Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs
dictate an individual’s behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging
needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

What Are the 5 Levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

1. Physiological needs: The first of the id-driven lower needs on Maslow's hierarchy are physiological
needs.

2. Safety needs: Next among the lower-level needs is safety. Safety needs include protection from
violence and theft, emotional stability and well-being, health security, and financial security.

3. Love and belonging needs: The social needs on the third level of Maslow’s hierarchy relate to human
interaction and are the last of the so-called lower needs.

4. Esteem needs: The higher needs, beginning with esteem, are ego-driven needs.

5. Self-actualization needs: Self-actualization describes the fulfillment of your full potential as a person.

Deficiency Needs vs. Growth Needs on Maslow’s Hierarchy

Maslow referred to self-actualization as a “growth need,” and he separated it from the lower four levels
on his hierarchy, which he called “deficiency needs.”

Goal & Goal Orientation Theory

Goal theory is an overall approach to motivation that emphasizes the need to establish goals as intrinsic
motivation. A relationship exists between goal difficulty, level of performance, and effort involved. This
relationship will remain positive, so long as the person is committed to the goal, has the pre-existing
ability to attain it, and doesn't have conflicting goals. Goal theory states that several conditions are
particularly important in successful achievement. These include goal acceptance and commitment, goal
specificity, goal difficulty, and feedback.

Mastery goals - understanding of concepts and content, and application to tasks - learning, task-
involved, approach and avoidance.

Mastery Approach: focus on mastering task, learning , understanding.

Mastery Avoidance: Focus on avoiding misunderstanding or not mastering task correctly.

Performance goals - performance, relative ability, ego-involved, approach and avoidance.

Performance-approach goals: These goals involve striving to outperform others or achieve success
relative to a specific standard.
Performance-avoidance goals: These goals involve striving to avoid failure or performing poorly relative
to others.

Outcomes - goals, attributions, self-efficacy, levels of cognitive engagement, self-regulation, affect,

interest, persistence, choice behaviors.

How is Goal Theory applied in practical settings?

Include learners in goal setting

Set specific goals

Set individual goals

Provide ongoing feedback

Have learners be active in setting goals and the review process

Ensure that goals are focused on areas that are important to current and future goal

Align reward systems with desirable results