PROJECT REPORT ON

List of Equipment used in 11Kv sub-station

SUBMITTED BY:-

Sanchit Lalit Bamane

PROJECT GUIDE

Prof. Omkar Sankhe

(DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING)

H.J.THIM TRUST’S

THEEM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

BOISAR, CHILLAR ROAD, BOISAR(E), TAL.DIST:PALGHAR,

PIN:401 501.

(ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24)

H. J. THIM TRUST’S

Theem College of Engineering

Boisar Chillar Road, Boisar (E), Tal. Palghar Dist. Palghar, Pin- 401501

ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-24

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 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE REPORT HAS BEEN SUBMITED BY

FOLLOWING STUDENTS

(FIRST NAME) (MIDDLE NAME) (LAST NAME) (Enrolment no)

Sanchit Lalit Bamane 2216350145

This project work has been completed by Year 2023-24 student of course
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING as a part of teamwork prescribes by Maharashtra
state Board of technical Education, Mumbai. We have guided and assisted the students
for the above work, which has been satisfactory /Good/Very Good.

SIGN OF TEACHER. SIGN OF HEAD OF THE DEPT. SIGN Of PRINCIPAL.

(PROF. OMKAR SANKHE) (PROF.RASIKH. A. KHAN) (DR.SAYYAD LAYAK)

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 DECLARATION
I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own words and where
others’ ideas or words have been included; I have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources. I also declare that I have adhered to all principals of academics
honestly and integrity have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any
idea/data/fact/ sources in my submission. I understand that any violation of the above
will be cause for disciplinary action by the institute and can also evoke penal action
from the source which has thus not been properly cited or from whom proper
permission has not been taken when needed.

Sanchit Bamane

Date:-

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 Acknowledgement
It’s our pleasure to take this opportunity to thank with deep sense of gratitude to our
guide, staff members of the Department & everyone who have directly or indirectly
contributed to our project as a success. With immense pleasure we express our deep
sense of gratitude & vote of thanks to our project guide Prof. Omkar Sankhe his
constant this project report.

We are very thankful to Prof. OMKAR SANKHE and the whole staff of the Electrical
Department for giving us the opportunity to work on this project and for his extensive
cooperation and guidance. We offer sincere thanks to Principal:

Dr. Sayyad Layak and HOD Prof. Rasikh A. Khan for their inspiration and
providing full administrative support and departmental infrastructure facilities for this
report.

We are also very thankful to all those who supported us without which project would
not have been completed successfully.

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INTRODUCTION
You have studied about the power distribution system and its components. You will
agree that smooth operation of the power distribution system depends on how well it is
maintained. This includes the operation and maintenance of all its components.

We begin this unit with a discussion of the substation equipment and distribution lines
so that you know the standards prescribed for the equipment. Adhering to these
standards would ensure the smooth operation of the equipment. We next discuss the
operation and maintenance of equipment used in the 66-33/11 kV substations, 11/0.4
kV substations, overhead lines, capacitors. Finally, we take up hot line maintenance
tools and techniques.

OBJECTIVES

After studying this unit, you should be able to

 list and discuss the main equipment required for construction of a 11

kV substation,
 describe main equipment at an 11/0.4 kV distribution substation,
 discuss the general operation and maintenance practices for substation
equipment.

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 11V SUBSTATION EQUIPMENTS :
Equipment in a substation can broadly be categorized as follows :

 structures,
 power transformers,
 bus-bars,
 circuit breakers (11 kV),
 isolators or isolating switches (11 kV),
 earthing switches,
 insulators,
 power and control cables,
 Control panels
 Lightning protection – surge arrestors
 Instrument transformer (current and power transformer i.e. CTs and PTs)
 earthing arrangements,
 reactive compensation,
 DC supply arrangement,
 auxiliary supply transformer, and
 fire-fighting system.

The design of the substation equipment must comply with the requirement of relevant
Indian Standards.

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STRUCTURES
Structures are required to provide entry from the overhead line to the
substation and to extend out required number of feeders. The numbers of
structures should be kept to a minimum, as large number of structures would
not only be uneconomical but give an ugly look to the substation and may
prove to be obstructions in extending bus-bar, lines, etc.
The main structures required for 11 kV substations are :

 incoming and outgoing gantries;

 support structures for breaker,

isolators, fuses, insulators, CTs and
PTs; and

 bus-bars.
Switchyard structures can be made of
Fig 1 Bus-Bars
fabricated steel, RCC or PSCC, Rail or RS
Joist.

BUS-BARS
A bus-bar in electrical power distribution refers to thick strips of copper or
aluminum that conduct electricity within the substation (Figure 5.1). The size of
the bus-bar is important in determining the maximum amount of current that can
be safely carried. The bus-bar should be able to carry the expected maximum
load current without exceeding temperature limit. The capacity of bus should
also be checked for maximum temperature Under short circuit conditions. Under
short circuit conditions.
Different types of bus-bars, namely, single bus-bar, single bus-bar with bus
Sectionalized, main and transfer bus, double bus-bar, double bus-bar with
Double safety and reliability considerations.

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CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A circuit breaker is a switching device built ruggedly to enable it to
Interrupt/make not only the load current but also the much larger Fault current,
which may occur on a circuit. A circuit breaker contains both fixed contacts and
moving contacts. The Purpose of circuit breakers is to eliminate a short-circuit
that occurs on a Line. Circuit breakers are found at the arrivals and departures of
all lines Incident on a substation. When the circuit breaker is closed these
contacts Are held together.
The mode of action of all circuit breakers consists in the Breaking of the fault
current by the separation of the moving contacts away From the fixed ones. An
arc is immediately established on contacts away From the fixed ones. An arc is
immediately established on separation of the Contacts. Interruption of the
current occurs after the arc at these contacts Is extinguished and current becomes
zero.
Main Elements of a Circuit Breaker
Circuit breakers contain the following elements, irrespective of the medium for arc
quenching and insulation:

 main contact at system voltage;

 insulation, such as porcelain, oil or gas, between the main contacts and ground
potential;
 operating and supervisory accessories, of which tripping facilities are most
important.

A wide variety of closing and tripping arrangements (using relays with variable time
delay) and a number of operating mechanisms (based on solenoids, charged springs or
pneumatic arrangements) are available now-a-days.

The main types of breakers used in a distribution system are :

 air break type;

 oil break type;
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  vacuum type; and
 SF6 Gas breaker.

Fig2(A) oil break type breaker. Fig2(B) vacuum circuit breaker

Circuit Breakers

The rated voltage of circuit breakers for 11 kV, it is 12 kV. The short circuit current
rating is 25 kA. The 11 kV Switchgear is generally metal enclosed indoor type.

Isolators
Isolators are mechanical switching devices capable of opening or closing a Circuit :

 when a negligible current is broken or made, or

 only a small charging current is to be interrupted, or
 when no significant voltage difference exists across the Terminals of each pole.

Fig3 Horizon break type isolator for 11kv substation

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Isolators are capable of carrying current under normal conditions and short circuit
currents for a specified time. In open position, the isolator should provide an isolating
distance between the terminals. The standard value of rated duration of short time
current withstand capacity for isolator and earthing switch is normally 1 second. A
value of 3 seconds is also sometimes specified. For 11 kV, both horizontal and vertical
mounting isolating switches of 400 Amps at 12 kV are used.

Earthing Switches
Earthing switches are provided at various locations to facilitate maintenance. Main
blades and earth blades are interlocked with both electrical and mechanical means.
The earthing switch has to be capable of withstanding short circuit current for short
duration as applicable to the isolator.

Insulators
An electrical insulator resists the flow of electricity. Application of voltage difference
across a good insulator results in negligible electrical current. Adequate insulation is
of prime importance for obvious reasons of reliability of supply, safety of personnel
and equipment, etc. The insulators in use at substations are post insulators of pedestal
type.

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The station design should be such that the number of insulators is kept at a minimum
at the same time ensuring security of supply. In the areas where the problem of
insulator pollution is expected (such as near the sea or thermal station, railway station,
industrial area, etc.) special insulators with higher leakage resistance should be used.

Power and Control Cables

Power and control cables of adequate current carrying capacity and voltage rating are
provided at the substation. Power cables are used for 33 kV, 11 kV or LT system to
carry load current. The control cables are required for operating and protection system
connections. The cables are segregated by running in separate trenches or on separate
racks.

Control Panels
Control panels installed within the control building of a switchyard provide mounting
for mimic bus, relays, meters, indicating instruments, indicating lights, control
switches, test switches and other control devices.

The panel contains compartments for incoming lines, outgoing lines, bus-bars with
provision for sectionalizing, relays, measuring instruments, etc. instruments such as
ammeter, voltmeter and energy meter for 11 kV systems.

Lightning Protection – Surge Arrestors

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Large over voltages that develop suddenly on electric transmission and Distribution
system are referred to as “surges” or “transients”. These are Caused by lightning
strikes or by circuit switching operations. Surge Arrestor is a protective device for
limiting surge voltages on equipment by Discharging or bypassing surge current.

Surge Arrestors

The surge arrestor which responds to over-voltages without any time delay Is installed
for protection of 33 kV switchgear, transformers, associated Equipment and 11 kV and
33 kV lines.

The rated Voltage of lightning arrestors should be 9 kV (RMS) for effectively earthed
11 kV system (coefficient of earth not exceeding 80 % as per IS : 4004) With all the
transformer neutrals directly earthed. The nominal discharge Current rating should be
5 kA.

Instrument Transformers (Current and Voltage Transformers)

The substations have current and voltage transformers designed to isolate electrically
the high voltage primary circuit from the low voltage secondary circuit and, thus,
provide a safe means of supply for indicating instruments, meters and relays

Current Transformer (CT)

Current transformers are used in power installations for Supplying the current circuits
of indicating instruments (ammeter, wattmeter, etc.), integrating meters (energy meter,
Etc.) and protective relays. These transformers are designed to Provide a standard
secondary current output of 1 or 5 A, when rated Current flows through the primary.

Voltage Transformer or Potential Transformer (PT)

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These instrument transformers are used for supplying the voltage circuit of indicating
instruments, integrating meters, other measuring apparatus and protective relays or trip
coils. These may be of single phase or three phase design and of the dry or oil
immersed types.

Voltage Transformer Current Transformer

Instrument Transformers

Earthing Arrangements
Earthing has to be provided for :

 safety of personnel,
 prevention of and minimizing damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy
fault currents, and
 improved reliability of power supply.

The basic grounding system is in the form of an earth mat with risers. Risers of MS
flat are generally provided. Earth mat is provided within the substation area. The earth
rods are connected to the station earth mat. The earthing must be designed so as to
keep the earth resistance as low as possible.

Reactive Compensation
Reactive compensation (as indicated by system studies of the network) has to be
provided. It is always a good idea to ensure a power factor correction for transformers,
since even when they are operating on low load (e.g., during the night) they absorb
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reactive power, which must be compensated to avoid unnecessary loadings and losses.
Shunt capacitors are connected on the secondary side (11 kV side) of the 33/11 kV
power transformers. The capacitors are generally of automatic switched type. The
automatic system of the capacitor bank has the task of switching in the necessary
capacitance according to the load requirements at each given moment.
Shunt capacitor bank

Station Battery/DC Supply Arrangement

Station batteries supply energy to operate protection equipment such as
Breakers and other control, alarm and indicating equipment. The station
batteries are a source for operating DC control system equipment during
system disturbances and outages. During normal conditions the rectifier
provides the required DC supply. However, to take care of rectifier failure,
a storage battery of adequate capacity is provided to meet the DC
requirements.

Battery Bank

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Auxiliary Supply Transformer
An Auxiliary Supply Transformer of adequate capacity is required to be provided for
internal use for lighting loads, battery charging, oil filtration plant, etc. The supply
should be reliable. In a substation it is normally provided from a station transformer
connected on 33 or 11 kV bus bar.

Fire Fighting System

In view of the presence of oil filled equipment in a substation, it is important that
proper attention is given to isolation, limitation and extinguishing of fire so as to avoid
damage to costly equipment and reduce chances of serious dislocation of power
supply as well as ensure safety of personnel.

The layout of the substation itself should be such that the fire should not spread to
other equipment as far as possible.

Fire extinguishers of the following type must be provided:

 Carbon dioxide (CO2 type) extinguisher

 Dry chemical powder type extinguisher

should conform to IS : 2878 and IS: 2171, oil fire, foam type extinguishers are used.
The fire fighting equipment should be maintained and kept in top condition for instant
use as per IS : 1948-1961 “Fire Fighting Equipment and its Maintenance including
Construction and Installation of Fire Proof Doors-Fire Safety of Buildings (General)”.

So far we have described the equipment in a 11 kV substation.

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