School of Graduate Studies

Collage of Natural and Computational Science

Department of Biology

M.Sc.: Environmental Science program Research Proposal

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Master Degree
in Environmental science

Practice, challenges and opportunities of solid waste management in

Addis Ababa in case of Addis ketema sub city

By; Delba Dea

ID.No. PGE/68768/15

Submitted to; Dr.Terefe Tolessa

2024, Ambo Ethiopia

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Approval sheet

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 MSc/MA/MPH//PhD Certification Sheet

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Acknowledgment

I wish to express my deepest appreciation to Dr.Terefe Tolessa, my advisor, for his comments
and excellent supervision. I must also thank him for the warm relations showed towards me,
which was very helpful and very much cherished to complete this research proposal paper. The
last but the most, I thank the highest and merciful God for the strengthen me to complete this
paper.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

EPA Environmental protection authority

MSWM Municipal solid waste management

NEMA National environmental management authority

SWM Solid waste management

UNEP United nation environmental program

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Contents

Acknowledgment.......................................................…...IV

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………...v

List of contents………………………………………………………........VI

List of table……………………………………………………………........VII

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………...1

1.1, Back ground of the study……………………………………….…2

1.2 Objective of the study…………………………………………..3

1, 2.1 General objective………………………………………...3

1.2.2 Specific objectives……………………………………………….4

1.3 Statement of the problem ………………………………….….4

1.4 Basic Research question……………………………………….....5

1.4.1 General …………………………………………………….…..5

1.4.2 Specific questions………………………………………...5

1.5 Significance of the study……………………………………………6

1.6 Limitation of the study……………………………………………....6

2. Literature review………………………………………………………….7

2.1 Empirical studies…………………………………………………...8

3. Material and methodology………………………………………….9

3.1 Description of the study………………………………………...9

3.2 Research design…………………………………………….........10

3.3 Target population…………………………………………….…..10

3.4 Sample size and design………………………………………….11

4. Research ethics …………………………………………………………..12

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5. Work plan……………………………………………………………..….13

6. Budget……………………………………………………………….……..14

References………………………………………………………………..15

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 Abstract

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a multidisciplinary activity that includes

administrative activities and solid waste management practices that the control of waste
generation, storage, collection, transfer , transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste to
reduce and eliminate the adverse impacts of waste on human health, the environment, to
support economic development and quality of life. The objective of this study is to assess
practice, challenges and opportunities of solid waste management in Addis Ababa .The ever
increasing volume and composition of solid waste in Addis Ababa has become a significant
urban problem that should be given attention by the residents, Environmental organizations
and government bodies. To obtain the information properly about solid waste management
practice and challenges, this study will use a descriptive research design with mixed research
approaches. Data will be collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data
will be collected from field observation, formal and informal survey and through structured
questionnaires. The secondary data will be gathered from documented materials. The target
population of this study will be chosen by systematic sampling from Addis ketema sub city
werada 12 from 2 kebeles.

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1. Introduction

1.1 back ground of the study

Solid waste is a non-liquid any garbage or other discarded material from home, businesses,
industrial, commercial, mining, agricultural and community activities. In urban areas, the main
components of this solid waste include biodegradable and non-biodegradable materials such as
food scraps, garden waste, paper, glass, metals, and plastics. Now a day, the generation and
disposal of solid waste have been a problem in cities and towns in Ethiopia. This is mainly due
to the magnitude of rapid urbanization, expansion of industries and increasing population
growth; which in turn has greatly accelerated municipal solid waste generation rate in the
urban environment (Hayal Desta, 2014).

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is a multidisciplinary activity that includes

administrative activities and solid waste management practices the control of waste
generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid waste.
Its overall goal is to reduce and eliminate the adverse impacts of waste on human health, the
environment, to support economic development and quality of life. The management of solid
waste is crucial for urban areas to prevent the spread of diseases, reduce pollution, enhance
cleanliness, promote resource recovery, and create employment opportunities. Improper solid
waste management causes diverse environmental, social, economic, and public health impacts.
In many developing countries solid waste management has become a serious challenge. This is
due to high urbanization rates and changes in the life styles and steady rise in living standards
have resulted in the increase of solid waste both in type and volume. Some studies, for
example, Palcyzynski (2002), estimated that with the existing level of urbanization in developing
countries, there would be two fold increase of solid waste generation in the current decade.
Other studies show that Ethiopia is mainly focused on the collection, transport, and disposal.
Additionally, open burning and dumping are the most commonly practiced solid waste disposal
systems in many towns and cities in Ethiopia. This is mainly due to inadequate institutional
capacity, finances, knowledge, lack of solid waste baseline data, minimal cooperation among
stakeholders, weak political commitment, a lack of effective planning and implementation.

1
A commended Solid waste management system provides recycled options for things that don't
belong to trash or waste. The most significant justification for recycling waste is to protect the
environment and the public health. Garbage and waste can pollute the air and water. It is also
recognized that decaying garbage releases poisonous gases that interact with the atmospheric
air and can cause respiratory issues in people (Shweta Choudhary, 2019). Municipal solid waste
(MSW) has usually been divided into six categories: food residues, wood waste, pulp, textiles,
paper and plastics. Products may be further divided into subgroups within each grouping.
Properly regulated waste will support the society economically and socially through recycling
and, where possible, reusing waste. Solid waste treatment main elements include on-site
managing, processing and storing; garbage collection; waste management transfer and
transport, reduction and final disposal. Solid waste involves trash, building rubble, industrial
refuse, and sewage or waste disposal sludge or air quality control plants, among the other
recycled items. The practices related to urban solid waste management from the point of
generation before final disposal can be divided into the six functional components. These are

• Generation of waste • Transportation

• Storage of waste • Process of segregation

• Collection of waste • Disposal of waste

Source; JETIR March 2019, Volume 6, www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

Currently, Addis Ababa is one of the rapidly urbanizing cities among developing countries.
However, the provision of solid waste management has not increased to the level demanded in
line with the expansion of the city and the growth of the city’s population. From this
perspective, the unmanaged wastes in the city are one of the major areas of the city’s
environmental concern. Thus, solid waste management is one of the major challenges facing
Addis Ababa. Solid waste is increasing beyond the management capacity of the municipal
governors, the volume of waste totals more than three million cubic meters per year with the
prospect of increase by a constant rate of 2.1 cubic meters per person annually (Misrak
Workneh, 2016). However, the (2010) estimate of UN shows that only 65 percent of the waste
generated in the city is collected, having the rest being disposed of in open sites, drainage
channels, and rivers. This fact can be observed by strolling on the street of Addis Ababa city,
where residents might not find it strange to see overflowing garbage skips often rendered for
their putrid smell. The best remedies, individuals can do in such a scenario is to cover their nose
or hold their breaths and walk (Misrak Workneh, (2016).

2
In addition to this, the rivers of Addis Ababa are polluted due to improper solid waste
management practice. The ever increasing volume and composition of solid waste in Addis
Ababa has become a significant urban problem that should be given attention by the residents,
Environmental organizations and government bodies. Of course, several campaigns,
programmers and research projects have been initiated to alleviate this problem. But still there
is improper solid waste management practice and challenges in Addis Ababa. This gap directed
the researcher to assess about the current solid waste management practice, challenges and
opportunities in Addis Ababa. Therefore, the further assessment of solid waste management
practice and challenges in Addis Ababa city is required to give clear understanding, awareness
and update information’s about solid waste management practice for residents to create clean
environment for healthy life in order to enhance sustainable solid waste management practice.

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1.2 Objective

1.2.1 General objective- To assess practice, challenges and opportunities of solid waste
management in Addis Ababa in case of Addis ketema sub City

1.2.2 Specific objectives;-

1. To identify the practice of solid waste management in Addis Ababa city

2. To assess the challenge of solid waste management in Addis Ababa city

3. To evaluate the opportunities of solid waste management in Addis Ababa city

1.3 Problem of the Statement

The ever increasing volume and composition of solid waste in Addis Ababa has become a
significant problem that should be given attention by the residents, Environmental
organizations and government bodies. Several campaigns, programmers and research projects
have been initiated to alleviate this problem. But still there is improper solid waste
management practice and challenges in Addis Ababa city. People dispose their waste illegally in
open fields, streets, rivers, and ditches. This has resulted in the accumulation of waste on open
lands, in drains and in the residential areas causing a nuisance and foul-smelling pools,
environmental pollution through leachates from piles (water and soil pollution), burning of
waste (air pollution) and clogging of drains (Liyala, 2011).The ever-increasing economic, social
and administrative activities in cities generate various types of solid wastes that need to be
properly managed. In Addis Ababa, it is estimated that 3,200 tons of solid waste are generated
per day. Yet, only 65% of solid waste reaches the city’s open dump site. This situation is
believed to result in poor environmental conditions which in turn present a threat to health. To
fulfill this gap, the further assessment of the current solid waste management practice and
influencing in Addis Ababa city is required.

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1.4 Basic research questions

14.1General; what is the status of current solid waste management practice, challenges and
opportunities in Addis Ababa?

1.4.2 Specific questions;

1. How is the current status of solid waste management practice in Addis Ababa?

2. What are the challenges of solid waste management in Addis Ababa?

3. What are the opportunities of solid waste management in Addis Ababa?

1.5 Significance of the study

This study may help to give clear understanding, awareness and update information’s about
solid waste management practice and challenges in Addis Ababa city for residents to create
clean environment for healthy life in order to enhance sustainable solid waste management
practice. This study will also assess social challenges and opportunities of solid waste
management effectiveness (collection, disposal and transportation) and as such can use
recommendation for the problem remedial and researchers can conduct further research on it.

1.6 Limitation of the Study

The limitations of the study will be time, cost constraint, data collection methods, the willing of
respondents during data collection and the translation of the questionnaire from English to
Amharic again from Amharic to English and any others.

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2. Literature review

2.1 Theoretical definition of solid waste

Waste is any substance that is discharged, emitted or deposited in the environment in such a
volume constituency or manner as to cause an alteration in the environment. Whereas solid
waste is any material which comes from domestic, commercial and industrial sources arising
from human activities which has no value to people who possess it and is discarded as useless
(Takele, 2004). It is also a consequence of day-to-day activity of human kind, needs to be
managed properly. Now a day, waste volumes have increased in urban area due to the rapid
growing urban population, concentration of industries, consumption of residents and
inadequate finance and facilities to manage waste collection and disposal (National
Environmental Management Authority [NEMA], 2007). This state of affairs has led to the
volume of solid waste generated to go beyond what the available facilities can accommodate.
In the early days, waste disposal did not pose difficulty as habitations were sparse and land was
plentiful. However, from the time humans began to congregate in tribes, villages and
communities the accumulation of waste become a problem.

Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a cross-cutting topic that affects numerous aspects of
development in three sustainability areas: the environment, the economy and society. Living
situation, sanitation, public health, aquatic and terrestrial habitats, access to profitable jobs and
natural resources’ ecological use are among the areas affected. A total of 17 Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 sustainable development agenda were adopted by the
193 United Nations (UN) member states in September 2015. At least 12 SDGs are related
explicitly to SWM and their relevant objectives. Overlooking a high-level sustainable
development target in its own right could theoretically threaten to reduce the visibility of SWM
as a political priority. However, the recent Global Waste Management Outlook (GWMO) of the
UNEP created the opposite argument of crosscutting essence of SWM and its effect on not only
one but 12 sustainable waste management outlook. For example Goal-1 and Goal-4: Reuse and
recycling have significant potential for the creation of jobs. In developing countries, individuals,
small, and micro-enterprises often provide SWM services. Any measures applied to support
them will improve livelihoods and directly contribute to SDG’s. Goal-2,eliminate uncontrolled
discarding and open burning as the first stepping-stone to achieving environmentally friendly
SWM practices and Goal-3,achieving sound environmental management of all waste,
specifically hazardous waste (either chemical or biological hazardous wastes).Improper MSW
disposal and management causes all types of pollution: air, soil, and water. Indiscriminate
dumping of wastes contaminates surface and ground water supplies.

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 In urban areas, MSW clogs drains, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and floods
during rainy seasons. Improper waste management results; Bad odor of waste, Production of
toxic gases, Degradation of natural beauty, Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Spread
of diseases and Effect on biodiversity.

Source; intelligentjo.comhttps://intelligentjo.com

2.2 Empirical literatures

Solid waste management (SWM) thus emerged as an essential, specialized sector for keeping
cities healthy and livable. It is management of solid waste at source separation, storage,
collection, transportation and final disposal of waste in an environmentally sustainable manner
(Feleke, 2015). In the light of this, municipal solid waste management is an important
environmental health service and an integral part of basic urban services. This is because, the
health implications of poor waste management can be very damaging to the people exposed to
these unsanitary conditions. Diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery and malaria are all
related to the practice of poor waste management (Javaheri, 2006).Urban waste management
has been a challenge for municipalities and urban governments in the Africa, largely due to
poor infrastructure, fiancé bureaucratic competence and limited institutional capacity of the
municipalities. Municipalities throughout Ethiopia are not free of these problems as they have
been facing major challenges with solid waste collection and landfill management. In many
developing countries solid waste management has become a serious challenge. This because of
high urbanization rates and changes in the life styles and steady rise in living standards has
resulted in the increase of solid waste both in type and volume. Some studies, for example,
Palcyzynski (2002)p;2, estimated that with the existing level of urbanization in developing
countries, there would be two fold increase of solid waste generation in the current decade.

Ethiopia is one of the fastest growing countries in sub-Saharan African countries and the second
country in terms of population among all African countries. As a result, the municipal solid
waste management problems, such as an increasing generation rate of solid waste, open
burning and dumping in sub-Saharan African countries, are found at an alarming rate (Sandra,
V.N., 2019).Therefore, Ethiopia is selected as the case study of this systematic study because
the authors believed that Ethiopia could represent the sub-Saharan African countries and even
other developing countries. In Ethiopia, MSWM is a major issue owing to its fast-growing
economy, expansion of urbanization, and industrial development in its major cities (Lemesa
etal, 2021). Hence SWM problem in Ethiopia is a critical issue affecting the environment, human
health, economic activities and it is especially affecting the quality of life of the local
communities. In addition, some studies have indicated that the low performance of MSWM
practice in Ethiopian cities and towns. As a result, the MSWM problem is getting worse and is
one of the serious cross-cutting issues of Ethiopia. Even though the responsibility for MSWM in

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Ethiopia is given to municipalities through a decentralization policy, most are unable to solve
their waste problems (Nebiyou, M. 2020). MSWM in Ethiopia has mainly targeted waste
collection from source and its transportation to disposal sites. This is mainly due to inadequate
institutional capacity, finances, knowledge, and awareness, lack of solid waste baseline data,
minimal cooperation among stakeholders, weak political commitment and prioritization, and a
lack of effective planning and implementation (Lemesa etal, 2021).

Ethiopia has adopted environmental policy, municipal solid waste management proclamations,
and other related regulations; however, its implementation and enforcement are not well
practiced in the country. The implementation of MSWM policies and legislations in Ethiopia
requires integrated enforcement to achieve sustainable solid waste management. Specific
technical guideline frameworks (separation at the source, waste prevention, reduction, reuse,
and recycling; converting waste to energy) were not available to bring sustainable MSWM at all
levels of government. MSWM in Ethiopia is associated with various environmental, social, and
economic issues that require critical attention from the government and residents. In recent
times, the volume of waste generation in many Ethiopian cities and towns has seen an increase
due to the migration from rural to urban areas, population growth and industrialization. The
increase in solid waste volume and an unbalanced waste management system have led to
degradation in environmental quality and an increased harm to public health. Additionally, this
review found that the practices of MSWM in Ethiopia were different in each city and region.
However, solid waste collection in many capital cities was found to be efficient, whereas solid
waste management in many small towns was inefficient and sometimes non-existent.
Moreover, sustainable solid waste management practices, such as the prevention and
reduction of waste generation, reuse, recycling, composting, and energy recovery from waste
were found to be inefficient because MSWM in Ethiopia is mainly focused on the collection,
transport, and disposal. Additionally, open burning and dumping are the most commonly
practiced solid waste disposal systems in many towns and cities in Ethiopia.

The proper implementation of waste management policies relies on households' dedication to

adopting responsible waste disposal practices, as they are the main contributors to the
generation of municipal waste. Several studies conducted in various countries have investigated
the socio-economic elements that impact households' waste disposal behavior and reported
that factors like gender age and educational attainment greatly influence the choice of waste
management options. Regarding household waste recycling behavior, previous research has
shown that factors such as income gender and education have a significant impact. Anther
investigation was discovered that the manner in which households manage their waste is
greatly influenced by social pressure emanating from family, friends, and even the government.
According to convenience of the place or method of disposal also determines household waste
management practices. Important factors that could assist in decreasing waste production at

8
the household level are the understanding and beliefs of individuals regarding the efficient
utilization of resources. Numerous studies have investigated the impact of social norms on the
recycling behaviors of households and the influence of socio-psychological factors on
households' willingness to pay for enhanced services in solid waste management. Waste
management policies and practices may vary among different countries, which can lead to
varying outcomes in terms of waste generation and household behaviors (Fesseha SN,
2015).Solid waste generation prevention and reduction, as well as reuse, recycling and waste–
to–energy conversion strategies, are not well implemented in developing countries such as
Ethiopia. According to the UNEP approximately 70–80% of municipal solid waste generated in
Africa is recyclable, but only 4% of it is currently recycled by the private sector. Moreover, the
African Union Commission mainly aimed to recycle at least 50% of urban waste in African cities
by 2023. Thus, recycling initiatives by private companies are already underway for waste such
as plastics, paper, glass, metals, and organic waste in some Ethiopian cities, such as Addis
Ababa; however, it is important to scale up such implementations by introducing new recycling
companies and strengthening end–product markets. Concurrently, the urban solid waste
recycling activities in Ethiopia were not adequate; for example, only about 5% of the solid
waste generated in Addis Ababa is recycled( Mohommed Ali etal,2017). This shows that
Ethiopia requires several years to achieve the goal of the African Union Commission to recycle
its urban waste. Additionally, the first stage of the solid waste recycling process includes
separating the waste into different categories. Solid waste separation at the source has a
crucial advantage in encouraging reuse and recycling strategies in urban areas are less practiced
in Ethiopia.

Currently in Addis Ababa, solid waste is increasing beyond the management capacity of the
municipal governors, the volume of waste tot more than three million cubic meters per year
with the prospect of increase by a constant rate of 2.1 cubic meters per person annually
(Misrak Workneh, 2016). However, the (2010) estimate of UN shows that only 65 percent of the
waste generated in the city is collected, having the rest being disposed of in open sites,
drainage channels, and rivers. This fact can be observed by strolling on putrid smell. The best
remedies, individuals can do in such a scenario is to cover their nose or hold their breaths and
walk (Misrak Workneh, 2016).The main problem is the pollution of the city’s environment,
especially streets, rivers, roadsides, ditches and sewerage systems. The river banks especially
serve as outlets for household solid wastes and this practice is polluting the rivers that cross the
city. In addition, open access for the direct release of solid wastes on the roadsides is blocking
waterways and causing flooding in the city. Pollution increases the health risks of the
population and reduces the value of the environment (Hayal Desta, 2014). Total Municipal solid
waste generation rate daily is estimated 2,350 tons and Annual estimated 858,000 tons
(Berhanu A. and Demessie 2020). Thus, examining the past and present management of solid
waste management in Addis Ababa may help to improve the current and future management
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systems. As many studies indicated, there is poor practice of solid waste management in Addis
Ababa city. This gap needs further assessment on practice and challenges of solid waste
management in Addis Ababa city to aware residents and evaluating current condition of solid
waste management practice. Currently, Addis Ababa is one of the rapidly urbanizing cities
among developing countries. However, the provision of solid waste management services has
not increased to the level demanded in line with the expansion of the city and the growth of
the city’s population. From this perspective, the unmanaged wastes in the city are one of the
major areas of the city’s environmental concern. Current literatures also revealed that most of
the Addis Ababa city waste ultimately finds its way into the clogged city streams and rivers
ending up in inland water bodies such as the Aba-Samuel Dam, one of the main sources of
water supply to the city. In addition to solid wastes, household liquid waste is an environmental
problem. Liquid waste disposed to sewer drains into surface water courses causing pollution of
the aquatic environment with resulting health hazards. And the consequences are very clear as
the trend persists (Abebe, 2001; TessemaEdwars S., 2010).

Uncollected garbage is a serious environmental hazard for all, especially in areas where the
roads are not accessible for collection deteriorating aesthetic quality of the city. Thus, the
health situation of the community is under serious threat (ENDA, 2006). Improper waste
disposal has resulted in poor hygiene and lack of access to clean water and sanitation in
particular by the urban poor. Since wastes are inevitable by-products of consumption and
production processes, sound management of waste is therefore necessary to avoid substantial
adverse human, health and environmental effects (Ali Mohammed and Eyasu Elias, 2017).
Currently in Addis Ababa, solid waste is increasing beyond the management capacity of the
municipal governors, the volume of waste totals more than three million cubic meters per year
with the prospect of increase by a constant rate of 2.1 cubic meters per person annually
(Misrak Workneh, 2016). However, the (2010) estimate of UN shows that only 65 percent of the
waste generated in the city is collected, having the rest being disposed of in open sites,
drainage channels, and rivers. This fact can be observed by strolling on the street of Addis
Ababa city, where residents might not find it strange to see overflowing garbage skips often
rendered for their putrid smell. The best remedies, individuals can do in such a scenario is to
cover their nose or hold their breaths and walk (Misrak Workneh, (2016).

10
3, Material and methodology

3.1 Description of the study area

The research area chosen for this study is Addis Ababa. Currently, Addis Ababa is one of the
rapidly urbanizing cities among developing cities in Ethiopia. However, the provision of solid
waste management practice has not increased to the level of sustainable solid waste
management line with the expansion of the city and the growth of the city’s population. From
this perspective, the unmanaged wastes in the city are one of the major areas of the city’s
environmental concern. Thus, solid waste management is one of the challenges facing Addis
Ababa. It serves as the administrative hub of Ethiopia and is located in the central region of the
country. More specifically, it is positioned at coordinates 9 01′48′′ N and 38 044′24′′ E. The city
spans an area of 540 square kilometers and exhibits varying altitudes, ranging from 2100
meters to over 3000 meters above sea level (Belay etal, 2023).The highest temperature in Addis
Ababa has increased by 0.2°C every ten years from 1951 to 2002. The lowest temperature has
also seen a rise of 0.4°C per decade during the same period. Addis Ababa experiences an
average yearly rainfall of 1184 mm, with the rainy season occurring from June until mid-
September. Addis Ababa is a seat for Oromia National, Regional State Government, and the
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). There are ten sub-cities and about 119
woredas (districts). The temperature is mild afro-alpine and warm temperate weather with an
annual average temperature between 10°C to 24°C. The average annual rainfall is 1200 mm. It
is centered on modern economic, political, and social activities. Also, the infrastructure services
are relatively in a better situation than other cities of Ethiopia.

Source ;( Ethiopia statistics service) web

11
3.2 Research design

To obtain the information properly about solid waste management practice and challenges,
the study will use a descriptive research design with mixed research approaches. Data will be
also collected from both primary and secondary source. The primary data will be collected from
field observation, formal and informal survey and through structured questionnaires. The
secondary data will be gathered from documented materials.

3.3 Target population

This study will be conducted in Addis Ababa city in Addis Ketema sub city werada 12 in 2
kebeles .There are 11 sub city administrations in Addis Ababa. From 11 sub cities, Addis Ketema
sub city will be selected by purposely.Because, it is the most densely populated area and
business center. Due to this, waste generation and solid waste management practice problems
are commonly observed. Therefore, 2 kebeles will be selected systematically from werada 12
population. The selected 2 kebeles population and other concerned bodies will be target
population.

3.4 sample size and design

According to the records of Addis Ketema sub-city, the total population of the sub-city was
estimated as 359,735 in 2022.The population of number of werada 12 estimated as 271,664 in
2011 E.C (Ethiopia statistics service).From this population size, the sample population will be
chosen systematically as following design.

n = N/ (1+N (e2))

Where, n = the desired sample size; N = total number of population and, e= the level of
precision. Taken from the determination of the sample size was computed using Yamane's
(1967) formula.

12
4. Research ethics

Ethical considerations in research area are set of principles that guide research designs and
practices. These principles include voluntary participation, informed consent, anonymity,
confidentiality, potential for harm, and results communication. Voluntary participation is key
issue. Nobody should feel like they're being forced to participate or pressured into doing
anything they don't want to. That means giving people a choice and the ability to speak out
opinion, even if they've already agreed to take part in the study. Ethical considerations can be
addressed at individual and at societal levels. The way that individuals are affected by the
conduct of others merits ethical consideration (ALRC, Sydney, 2001).Ethics also contains
statements about the kinds of justifications that are used in normative statements. For
instance, respecting a person’s autonomy is a principle of ‘principles ethics. This study will
consider ethical consideration and ’take the responsibility of all privacy.

13
 5. Work plan

Task Month Dec Jan Feb March Apr May Jun

Literature
review

Data collection

Pre-processing

Performance
evaluation

Documentation

Draft report
submission

Final reporting
and submission

14
6. Budget

Task Material Unity Quantity Price Total price

Literature
review Paper 2 2 300 300

Pen
2 2 40 40

Note book
1 1 100 100

Data collection Telephone 1 1 300 300

1 1 2500 2500
Laptop

Flash 1 1 500 500

Publication Paper 2 3 1500 1500

Implementation =27740

15
7. References

1.Addis Taye , Engdawork Assefa , Belay Simane(2023) Analysis of practices and factors of solid
waste management among urban households of Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia, Environmental
Challenges doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2023.100811

2. Australian Law Reform Commission and Australian Health Ethics Committee, Protection of
Human Genetic Information, IP 26 (2001), ALRC, Sydney, 106.

3. Gelan, E. Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices for Achieving Green Architecture
Concepts in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Technologies 2021, 9, 48. [CrossRef]

4 Hayal D., Hailu W., and Aramde F. (2014) Assessment of the contemporary Municipal Solid
Waste Management

5 Lemesa Hirpe and Chunho Yeom, 2021, vol. 13, issue 20, 1-16t in Urban Environment: The
case of Addis Ababa Ethiopia. J. Environ. Sci.Technol. 7(2): 107-122.

6. Liyala, C.M. (2011). Modernising solid waste management at municipal level: institutional
arrangements in urban centres of East Africa, Wageningen Academic Pub.

7. Misrak Workneh (2016). Cyclic disappointment: Fortune Vol. 16 No.830 Mohammed,

“Households’ Demand for Better Solid Waste Disposal Services: Case Study of Four
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