the tube side and shell side are
known, and the shell side outlet temperature
should be assumed in order to calculating the tube
side outlet temperature. How to determine the
qualitative temperature of each section is very
important in the segment calculation. In this
program, the inlet temperature of the tube side and
the dew point temperature of the shell side in the
first section are known, so process temperature T1
can be obtained according to the assumption of the
tube side outlet temperature.
The temperature distribution of each section
with the tube side boiling phase transition and the
shell side condensation phase change are shown in
the Table 1
Table 1 Temperature distribution table for each section
Tube side Shell side
Section Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet
number temperat tempe temper temperatu
ure rature ature re
 1 Tii T1 Tio Tsk Goli : the liquid phase mass flow rate of the shell

2 T1 Tsg Tsk Tsk side of the i section ,

3 Tsg Tsg Tsk Tsk Gogi : the gas mass flow rateof the shell side of the i

4 Tsg Tsg Tsk T2 section .

Tsg Tio T2 Toi The outlet temperature of the tube side Tio can
5
be obtained according to the heat balance.
The first section process temperature T1 is
Cpo 5Go  T2  Toi 
solved as follows: Tio   Tsg (7)
Cpi 5  Gi
T1 
Tsk  Too   Go  Cpo1  T (1) where,
Gi  Cpi1
ii

Tio
where : the tube side outlet temperature,

T1 : the first section process temperature, Toi

: the shell side inlet temperature,
Tsk Tsg
: the shell side dew point temperature, : the tube side bubble point temperature.
Too
: the shell side outlet temperature, 2.3 Calculation method of the large SWHE
When there is single-phase flow in the tube
Go
: the mass flow rate of the shell side medium,
side and the shell side, the corresponding heat
Gi
: the tube side of the medium mass flow of transfer coefficient and pressure drop formulas are
imports, selected according to the Reynolds number. When
Cp there is two-phase flow, the heat transfer
: the specific heat capacity of the medium,
Tii coefficient and pressure drop are calculated by the
: the inlet temperature of the tube side.
calculation method of split phase flow. The heat
The process temperature T2 is solved as
transfer coefficient of two-phase flow can be
follows:
obtained by calculating the liquid phase heat
Gil3  ri
T2   Tsk (2) transfer coefficient and pressure drop and then
G  Cp 
multiplying the two-phase flow coefficient.
Gil3  Gi  Gig 3 (3)
(1) Heat transfer coefficient
Gig 3   Gol2  ro 
1 The heat transfer coefficient of the two-phase
(4)
ri
flow in the shell side [18]:
Gol2  Go  Gog2 (5)
1  X 0.82
hoi  hoi' ( ) (8)
Gog 2  Cpi1  Gi  T1  Tii   Cpi 2  Gi  (Tsg  T1 )  Cpo1  Go  (Tsk  Too ) 
1 X
r0
where
(6)
hoi
where, : the two-phase flow heat transfer coefficient for

T2 :the process temperature, each section of the shell side,

hoi'
Gili : the liquid phase mass flow rate of the i section : the single liquid phase heat transfer coefficient
of each section of the shell side,
of the tube ,
X: the Martinelli parameters of each segment of
Gigi : the gas mass flow rate of the i section of the
the shell side.
tube ,

4
 The heat transfer coefficient[19] of the n

two-phase flow in the tube side is :  x M i i

1/ 2
i
m  i 1
n
(14)
hii  De ( S  hb  F  hl )
 xi M i1/ 2
0.078
(9)
i 1
where
The thermal conductivity is solved as follows:
hii
: the two-phase flow heat transfer coefficient for n
each section of the tube side,  x M i i
1/ 3
i

De : the Dean number , m  i 1

n
(15)

S : the bubble boiling effect coefficient, xM

i 1
i
1/ 3
i

hb : the bubble boiling heat transfer coefficient, ②Liquid mixture

F : the influence coefficient of two-phase flow, The density is solved as follows:
hl 1
: the forced convection heat transfer coefficient m  (16)
n
 wi 
of single-phase flow for each section of the tube.
  
i 1   i 
(2) Pressure drop
The shell side pressure drop is composed of The specific heat capacity is solved as follows:
three parts, the friction pressure drop, the gravity 1
cm  (17)
pressure drop and the acceleration pressure drop, n  
  wi 
and the shell side pressure drop is composed as  
i 1  c pi 
well [20].
The dynamic viscosity is solved as follows:
P  Pf  Pg  Pa (10) 3
 n 
(3) Physical property parameter of mixed medium m    xi i1/ 3  (18)
 i 1 
①Gaseous mixture
The thermal conductivity is solved as follows:
The density is solved as follows:
3
 n


 0 PT0 m    xi 1i / 3  (19)
(11)  i 1 
P0TZ
3. Software design and calculation of the phase
where
n
change heat transfer
xM
0   i i (12) 3.1 Block diagram
i 1 22.414
The software can realize the design and
P, T: absolute pressure, absolute temperature,
calculation of the phase change heat transfer in the
The specific heat capacity is solved as follows:
multicomponent mixture system. Block diagram of
n
c pm   wi c pi (13)
software structure is based on around the principle
i 1 and method of design of tube heat exchanger [21],
where and the specific technical requirements integration.
wi: The mass fraction of various gases. The structure of the software is shown in Fig.4.
The dynamic viscosity is solved as follows: The specific steps are as follows [22]:
(1) Enter the process parameters of the known
medium of the tube side and shell side of the

5
SWHE.
(2) The unknown temperature of the five
segments are calculated, according
temperature of the phase transition point and the
technological parameters of the known medium.
Then, each section is divided into a number of
small segments according to equal temperature
difference or equal gas phase basis of physical
parameters corresponding to the
temperature of each segment.
(3) The heat transfer area is assumed in
accordance with the engineering experience. Then,
the known structural parameters are entered into
the computer, such as the outer diameter of the
heat transfer tube, wall thickness of the heat
transfer tube, winding angle, outer diameter of core
tube, etc. And the other structure parameters are
obtained by carrying out the structure calculation,
e.g. single heat transfer tube length, total number
of heat transfer tubes, winding layers, cylinder
diameter, cylinder wall thickness, etc.
(4) According to the known
parameters and structural parameters, the heat
transfer coefficient of the shell side, the heat
transfer coefficient of the tube side, the total heat
transfer coefficient and the total heat transfer area
of each section are calculated. Then the heat
transfer area of each section is superimposed to
obtain the total heat transfer area.
(5) Calculated heat transfer area
side pressure drop is less than the allowed pressure
drop. If the condition is not satisfied, then readjust
to the the structural parameters.
(7) Output structure calculation results and
process calculation results and exit the program
until the total heat transfer area and pressure drop
are satisfied with the setting conditions.
3.2 Data processing method
average In the software design process, the initial
parameters of the design, such as the working fluid
temperature, mass flow, the diameter of the heat
transfer tube, the outer diameter of the heat transfer
tube, and the thickness of the bar and so on, are
entered by the keyboard or using Combo-Box
control drop-down select. For parameters that need
to be checked in the chart, such as medium
viscosity , thermal conductivity, specific heat and
latent heat of vaporization and so on, are directly
written into the program by using the method of
physical property parameter function fitting
formula. Taking the specific heat capacity of the
process medium as an example, the value of manual check
and the value of automatic calculation are listed in
Table 2. From the results of Table 2, we can know
that the data error of automatic query and manual
query are not more than 1%, which means that this
method is feasible. Automatic calculation of
physical property parameters provides a possibility
for computer aided design of SWHEs.
and Table 2 Comparison of the values of manual and

hypothetical heat transfer area are compared to automatic calculation.

determine whether the area margin for 0~5%. If Temperat Manual Automatic
Deviation
the condition is not satisfied, then readjust the ure(℃) check calculation
structural parameters.
60 1867.48 1867.08 0.02%
(6) Calculating the pressure drop in each
80 1937.77 1937.75 0.001%
segment to calculate the total pressure drop across
100 2008.07 2008.42 0.017%
the shell side and the tube side. To determine 120 2078.75 2079.09 0.016%
whether the shell side pressure drop or the tube 140 2149.64 2149.76 0.005%

6
 160 2222.10 2220.44 0.7% data testing methods refer to the literature [23].
3.3 Interface design The parameters of the shell side: the medium inlet
There are many parameters in the design temperature is 319 degrees Celsius, the mass flow
process of the SWHE with bilateral phase change rate is 60t/h, the inlet pressure is 0.624MPa, the
in tube side and the shell side, and the calculation hydrogen flow rate is 60000m3/h, and the purity of
is complicated. Many parameters need to be hydrogen is 65%. The parameters of the tube side:
adjusted and calculated to get the satisfied result. the medium inlet temperature is 51 degrees Celsius,
The software using VB6.0 programming language the mass flow rate is 60t/h, the inlet pressure is
to establish a good human-computer interaction 0.732MPa, the hydrogen flow rate is 60000m3/h,
interface. The design task can be accomplished by and the purity of hydrogen is 65%. The uncertainty
the simple operation after the interface input or the of the test is shown in Table 3, and the calculation
selection of relevant parameters. The running main of the uncertainty is based on the literature [24].
interface of the design software of the SWHE with The results gotten from the software design are
bilateral phase change is shown in Fig.5. It compared with the data from the actual
includes four frameworks: design environment, engineering testing, and the results are shown in
working medium initial parameters, initial Table 3.
structure parameters setting and calculation results Uncertainties of testing data
and four buttons: structure calculation, process Parameters Uncertainties/%
calculation, result preservation and exit calculation. Temperature ±1.67
After running the program, enter the main interface Pressure ±9.38
of the heat exchanger design system. We can enter
Mass flow rate ±8.67
or select the known structure and process
parameters, select the "structure calculation"
Table 4.
button or "process calculation" button to start the
Comparison of engineering testing data and software
design. After the design is completed, the results design results.
can be automatically saved to the Word document, Shell side Tube side

which is convenient for the analysis and process

Toi Too Ps Tii Tio Pt
parameters
comparison of the calculation results. 49.
Engineering 319.8 78.6 22.1 51.2 299
Fig.4. 4
51.
Fig.5. Calculation 319 79.2 21.6 51 297
8
4 Engineering validation As can be seen from the table, the error of
According to the actual conditions of the outlet temperature is less than 2%, and the error of
refinery, a SWHE with bilateral phase change was pressure drop is less than 5%. Therefore, the errors
designed. The design pressure is 1.47MPa, the between the results of software design and actual
design temperature is 400 degrees Celsius, the tube engineering data are within a reasonable range
is selected with S32168, selection of heat transfer [25].
tube diameter is 19 mm, winding angle are 18 5 The influence of structural parameters on
degrees, winding layers are 25. The engineering performance

7
 The SWHE mainly consists of a tube bundle ,
a shell and a core tube. The main structure of the
SWHE is shown in Fig.6..
Fig.6
The relationship between the diameter of the
heat transfer tube and the heat transfer area is
shown in Fig.7. When the diameter of the heat
transfer tube increases from 15 mm to 20 mm, the
2
heat transfer area increases from 6037.8 m to
6654.5 m2, and increases by about 616.7 m2, and
the increase amount is obvious.
Fig.7
The relationship between the diameter of the
heat transfer tube and the pressure drop is shown in
Fig.8. When the diameter of the heat transfer tube
increases from 15 mm to 20 mm, the tube side
pressure drop decreases from 77.0 kPa to 31.9 kPa,
and decreases by about 45.1 kPa, and the decrease
amount is obvious. The shell side pressure drop
increases from 20.8 kPa to 30.5 kPa, and increases
by about 9.7 kPa, and the amount of increase is
small.
Fig.8
The relationship between the diameter of the
core barrel and the heat transfer area is shown in
Fig.9. When the diameter of the core barrel
increases from 400 mm to 1000 mm, the heat
2
exchange area decreases from 6606.9 m to 6654.5
m2, and decreases by about 87.5 m2, and the
decrease amount is not obvious.
Fig.9
The relationship between the diameter of the
core barrel and the pressure drop is shown in
Fig.10. When the diameter of the core barrel
increases from 400 mm to 1000 mm, the tube side
pressure drop increases from 33.59 kPa to 36.87
kPa, and increases by about 3.28 kPa, and the
amount of increase is not obvious; The shell side
8
pressure drop increases from 18.77 kPa to 22.87
kPa, and increases by about 4.2 kPa, and the
amount of increase is not obvious.
Fig.10
The results show that the influence of the
diameter of the core barrel on the heat transfer area
and the pressure drop in the tube side and the shell
side are not obvious. The main reason is that the
diameter of the core barrel has no influence on the
fluid flow of the tube side and shell side.
The relationship between the length to
diameter ratio and the heat transfer area is shown
in Fig.11. When the length to diameter ratio
increases from 5 to 10, the heat exchange area
decreases from 13750 m2 to 6429.4 m2, and
decreases by about 7320.6 m2, and the decrease
amount is obvious. The main reason is that as
length to diameter ratio increases, the flow cross
sectional area of the tube side and shell side
decreases, the turbulence intensity and heat
transfer coefficient increases simultaneously.
Fig.11
The relationship between the length to
diameter ratio and the pressure drop is shown in
Fig.12. When the length to diameter ratio increases
from 5 to 10, the tube side pressure drop increases
from 21.53 kPa to 38.84 kPa, increases by about
17.31 kPa, and the amount of increase is not
obvious. The main reason is that the length to
diameter ratio has little effect on the flow velocity
of the tube side. The shell side pressure drop
increases from 10.2 kPa to 40.2 kPa, increases by
about 130 kPa, and the amount of increase is
obvious. The main reason is that as length to
diameter ratio increases, the flow cross sectional
area of the shell side decreases, the flow velocity
of the shell side increases simultaneously.
Fig.12
6. Conclusions
In the design process of the SWHE with
bilateral phase change, the calculation process is
cumbersome and a lot of iterative calculation is
required. In this paper, the VB6.0 was used as a
platform, and the design software was developed
by the segmented calculation method.
(1) The space point corresponding to the
phase change point of the fluid in the tube side or
the shell side was taken as the location point to be
segmented, which effectively simplified
calculation process and made the calculation of
physical parameters more accurate.
(2) The calculation formula for physical
property parameter of mixed medium was
presented. On the basis of the calculation method,
The parameters such as density, specific heat
capacity, dynamic viscosit and thermal
conductivity were directly written into the
program.
(3) On the basis of the design method, a
design software with bilateral phase change in the
tube side and the shell side of the SWHE was
developed based on the VB6.0. The results gotten
from the software design were compared with the
data from the actual engineering, which showed
that the error of the outlet temperature was less
than 2% and the error of the pressure drop was less
than 5%.
(4) According to the design method, the
influence of structural parameters such as the
diameter of the heat transfer tube (15-20 mm), the
diameter of the core barrel (400-1000 mm) and the
length to diameter ratio (5~10)) on
performance of the SWHE was analyzed, among
them, the length to diameter ratio has a great
influence on heat transfer area and pressure drop.
7. Acknowledgement
The present work is supported by the key
technology research project of Henan province,
China (NO.162102210006).
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10
Figure captions
Fig.1. Phase change heat transfer model of tube side
Fig.2. Phase change heat transfer model of shell side
Fig.3. Schematic diagram of subsection calculation
Fig.4. General flow chart of software design
Fig.5. Operation main interface of software
Fig.6. Main structure of the SWHE
Fig.7. The relationship between the diameter of the heat
transfer tube and the area of heat transfer
Fig.8. The relationship between the diameter of the heat
transfer tube and pressure drop
Fig.9. The relationship between the diameter of the core
barrel and the area of heat transfer
Fig.10. The relationship between the diameter of the core
barrel and pressure drop
Fig.11. The relationship between the length to diameter
ratio and the area of heat transfer
Fig.12. The relationship between the length to diameter
ratio and pressure drop

11
Fig.1. Phase change heat transfer model of tube side

12
Fig.2. Phase change heat transfer model of shell side

13
Fig.3. Schematic diagram of subsection calculation

14
Fig.4. General flow chart of software design

15
Fig.5. Operation main interface of software

16
Fig.6. Main structure of the SWHE

17
 7500

7000
Heat transfer area/m2

6500

6000

5500
15 16 17 18 19 20
Diameter of the heat exchangering tube/mm

Fig.7. The relationship between the diameter of the heat

transfer tube and the area of heat transfer

18
 tube side
shell side
80

70

Pressure drop/Kpa
60

50

40

30

20
15 16 17 18 19 20
Diameter of the heat exchanging tube/mm

Fig.8. The relationship between the diameter of the heat

transfer tube and pressure drop

19
 7500

7000
Heat transfer area/m2

6500

6000

5500
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Core barrel/mm

Fig.9. The relationship between the diameter of the core

barrel and the area of heat transfer

20
 tube side
60 shell side
55
50
45
Pressure drop/kPa 40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Core barrel/mm

Fig.10. The relationship between the diameter of the

core barrel and pressure drop

21
 14000

13000
Heat transfer area/m2

12000

11000

10000

9000

8000

7000

6000

5 6 7 8 9 10
Length to diameter ratio

Fig.11. The relationship between the length to

diameter ratio and the area of heat transfer

22
 tube side
60 shell side
55
50
45
Pressure drop/kPa

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5 6 7 8 9 10
Length to diameter ratio

Fig.12. The relationship between the length to

diameter ratio and pressure drop

23
We declare that we do not have any commercial
or associative interest that represents a conflict of
interest in connection with the work submitted.

24
Table captions
Table 1 Temperature distribution table for each
section
Table 2 Comparison of the values of manual and
automatic calculation
Table 3 Uncertainties of testing data
Table 4 Comparison of engineering application
data and software design results

25
Table 1 Temperature distribution table for each section
Tube side Shell side
Section Inlet Outlet Inlet Outlet
number temperat tempe temper temperatu
ure rature ature re

1 Tii T1 Tio Tsk

2 T1 Tsg Tsk Tsk

3 Tsg Tsg Tsk Tsk

4 Tsg Tsg Tsk T2

5 Tsg Tio T2 Toi

26
Table 2 Comparison of the values of manual and automatic
calculation

Temperat Manual Automatic

Deviation
ure(℃) check calculation

60 1867.48 1867.08 0.02%

80 1937.77 1937.75 0.001%
100 2008.07 2008.42 0.017%
120 2078.75 2079.09 0.016%
140 2149.64 2149.76 0.005%
160 2222.10 2220.44 0.7%

27
 Table 3. Uncertainties of testing data
Parameters Uncertainties/%
Temperature ±1.67
Pressure ±9.38
Mass flow rate ±8.67

28
 Table 4 Comparison of engineering application data and
software design results
Shell side Tube side
process
Toi Too Ps Tii Tio Pt
parameters

Engineering 319.8 78.6 22.1 51.2 299 49.4

Calculation 319 79.2 21.6 51 297 51.8

29