Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 Earthworks
2 Earthworks
2 Earthworks
Earthworks
copy 152
Ref. Title Page No.
2.1 Clearing and Grubbing 2-1
2.1.1 Description 2-1
2.1.2 C on~truction Rrquirements 2-1
2.1.3 Method of Mca ~ m·ement 2-1
2. l..t Basis of Pa yment 2-1
2.1.5 Items in tht' Bill of Quantities 2-1
copy 152
( Ref. Title Page No. Ref. Title Page No.
2.4 Borrow Materials 2-6 2.6.5 Basis of Payment 2-14
2.6.6 Item s in the Bill of Quantities 2-14
2.4.1 Description 2-6
2.4.2 Location of Bon·ow Pits 2-6 2.7 Excavation and Backfilling for
2.4.3 Borro" .VIaterial 2-6 Structures 2-14
2.4.4 ,\1 ethod of Mea surement 2-7
2. 7.1 l)esrripti on 2-14
2.4.5 Basis of Pa yment 2-7
2. 7.2 EHa va tion 2-14
2.4.6 Item s in the Bill of Quantities 2-7
2.7.2. 1 General 2-14
2.5 Embankments 2-7 2.7.2.2 Temporary Support System 2-15
2.7.2.3 Excavation for Major Structures and Bridges 2-15
2.5.1 Description 2-7
2.5.2 Materials 2-7
2.5.3 Con struction Requirements 2-8 2.7.2.4 Excavation for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts and
2.5.3.1 General 2-8 Miscellaneous Structures 2-15
2.5.3.2 Trial Embankments Sections 2-9 2. 7.3 Backfilling 2-16
2.5.3.3 Foundation Preparation 2-9 2.7.3. 1 General 2-16
( 2.5.3.4 Embankment Construction 2-9 2.7.3 .2 Backfilling for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts, Bridge
2.5.4 Testing 2-10 and Building Foundations, Walls, Abutments and
2.5.4. 1 General 2-10 Miscellaneous Structures 2-16
2.5.4.2 Standards of Compaction for Soil and Granular 2.7 .4 \leth od of Mea sur·em ent 2-1 7
Materials 2-10 2.7 5 Basis of Pa yment 2-17
2.5.4.3 Degree of Compaction for Rock Fill and Rock-Soil 2.7 .6 Item s in the Bill of Quantities 2-18
Materials 2-10
2.8 EARTHWORK FOR PIPE TRENCHES
2.5.4.4 Monitoring Settlement of Rock fill 2-11
2-18
2.5.5 i\ lethod of Measurement 2-11
2.5.6 Basis of Pa yment 2-11 2.8. 1 Description 2-18
2.5.7 Item s in the Bill of Quantities 2-11 2.8.2 Materials 2-18
2.8.2. 1 Backfill Material 2-18
2.6 Sub-grade Construction 2-11
2.8.3 Con struction Requirements 2-18
2.6.1 Description 2- 11 2.8.3.1 Excavation for Pipe Trenches 2-18
2.6.2 1\latel'ials 2-12 2.8.3.2 Backfilling 2-19
2.6.3 Con struction Requirement s 2-12 2.8.3.3 Restoration of Surfaces 2-19
2.6.3 . 1 Subgrade in Cut 2-12 2.8.4 VIet hod of 'VI easurement 2-19
2.6.3.2 Subgrade in Embankment 2-12 2.8.5 Basis of Payment 2-19
2.6.3.3 Surface Tolerances 2-13 2.8.6 Item s in the Bill of Quantities 2-20
2.6.3.4 Maintenance of Finished Sub grade 2-13
2.6.3 .5 Drainage Blanket 2- 13
2.6.3.6 Subgrade Construction on Sabkha and Gypsum
Rich Soils 2-13
2.6.3.7 Subgrade Construction on top of Dune Sand 2-13
2.6.4 Method of Measur·ement 2-13
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Earthworks
, l in i .ry vfTr 11 po11 & Cor>;m nic,· tion , ' lGRLT
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2.1 Clearing and Grubbing 3 Clearing and grubbing for cut areas, easement areas and
borrow pits shall not to be paid separately but shall be included in the
2.1.1 Description Contractor' s rates.
This Sub-section describes removal and satisfactory disposal 2.1.4 Basis of Payment
of all vegetation, surface debris and scattered stones and rocks within
the limits of the actual fill width only. The area of completed and accepted clearing and grubbing
work measured as provided for above, will be paid at the unit rates
( 2 Removal of structures and similar obstructions and removal of
stated in the Bill of Quantities, which rates shall be full
utilities are specified in Sub-section 2.2- "Removal of Structures and
compensation for labor, equipment and other items necessary for
Obstructions".
completion of the work.
2.1.2 Construction Requirements 2 Removal of trees with trunk 300mm diameter or greater, when
measured 750mm above existing ground level, will be paid for by
The Contractor shall set out the approved construction limits the number removed as stated above. Removal of trees with trunk
and the Engineer will designate all trees, shrubs, plants, vegetation, less than 300mm diameter is deemed to be included in the rate for
etc and other items that are to remain within the right-of-way (ROW). clearing and grubbing.
The Contractor shall carefully preserve all such items from damage
3 Rates for all clearing and grubbing and tree removal shall
( or defacement. Trees to be removed and delivered for replanting
shall be carefully handled.
include for filling holes and depressions with material as specified.
2 All surface objects, trees, stumps, roots, stones and rocks (up 2.1.5 Items in the Bill of Quantities
to 0.2 cu.m. or 500 kg individual size or weight), and other
protruding obstructions not designated to be retained shall be cleared i. Clearing and grubbing sq. m.
or grubbed to ground leveL Non-perishable solid objects (such as n. Removal and delivery or disposal of trees nr.
boulders, rocks, concrete blocks, etc.) which will be a minimum of
2m below the sub-grade or finished ground level may be left 2.2 Removal of Structures and
undisturbed at the Engineer' s discretion. If such non-perishable Obstructions
objects are encountered within 2m below the sub-grade or finished
( ground level, they will be removed and considered as unsuitable 2.2.1 Description
material, paid under Unclassified Excavation.
3 Stump holes and other holes from which obstructions are This Sub-section describes the removal, wholly or in part, and
satisfactory disposal of all buildings, fences, structures, abandoned
removed within the limits of construction, shall be backfilled with
pipelines, and any other obstructions, as shown on the Drawings or
suitable material and compacted in accordance with Sub-section 2. 5 -
directed by the Engineer, which are not designated or permitted to
"Embankments". Small holes that are inaccessible to compaction I
( tamping equipment shall be filled and tamped manually using a steel
remain, including salvaging of designated materials and backfilling
the resulting trenches, holes and pits.
rod with a I 0-15cm diameter steel disc attached to its end.
2 The Contractor shall examine the Site and record for himself
4 Perishable material shall be disposed of or burned under the
all obstructions and utilities before the commencement of the Works.
constant care of competent watchmen at such times and in such a
manner that any vegetation or other items designated to remain in the
ROW, or other adjacent property, will not be jeopardized. Burning 2.2.2 Construction Requirements
shall be carried out in accordance with applicable laws and
2.2.2.1 General
ordinances.
5 Materials, stones, rocks, and debris which cannot be burned The Contractor shall raze, remove and dispose of all buildings,
and perishable materials, shall be removed from the ROW and foundations, structures, fences and other obstructions, any portions
disposed of at dumping areas off the Site, approved by the of which are on the ROW, except utilities and items for which other
concerned authorities, provided permission of the respective property arrangements for removal have been made. All designated
owners has been obtained in writing to dump such materials on their salvageable material shall be removed, without causing unnecessary
land. The Contractor shall make all necessary arrangements with damage, and in sections or pieces which may be readily transported,
property owners for obtaining such written permission at his own and shall be stored by the Contractor at approved locations, for later
expense. use or possession of others.
2 Unusable perishable material shall be destroyed. Non-
2.1.3 Method of Measurement perishable material may be disposed of off the Site, provided
permission of the respective property owners has been obtained in
Clearing and grubbing is measured in square meters of the writing to dump such materials on their land.
cleared area within the limits described in Item 1 of Clause 2.1 .1 Basements or cavities left by structure removal shall be filled to the
above and approved by the Engineer. level of the surrounding ground and, if within the prism of
2 Trees with a trunk diameter 300mm or more, when measured construction, shall be compacted to the type of compaction within
750mm above existing ground level are measured by the number the range for the adjacent roadway embankment as specified in Sub-
removed and delivered to the Employer or disposed of as directed by section 2.5- ' Embankments'.
the Engineer.
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3 Salvaged pipe culverts and other re-usable materials shall be approved locations on Site. All salvageable material shall become
stored at accessible approved locations on Site and shall become the the property of the Employer. Wells shall be filled to the level of the
property of the Employer. surrounding ground and, if within the prism of construction, shall be
compacted after obtaining the Engineer's permission to the type of
2.2.2.2 Removal of Bridges, Culverts and Ditches compaction within the range designated.
Bridges, culverts and other drainage structures in locations 2.2.2.7 Removal of Utilities
traversed by traffic shall not be removed until arrangements, detours
and traffic management plans have been made by the Contractor and The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer and shall notifY
approved by ROP to maintain the flow of traffic. all Utility Authorities and co-operate and coordinate with them in
respect of removals and relocations.
2 Substructures in watercourses shall be removed down to the
level of the natural stream bed. Those parts outside the stream shall 2 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, realignment or
be removed to 300 mm below natural ground surface. Where such relocation of active utilities will be to the approval of the respective
portions of existing structures lie wholly or in part within the limits authorities and such work shall be coordinated by the Contractor.
for a new structure, they shall be removed to the extent necessary to The Contractor shall perform the necessary coordination with the
accommodate construction of the proposed structure. relevant utility authorities ahead of time in order to avoid
unnecessary delay to the Works.
3 Steel bridges and timber bridges, designated to be salvaged
shall be dismantled without causing unnecessary damage. Steel 3 The removal of all disconnected or abandoned utilities within
members shall be match marked, unless this requirement is waived the ROW shall be performed by the Contractor as directed by the
by the Engineer. All salvaged material shall be stored as previously Engineer, unless the utility authorities indicate their intention to
specified for reuse or possession of others. carry out such removal and salvaging of materials, fittings, parts, etc.
4 Blasting or other operations necessary for removal of existing 4 The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer and shall advise
structures or other obstructions, and which may damage new each affected utility authority in writing of his proposed construction
construction in the vicinity, shall be completed prior to commencing schedule and shall arrange for inspection, disconnection or
the new-construction. Explosives-shall be used -only-as permitted-by~ interruption~ services by the_11_!il_i!y authorities as aJ'Il!QP_rjate. _ __
the appropriate security authorities and shall be approved by the 5 The Contractor shall be responsible for supporting and
Engineer. The Contractor shall observe the requirements of Section protecting realigned utilities and existing utilities that are to remain
I, Sub-section 1.9, Clause 1.9.2 for all blasting operations in place, for the duration of the Contract and shall provide all
5 The Contractor shall carry out a structural survey of all the necessary Temporary Works in this respect, all in compliance with
existing buildings and structures located within the blasting influence Section 1, Sub-section 1.8, Clause 1.8.3 and the requirements of the
distance. The survey shall include detailed photographic records for relevant utility owner. Any damage caused to utilities and
the adjacent buildings and structures before and after blasting, in attributable to the Contractor shall be repaired at his expense.
order to avoid later claims by public. 6 All excavation and backfill shall conform to the requirements
of Sub-sections 2.3 - ' Road Excavation', 2.5 -' Embankments' and
2.2.2.3 Removal of Pipes Sub-section 2.7 - ' Excavation and Backfilling for Structures', as
All pipes unless otherwise directed shall be removed and appropriate.
precautions taken to avoid breaking or damaging the pipes. The
2.2.2.8 Removal of Existing Pavement
Contractor shall exercise utmost care during the removal of pipes so
as to avoid unnecessary damage. The Contractor shall remove, wholly or in part, as shown on
the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, existing asphalt, paving
2.2.2.4 Removal of Walls, Mortared and Loose Riprap, Gabions, blocks and/or concrete pavement layers, and any granular or
Rocks and Boulders stabilized base courses, including disposal of debris and salvaging of
designated materials, and backfilling the resulting holes where and as
Masonry walls, mortared and loose riprap, gabions and
instructed by the Engineer.
accumulated stones, large rocks and boulders of individual size
greater than 0.2 cu.m. or greater than 500 kg in weight which lie 2 The Contractor shall examine the Site and record all
within the limits of the Works, shall be removed and disposed of as obstructions and utilities that may be affected by removal of existing
directed. pavements at the commencement of the Works.
3 The Contractor shall raze, remove and dispose of old pavement
2.2.2.5 Removal ofFences and Gates
of different types, (i.e. down to the bottom of the base course) or as
When fences and gates enclosing pasture land or farm land are directed by the Engineer, for the portions which are within the limit
to be removed, the Contractor shall notifY the Engineer sufficiently of Works.
in advance to permit the property owner reasonable time to construct 4 Unusable perishable material shall be disposed of in
alternative fencing or make other suitable arrangements. accordance with the applicable laws and ordinances. Non-perishable
material may be disposed of off the Site, provided permission of the
2.2.2.6 Removal of Wells, Shafts and Falajs concerned authorities and/or the respective property owner has been
Existing wells and shafts, abandoned or active, which lie obtained in writing to dump such materials on their land.
within the limits of the Works, shall be dismantled, backfilled, and 5 Cavities left by pavement removal shall be filled to the level of
compacted. All salvageable materials shall be removed and stored at the surrounding ground and, if within the prism of construction, shall
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be compacted to the type of compaction specified in Sub-section 2.6 xi. Removal of concrete safety barrier including
- ' Subgrade Construction'. foundations (dimensions and Type), (lin.m.)
xii. Removal of sign boards including
6 The Contractor shall be responsible for supporting and
post and foundations (size), (nr.)
( protecting existing Utilities that are to remain in place, for the
duration of the Contract and shall provide all necessary Temporary
xiii. Removal of Floodway marker posts and
foundations (size), (nr.)
Works in this respect. Any damage caused to utilities and
xiv. Removal of re-usable steel safety barrier
attributable to the Contractor shall be repaired at his expense.
including post and foundations
7 The Contractor shall be responsible for and shall ensure that (dimensions and Type), (lin.m.)
pavement removal operations are completed without applying XV. Removal of re-usable concrete safety barrier
extreme vibration and heavy loading that might damage the existing including foundations
underground utilities. (dimensions and Type), (lin.m)
xvi. Removal of re-usable sign board including post and
2.2.2.9 Removal of Existing Road Furniture
foundations (size), (nr.)
Road Furniture items such as curbs, tiles, steel and concrete XVII. Removal of reusable Floodway marker posts
safety barriers, lighting poles, flag poles, sign boards, etc. which lie including foundations (size), (nr)
within the limits of the Works, shall be removed and disposed of, or xviii. Removal of drainage protection
handed- over, as directed. works (type), (cu.m.)
xix. Removal of existing fences and
2.2.3 Method of Measurement gates (description and type), (lin.m.)
XX . Removal of existing block and
Removal of structures and obstructions is measured by number, (cu.m)
masonry walls (Size and Type)
length, area or volume as appropriate for the relevant work, unless Removal of ditches (Type and size), (lin.m)
xxi.
Item 2.2.3 (2), applies. The rates shall include in full for the removal,
XXII. Removal ofbridges (dimensions, type and
storage, protection and disposal of the structure or obstruction, description) (nr.)
including items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
xxiii. Removal of rocks and boulders larger than
2 If the Bill of Quantities does not contain separate items for 0.2cu.m. or 500 kg (description) (cu.m.)
removal of structures and obstructions, this work will not be paid for xxiv. Removal of wells and shafts (description and
directly but will be considered as subsidiary work related to other location) (nr.)
items in the Bill of Quantities. XXV. Removal of sand dunes (location
and description) (cu.m.)
2.2.4 Basis of Payment xxvi. Removal of Light Poles including
cabling and foundation (Size) (nr.)
The quantities of completed and accepted work, measured as
( provided for above, will be paid for at the relevant unit rates stated in
xxvii. Removal of flag poles including foundation (nr.)
xxviii. Removal of Debris Deflectors including
the Bill of Quantities, which rates shall be full compensation for
foundation (nr.)
equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting and dumping, and for
xxix. Removal of Reuse of Debris Deflectors (nr.)
other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
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Earthwor > Highw y De :gn Stand<ll d 2017
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and fractured, jointed cohesionless materials and/or rock and such drainage ditches and construction grades shall be cleaned and
unsuitable material. trimmed at regular intervals and when directed to maintain an
unobstructed runoff of storm water during construction.
2 Any information concerning properties of the soil which may
be shown on the Drawings, in the Bill of Quantities, in 3 Damage to the Works attributable to saturation or erosion of
supplementary reports, or as a result of discussion with the Engineer slopes during the period of execution through failure to provide
or others shall be considered as gratis and shall not be a basis for the adequate drainage shall be repaired by the Contractor at his own
Contractor's determination ofhis bid prices. expense.
4 Whenever groundwater is encountered which may adversely
2.3.3 Construction Requirements affect construction, the Contractor shall advise the Engineer who will
evaluate the situation and order necessary remedial measures.
2.3.3.1 Utilization of Excavated Materials
2.3.3.3 Obliteration of Disused Roadways
All materials removed from the excavation shall be used in the
formation of the embankment, sub-grade, shoulder, dykes, and at Obliteration of roadways which are no longer in use shall
such other places as directed, unless it is declared unsuitable and include filling of all ditches and rough grading of the old roadway to
ordered to be wasted by the Engineer. produce within the ROW a neat and well drained ground surface.
2 Unsuitable material shall include:
i. Unstable materials incapable of being compacted to the 2.3.3.4 Rock Blasting
specified density using mechanical compaction
methods at optimum moisture content for the Rock blasting explosives may comprise a diversity of systems,
equipment being used for compaction. including dynamite explosives, watergels, slurry explosives and
ii. Material too wet to be compacted and where slurry blasting agents, pumpable blasting agents, emulsion
circumstances prevent suitable in-place drying prior to explosives and aluminized explosives. Whenever instructed by the
incorporation into the work. Engineer, blasting shall be carried out after pre-splitting the rock
iii. Materials which are otherwise unsuitable for use in or mass by using small localized charges in pre-drilled holes.
under the embankment. 2 When blasting of rock slopes is carried out, a reasonably
uniform face shall be left, regardless of whether or not the excavation
3 No excavation material shall be wasted without written
is carried beyond the specified side slopes as shown on the Drawings.
permission from the Engineer.
All breakage and slides shall be removed and disposed of as directed.
4 If the Contractor chooses to excavate suitable material to waste A dust control system shall be designated by the Contractor and shall
or put it to other uses, and replace it by borrow excavation for be implemented during rock blasting after obtaining the Engineer' s
embankment areas, this shall be undertaken at no extra cost to the approval.
Employer.
3 All drilling and blasting shall be done in such a manner as will
5 Excavated rock which is not immediately suitable for most nearly complete the excavation to the required grade lines, and
incorporation in the works can either be broken down to acceptable produce the least possible disturbance of the material to be left in
sizes or wasted at Contractor's own expense. If such material is place. Blasting by means of drill holes, tunnels, or any other
wasted or used in concrete, granular subbase, aggregate base, asphalt methods shall be entirely at the Contractor's risk. Explosive
mixtures or any other works, the Contractor shall replace it by materials shall be stored and kept under the constant surveillance of
borrow excavation for embankment at no extra cost to the Employer. the Royal Oman Police.
6 Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, 4 Where necessary or directed, the Contractor shall provide
salvaged materials such as existing concrete, bituminous or other heavy mesh blasting mats or controlled blasting for protection of
pavements shall, be stockpiled for a specific purpose or for future use. persons, properties, and the Works. If, in the opinion of the
Such materials shall be excavated and handled in a manner that will authorities and the Engineer, blasting would be dangerous to persons
exclude foreign or undesirable material. Stockpiles shall be neatly or adjacent structures, or is being carried out in an unsafe or
formed and maintained in an approved manner. unacceptable manner, the Engineer may prohibit blasting and order
7 Where specified or directed by the Engineer, suitable topsoil the rock to be excavated by other means.
material shall be stockpiled during excavation operations and shall 5 During explosion works, traffic shall be suspended from the
subsequently be spread and compacted on embankment slopes and routes linking to the Site and all diversions and other arrangements
elsewhere as directed, to facilitate re-growth of vegetation. shall be carried out in full coordination with the Royal Oman Police.
The Contractor shall secure approval of his schedule for such
2.3.3.2 Drainage of Excavation Areas
interruptions and his proposed methods for safeguarding the public
During construction, surfaces in excavation areas shall be and property.
adequately drained at all times. Side ditches or gutters emptying 6 Excessive blasting will not be permitted. Overbreakage and the
from cut to embankment shall be so constructed as to avoid damage backfilling thereof shall be at the Contractor' s expense. Any
to embankments by erosion. material outside the approved cross section limits which may be
shattered or loosened because of blasting shall be removed by the
2 The Contractor shall, at an early stage of the Works, provide
Contractor at his own expense. All rock slopes with loose material
adequate drainage by scheduling ditch and other construction so as to shall be scaled by workmen and all loose material removed at the
prevent saturation or erosion of embankments and cut slopes. All Contractor' s expense.
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6 Backfilling of overbreakage shall be carried out as directed, If the material of the sub-grade is suitable for retention as sub-grade
using approved soil or crushed materials or other special aggregate or layer then it shall be scarified to the required depth, watered and
cyclopean concrete, as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the compacted in accordance with Section 2.6- ' Subgrade Construction',
Engineer. Undrained pockets shall not be left in the surface of the paragraph 2.6.3.1.
rock. 7 The Engineer will periodically check all or any part of the
7 Following blasting, cleaning and scaling rock slopes, the face, work, to determine conformance to the correct lines, grades and
elevations. Tolerances on finished sub-grade levels and on levels of
( benches and back of the slope shall be inspected for potential failure
planes and the necessary remedial measures shall be taken, as the surface at the underside of the sub-grade layer shall be as
approved by the Engineer, at the Contractor's expense. specified in Sub-section 2.6- 'Sub-grade Construction', Paragraph
2.6.3.3.
2.3.3.5 Excavation of Unsuitable Material 8 In cases where rock or soil excavations reveal that the adopted
Unsuitable materials are materials that do not comply with the cut slopes are not suitable and if failures occur during or after
requirements for suitable materials as described under Clause 2.5 .2 completion of the excavation works and while the Contractor is still
below. on Site, the Engineer may request the Contractor to re-excavate
according to the newly established cut slopes, the extra work will be
2 Where excavation to finished grades and cross sections
measured and valued as Unclassified Excavation at the same rate
exposes unsuitable material in the sub-grade, slopes or ditch inverts,
given in the Contract. However, in such case, the Contractor may
etc the Engineer may require the Contractor to remove the unsuitable
submit a proposal for any other alternative solution for the stability
material and backfill the excavated areas using approved material.
of the cut slopes, for the Engineer's appraisal and final decision.
The Contractor shall plan his operations so that necessary cross
section measurements are taken before such backfill is placed.
2.3.3.7 Unstable Materials outside Right-of-Way
3 Unsuitable material shall be disposed off as directed. Wasted
unsuitable material shall not be deposited on any cropland. Materials outside the ROW or ditch slopes which, in the
4 When the Contractor is directed to excavate unsuitable opinion of the Engineer, are potentially unstable and liable to slide or
material below the surface of the original ground in fill areas, other encroach into the ROW or into the ditches, shall be excavated and
than that required for clearing and grubbing, the depth to which disposed of as specified for unsuitable material, unless it is approved
unsuitable material shall be removed will be determined by the for use as embankment fill.
Engineer. The Contractor shall plan the excavation so that cross
2.3.3.8 Disposal of Unsuitable and Surplus Material
sections are taken before and after material has been removed.
Unsuitable and surplus materials disposed of within approved
2.3.3.6 Slopes, Sub grade and Ditches
areas shall be spread, leveled and shaped as directed so as to present
All excavated slopes, sub-grade and ditches shall be finished a neat and tidy appearance. No materials shall be disposed of in such
( true to lines, grades and cross sections as shown on the Drawings. a way as to adversely affect natural drainage courses or to cause
damage to the highway or adjacent public or private property.
2 Slopes, except in massive rock or other material which require
special treatment, shall be trimmed to slopes not steeper than the 2 If approved by the Employer, Government land may be used
specified slope angles and rounded at top and bottom to a smooth for disposal to the maximum extent practicable. If private land is
profile to blend in with the adjacent terrain. Material shall not be used for disposal, the Contractor shall secure the consent of the
loosened beyond the specified slope lines. High cut areas shall landowner or tenant and, if necessary, and at his own expense, pay
continuously be monitored by an engineering geologist or a for the use of such land. The use of cropland for disposal purposes
geotechnical engineer. will not be permitted.
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where necessary, keeping excavations free from water, proper 2.4 Borrow Materials
formation of embankments, trimming of slopes, preparation and
completion of the roadway, sub-grade, dykes and shoulders and 2.4.1 Description
scarifYing for suitable sub-grade material.
This Sub-section describes excavation of suitable material
3 Excavation of unstable material (from areas outside the ROW) from borrow pits, channels and designated borrow areas and hauling
shall be measured by cu.m. of material excavated, hauled away and to locations of embankments or to stockpiles, all as shown on the
disposed of as directed, completed and accepted. Measurements Drawings, or as directed by the engineer.
shall be of volumes computed from surveyed cross sections of
2 The Contractor shall be responsible for locating suitable
original and final ground elevations. When cross sectioning is
borrow pits and for the suitability and sufficiency of borrow
impractical in the opinion of the Engineer, approval may be given to
materials to meet the specified embankment and other backfilling
measure volumes in the vehicles removing such excavated material.
requirements.
4 Ditch excavation and excavation of unstable material are
3 Borrow pits shall be utilized if there is insufficient suitable
considered part of the unclassified excavation.
excavated material to satisfY the embankment and other backfilling
5 Rock blasting, backfilling of overbreakage, trimming and requirements or if the Contractor chooses to excavate suitable
grading of cut slopes, ditches and of other below-sub-grade surfaces, material to waste or put it to other uses, and replace it by suitable
drainage of excavation areas, obliteration of disused roadways, and material excavated from borrow pits at the Contractor's expense.
other ancillary excavation Works shall not be measured for direct
payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs of
2.4.2 Location of Borrow Pits
which will be deemed to be included in the rates for Unclassified
Excavation. Generally, the borrow pits shall not be located within 50 m
from the toe of embankment slope or top of cut or formed slope,
6 Excavation under water shall be measured by cu.m. of
unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
material excavated, hauled away and disposed of as directed,
completed and accepted (including any side support or other 2 In no case shall borrow pits be located within 200 m
enabling-works )c-Measurements shall-be-of-volumes-eomputed-from do:wnstream_oLa drainage_structure_withouLthe_written_approval_oL
surveyed cross sections of original and final ground elevations. the Engineer. Unauthorized borrow pits shall be backfilled and
When cross sectioning is impractical in the opinion of the Engineer, compacted, as directed by the Engineer, at the Contractor's expense.
approval may be given to measure volumes in the vehicles removing 3 In each case where a borrow pit is proposed within privately-
such excavated material. owned property, the Contractor shall secure the consent of the
7 Hauling of excavated materials shall not be measured for landowner in writing, if necessary, and shall, pay for the use of the
direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the cost material and land. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for any
of which will be deemed to be included in the rates for Unclassified claims for compensation or complaints arising out of borrow pit
Excavation, regardless of the distance required for hauling the operations.
materials to an approved dumping area. 4 The Contractor shall be responsible for the stability of the side
8 Excavation, Stockpiling and recompaction of suitable topsoil slopes of borrow pits and channels at all times, until the pit or
material shall be measured by cubic meter, laid, completed and channel is abandoned.
accepted as directed by the Engineer. 5 Details of the Contractor's proposed haul routes and traffic
arrangements in relation to borrow pit operations shall be submitted
2.3.5 Basis of Payment for approval before any borrow excavation commences.
The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as 6 Overburden and any unsuitable top layers within each borrow
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various pit shall be completely removed and stockpiled in the vicinity, ready
items in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation for re-use prior to abandonment of the pit.
for equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting and hauling, and 7 Prior to abandonment of any borrow pit or borrow area, the
for other items necessary for the proper completion of the work. Contractor shall spread and level the original overburden over the
exposed surfaces and clean up, grade and contour the pit or area and
2.3.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities the adjoining properties occupied during execution of borrow
operations, whether Government, or privately-owned, all to the
i. Unclassified Excavation cu.m.
satisfaction of the Engineer.
ii. Excavation of unstable material outside
Right-of-Way cu.m.
2.4.3 Borrow Material
iii. Unclassified Excavation under water cu.m.
IV. Excavate and Stockpile Suitable topsoil Borrow shall be material approved by the Engineer as meeting
and recompact as directed cu.m. the requirements for the particular embankment, dyke, backfill or
other use for which the material is intended.
2 The Contractor shall submit representative samples of
materials from each of the proposed borrow pits or borrow areas. A
minimum of three sets of tests shall be performed for each borrow
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16 Potable or sea water can be used for all embankment slopes steeper than 3: I (H: V) when measured at right angles to the
construction works, except that only potable water shall be used for road centerline shall be continuously benched as the embankment is
compaction of fill material within lm from all surfaces of structures. brought up in layers. Benching shall be of sufficient width to permit
operation of spreading and compaction equipment, and in any case
( not less than 2 m wide except where insufficient width is available
2.5.3.2 Trial Embankments Sections
between existing and new embankments. Each horizontal cut shall
If shown on the Drawings, or if required by the Engineer, a begin at the intersection of the original ground and the vertical sides
trial embankment shall be constructed. The trial section shall be at of the previous cuts. The vertical face of each bench shall not be less
least 2 lanes wide by 100 m long at approved locations at or adjacent than I m in height and not exceed 2 m. Approved benching shall be
to the Site. Compaction and other equipment used shall be as measured as unclassified excavation.
specified in Section 19 ' Plant and Equipment' . 5 Where embankment is to be placed and compacted on wadi
slopes, the entire slope area shall be graded and trimmed to remove
2 The initial sections ofrock embankment shall serve as the trial
any vertical faces and overhangs. The final graded slope shall not be
sections for rock fill, in order to establish the optimum degrees of
steeper than 1.5H: 1V. The slope shall then be continuously benched
consolidation for the different layer thickness. This shall be obtained
as the embankment is brought up in layers, all as described above for
by compaction trials correlating number of passes of the roller with
embankment on hillsides.
settlement of the layer, or by different approved methods. The
( maximum permitted layer thickness shall be related to the unit 6 Where embankment is to be placed over existing asphalt roads,
the finished grade level of the road shall be at least 1200mm above
weight of the vibratory roller and for compaction, as given in Table
2.5.3.1 and shall not exceed 800 mm loose thickness. the existing roadbed surface.
( 7 Rockfill shall not be placed on any slopes steeper than I : I. All
Maximum Thickness
Minimum Roller Mass* slopes steeper than 1:1 shall therefore be re-graded to a slope of 1: I
of Layer
(Kglm Width) or milder and all vertical faces and overhangs removed.
J! oose Thickness)
400mm 2300-2900 2.5.3.4 Embankment Construction
500mm 2900-3600 Roadway embankment consisting of soil or granular material
600mm 3600-4300 shall be placed in horiwntal layers not exceeding 200 mm
compacted thickness, compacted as specified and approved prior to
700mm 4300-5000 placing the next layer. The thickness of the first layer over areas of
Class A-3 dune sand may exceed 250 mm in order to bridge these
800mm > 5000
areas. Approximately uniform thickness of each layer shall be
* For multiple rollers, this shall be assumed as the high achieved prior to compaction. As the compaction of each layer
axle load.
progresses, continuous leveling and working of the material shall be
Table 2.5.3.1: Maximum Layer Thickness I Minimum Roller carried out to ensure uniform density. The correct moisture content
'\1ass Requirements shall be maintained at all times.
2 Where embankments are to be constructed to a height in
2.5.3.3 Foundation Preparation
( excess of I. 5 m above top of original ground level, the Engineer may
If the original surface upon which embankment is to be placed approve layers up to 250 mm compacted thickness if these layers are
is an existing pavement, the surface shall be ploughed, scarified, or located at depths greater than 1.5m from the final elevation of
otherwise broken up regardless of the height of the embankment to embankment and if the Contractor's equipment and the nature of the
be placed thereon. material result in the required density throughout the layer thickness.
2 Clearing and grubbing, and removal of tree stumps, shall be 3 When the moisture content of the embankment material does
undertaken. The degree of compaction for the area to be cleared not fall within the required moisture range, (optimum moisture ±
shall then be determined. The top 150 mm of the surface on which 2%) water shall be added and thoroughly mixed into the soil by
the embankment is to be placed shall be scarified, brought to a approved methods or the material shall be aerated, whichever is
uniform moisture content within the specified range, and compacted necessary to adjust the material to the required moisture content.
to the density specified for the embankment. Hard and smooth
4 When water is added to embankment material, the amount
surfaces are to be roughened before filling is placed.
added shall be sufficient to provide a moisture content within the
3 Where embankment is to be placed over topsoil containing required range plus a reasonable additional amount to compensate
unsuitable organic material which does not meet the requirements of for evaporation and other unavoidable losses. Water added in excess
Table 2.5.2.1 , the ground shall be stripped off to a depth of 200mm of this amount shall be removed by aeration or other approved means
and the cleared surface shall be scarified to a minimum depth of at the Contractor's expense. Satisfactory methods and sufficient
200mm or as directed by the Engineer, brought to a uniform equipment shall be used for the furnishing and handling of the water
moisture content within the specified range, and compacted to the in a manner that will minimize loss due to evaporation or waste.
density specified for the embankment.
5 Embankments that consist of rock-soil material with sufficient
4 Where embankment is to be placed and compacted on hillsides soil to make rolling feasible shall be placed and compacted in an
or where new embankment is to be compacted against existing approved manner and to the required degree of compaction. Water
embankments or where embankment is built part width at a time, the
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shall be added as and when directed to assist in the compaction of Alternatively an electronic compaction meter or any other approved
such materials. test equipment shall be provided by the Contractor and used to
determine the degree of compaction achieved.
6 In the case of embankments which are to be formed of
approved rock -soil material containing an appreciable quantity of 5 To determine the degree of compaction for embankment
rock fragments (normally not exceeding 30% greater than 80mm) consisting of rock fill, average differential settlement values shall
and which cannot be placed in layers of the thickness prescribed also be determined from surveys of an adequate number of grid point
without crushing, pulverizing, or otherwise breaking down the elevations as directed by the Engineer at the commencement of,
fragments, the embankment may be constructed in layers not during and after embankment construction. (Refer to Item 6 of
exceeding in thickness twice the average size of the largest rock Paragraph 2.5.4.3 below).
fragments and in any case not exceeding 600 mm (before 6 For rockfill embankments, the modulus of soil reaction shall
compaction). be determined by the plate bearing test; using the method given in
7 Rockfill materials shall be placed in such a manner that the AASHTO T222.
larger rocks are well distributed and the voids are filled to the
2.5.4.2 Standards of Compaction for Soil and Granular
maximum practical extent by smaller particles of rocks, gravel or
Materials
approved granular materials. Each layer shall be bladed into a neat
and homogeneous mass prior to compaction. Any rocks found The following compaction standards shall apply to
protruding from the leveled surface shall be removed and replaced embankment materials other than predominantly rock materials. The
by smaller particles. Initial breakdown compaction shall be 'maximum density' of soil type materials shall be the modified
performed with heavy bulldozers. The top level of each layer must maximum density determined in accordance with AASHTO T 180
be surveyed before and after compaction and approved by the (Method D). The ' relative density' shall be the relative density
Engineer before the next layer is placed. Oversize rock pieces (i.e. determined in accordance with ASTM D 4254, which identifies the
exceeding the maximum particle size defined in Table 2.5.2.2 by not state of compactness of the material with respect to its loosest and
more than 10%) may be used in high rockfill embankments to a level densest state. The relative density shall be the standard to which the
3 meters below sub-grade. field density is referred for comparison in the case of cohesionless,
8 Rock-soil embankments shall be placed and compacted in an free draining granular materials.
approved manner and to the required degree of consolidation. Water 2 Soil type materials shall be compacted to at least 90%
shall be added as and when directed by the Engineer to assist in the modified maximum density for the full depth of embankment; except
compaction operations. for the 600 mm of embankment material inunediately below the sub-
9 Embankments which are formed of approved rock-soil grade layer that shall be compacted to at least 95% modified
material containing a considerable quantity of rock fragments (not maximum density. Moisture content shall be within plus or minus
exceeding 30% exceeding 75mm) and which cannot be placed in 2% of optimum at the time of compaction.
layers of the required thickness without crushing, pulverizing or 3 Cohesionless, free draining granular materials (of 75 mm
breaking down the fragments, the embankment may be constructed maximum size, with not more than 15% passing 0.075 mm (No. 200)
in layers not exceeding the thickness twice the average size of the sieve and a plasticity index (PI) not exceeding 20%) shall be
largest rock fragments and in any case not exceeding 600mm compacted to at least 70% of relative density for the full depth of
uncompacted thickness. embankment. The 600 mm depth of such material immediately
below the sub-grade layer shall be compacted to at least 75% of
2.5.4 Testing relative density.
2.5.4.1 General 4 Minimum soil tests required during the construction of sub-
grade and/or embankment are:
For verification of material, moisture content, compaction, One sample for CBR, classification (AASHTO Ml45),
thickness and other properties of the materials or workmanship the and laboratory (Moisture - density) or relative density
Engineer shall at all times have access to all parts of the Works and compaction from each source prior to use. Each sample
Site. All sampling and testing of material and work shall be carried shall represent not more than 5,000 cubic meters.
out as specified to the satisfaction the Engineer. One sample for classification representing not more
2 Materials shall be tested in accordance with AASHTO T96, than 3,000 cubic meters of the material in use.
ASTM D2167, AASHTO TI04, AASHTO TI76, BS 1377, For every completed layer, one field density shall be
AASHTO Ml45 , ASTM DI556/Dl556M and other applicable and determined for each 1500 square meters or I 00 linear
relevant standards. meters, whichever is less. Testing shall be in
accordance with ASTM D 1556/D1556M or ASTM D
3 The Engineer shall test the compaction of embankment
2167 orBS 1377 Part 9.
materials in accordance with the Specification to ensure that
adequate compaction or consolidation has been achieved. All such 2.5.4.3 Degree of Compaction for Rock Fill and Rock-Soil
tests shall be fully documented by the Contractor, in an approved
Materials
manner.
4 In the case of cohesionless, free draining rock-soil materials, To ensure proper compaction of rockfill and rock-soil
where maximum density tests fail to produce a well-defmed embankments, the Contractor shall conduct compaction tests such as
moisture/density relationship, the relative density test shall be used. the plate load bearing test or other approved equivalent tests using
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content within the specified range and compacted to 100% AASHTO the Contractor' s expense, using rock fill and geotextiles as necessary
T 180 (Method D) maximum density. to ensure a safe stable surface.
A tolerance of ±2% is applicable to the specified above degree of 3 If directed by the Engineer the Contractor shall construct sub-
Top o f Embankment or Sub-excavated 6 A layer of200mm thick capillary break rock fill type I shall be
+ 10 or -30mm laid over type 2 pervious backfill to receive the required road layers
Surface Soil
Table 2.6.3.1: Tolerances on Elevations of Finished Sub-grade after the above operation.
( 3 If instructed by the Engineer, when the finished sub-grade ASTM Staodard Ptrctota t Passiog
surface is tested with a 4 m long straightedge placed parallel to, or at Sitvt Size TYPt I Typt 2
right angles to the centerline, the maximum depression of the surface 6 inch 100
from the straight edge shall be 30 mm. 5 inch 85- 100
4 inch 75-90
2.6.3.4 Maintenance of Finished Subgrade 2 inch 45- 65
The finished and approved subgrade shall be continuously I 1/2 inch 35- 55 -
maintained in a smooth, well compacted and properly drained 3/4 inch 20-35 100
condition until the sub-base (or base) course is constructed. Re- 1/2 inch 10-25 95- 100
approval of the sub-grade will be required if the overlying course is 3/8 inch 5-20 70- 100
not constructed within 14 days of sub-grade completion or if the sub- No.4 0 - 55
grade layer is damaged by traffic or any other causes prior to the No.8 0- 10
placement of the sub-base layer. No. 16 -
No. 200 - 0-3
2.6.3.5 Drainage Blanket
Table 2.6.3.2: Definition of Type I and Type 2 Rockfill Materials
Wherever and as shown on the drawings, place drainage for Sabkha Treatment
blanket under roadway pavements on prepared sub-grade as follows:
1. Compact drainage blanket to required cross sections
2.6.3.7 Subgrade Construction on top of Dune Sand
and thickness to not less than 95 percent of maximum
dry density according to ASTM D 1557. Dune sand roadbed shall be compacted only after being
ll. Place drainage blanket in layers not exceeding 150mm confined by special means and methods that shall be approved by the
compacted thickness each, with no layer less than 75 Engineer. These methods may include the construction of an edge
mm thick when compacted. dyke of various materials on both sides of the road to provide the
necessary confinement.
2.6.3.6 Subgrade Construction on Sabkha and Gypsum Rich
2 Dune sand material will be allowed to receive dry compaction
l Soils
only if the material is tested and proven to be A-3 type and only in
Where the road sub-grade passes over sabkha areas or case where the Proctor test showed a maximum dry density at 0 %
gypsum-rich soils with a high water table the Contractor shall take moisture. Otherwise, the material shall be brought to uniform
the special precautions mentioned below if the sabkha or the moisture content within the specified range and shall be compacted
gypsum-rich soils are encountered within the top 1m below the sub- to 100% AASHTO T 180 (Method D) maximum density.
grade level.
2 These precautions shall include but shall not be limited to the
2.6.4 Method of Measurement
construction of suitable temporary haul roads for all construction Sub-grade layer in embankment is not measured separately but
plant operating in the area. Such haul roads shall be constructed, at is included as part of the computation for the volume of embankment.
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2 Sub-grade preparation in cut is be measured by cu.m. of top retaining walls of all types; and for other major and minor structures;
width of sub-grade layer computed from cross sections shown on the including all necessary clearing and grubbing; bailing; drainage;
Drawings. The rate shall include for all excavation below top of sub- pumping; dewatering; sheeting; temporary shoring and cribbing;
grade, as per the thicknesses and material specified under Item construction of temporary cofferdams or cribs; backfilling with
2.6.3 .1.3 including scarification and removal of undesirable matter suitable approved material to the level of original ground or to the
and compacting of replaced matter where necessary. top level of any adjacent embankment; and disposal of all surplus or
unsuitable excavated material, all as shown on the Drawings, or as
3 Drainage blanket shall be measured by cubic meters of
directed by the Engineer.
aggregate materials, furnished, screened, washed, placed, spread,
compacted, completed and accepted. Measurement shall be of 2 The work also includes removal of those portions of existing
volumes computed from the cross sections shown on the Drawings structures below ground which would in any way obstruct or
(and ofthe field measurements of area) and compacted depth of each interfere with construction of new structures.
trial section. No allowance shall be made in the measurement for 3 The Contractor will be deemed to have satisfied himself, at the
overdepth and/or overwidth construction, regardless of the time of tendering, as to the type and nature of soils and rock that will
Engineer' s permission for it to remain in place. be encountered in structural excavations.
4 Sub-grade construction on sabkha or gypsum-rich soils shall
be measured by cu.m. of top width of sub-grade layer computed 2.7.2 Excavation
from the cross sections shown on the Drawings The rates shall
2.7.2.1 General
include for all excavation below top of sub-grade, as per the
thicknesses and material specified under Item 2.6.3.1.3 including The Contractor shall notifY the Engineer a sufficient time in
scarification and removal of undesirable matter, construction of advance of the beginning of any excavation for structures so that the
temporary haul roads, any rockfill, geotextile or geo-synthetics used, Engineer may, where necessary, survey and record the cross
surcharge materials, compaction and completion and any accessories sectional or longitudinal elevations and measurements of the existing
all as specified in Paragraph 2.6.3.6 and as shown on the relevant ground and existing structures affected by the proposed structure.
drawings. Any materials removed or excavated before these measurements
5 Sub-grade construction on top of dune sand shall be measured have been~ taken and approved by the Engineer ~II not be paid for.
by cu.m. of top width of sub-grade layer computed from cross 2 The Contractor shall be responsible for the safety of all
sections shown on the Drawings. The rates shall include for all foundation and trench excavations whether supported or not.
excavation below top of sub-grade, as per the thicknesses and Approval of the Contractor's support system or omission of a support
material specified under Item 2.6.3 .1.3 including scarification and system for any excavations will not absolve the Contractor from his
removal of undesirable matter, installation and dismantling of the sole responsibility in this regard.
confinement structure or side embankment and compacting the soil 3 The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions, including
layers as specified. shoring or other means, to protect employees and others in the
excavation and on the ground above.
2.6.5 Basis of Payment 4 The sides of all foundation pits and trenches shallower than
The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as l.Sm shall be vertical and adequately supported unless otherwise
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the relevant shown on the Drawings. Sides more than 1.5 m in depth shall be
items in the Bill of Quantities , which rate shall be full compensation sloped at a stable slope or supported in an approved manner unless
for supplying materials, transporting, hauling and placing, for labor, the material through which the pit or trench is cut is deemed to be
equipment, tools and other items necessary for the proper completion sufficiently self-supporting and not requiring support.
of the work. 5 Pits and trenches shall be kept free from water until footing
concrete has been placed or pipes have been installed. The
2.6.6 Items in the Bill of Quantities Contractor shall minimize, as far as practicable, the length of time
excavated areas are open. The Contractor shall be responsible for
i. Sub-grade preparation in cut (cu.m.)
repair of damage due to weather, equipment, and other causes during
II. Drainage blanket (cu.m.)
periods when the excavations are left open.
iii. Preparation of sub-grade construction
6 The Contractor shall plan the Works so that no excavation is
on sabkha or gypsum-rich soils (cu.m.)
iv. Preparation of sub-grade construction left in an exposed condition for a period greater than 30 days unless
on top of dune sand (cu.m.) otherwise approved.
7 Where excavation is adjacent to public highways and
2.7 Excavation and Backfilling for walkways, warning lights, barriers and barricades shall be provided
to the Engineer's satisfaction. No excavation shall be left in an
Structures
exposed condition for more than 7 days unless otherwise approved.
8 For excavation in material sensitive to moisture (stiff clays,
2.7.1 Description
marls, etc.) the excavation shall be cleaned and a concrete blinding
This Sub-section describes excavation in any material for layer cast immediately on completion of the excavation.
buildings and pump houses; bridges, culverts, pipe culverts, under-
drains; drainage and utility structures; flood areas cut-off-walls;
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9 The Contractor shall notifY the Engineer of any sign of failure 9 If temporary works are required for maintaining the excavation
or cracks within or around the excavation immediately when such dry, the Contractor shall be responsible for the design and execution
signs are noticed. of the works. The proposed design shall be submitted to the Engineer
for approval but, such approval shall not relieve the Contractor of his
( 2.7.2.2 Temporary Support System sole responsibility in this regard.
When a temporary support system is required to protect 2.7.2.4 Excavation for Box Culverts, Pipe Culverts and
( adjacent property or to protect the public during construction, the
Contractor's design for such support system shall be submitted for
Miscellaneous Structures
approval prior to commencing its construction. Excavation shall be carried out to the limits required for
2 All temporary support systems shall be designed with adequate construction and to the depth required for bedding material or
factors of safety to serve with minimal maintenance, for the duration removal of unsuitable material. All trench excavation shall proceed
of its intended use, and shall include adequate safety provisions to upgrade, commencing at the downstream end.
protect the public from construction activities. 2 Foundation material supporting the bedding or structure shall
3 Notwithstanding any approval of temporary support systems, be AASHTO M 145 Class A-1-a, A-1-b or A-2-4 compacted to 95%
the Contractor shall be solely responsible for the adequacy of their AASHTO T 180 maximum density. lfthe natural material does not
design and construction and for maintenance and all necessary safety meet the classification requirements, it shall be sub-excavated to a
precautions associated therewith. depth of at least 200mm and replaced with material meeting the
specified requirements. Any rock or hard material within 200 mm of
2.7.2.3 Excavation for Major Structures and Bridges the bottom of the pipes shall be similarly sub-excavated and replaced
with material meeting the specified requirements.
Foundations for buildings, pump houses and other major
structures and bridges, shall be excavated in accordance with the 3 If no special bedding material is required, the foundation for
dimensions as shown on the Drawings and shall be of sufficient size precast and prefabricated culverts shall be formed to the shape of the
to permit placing of the full width and lengths of the footings. culvert, including all protrusions. The shaping shall extend to 25%
of the height of culvert.
2 Excavation shall be carried down to the levels shown on the
Drawings or as established by the Engineer based on previous 4 Where rock is encountered in the toe wall excavation for
investigations. No concrete shall be placed prior to approval of the concrete box culverts or concrete cut-off-walls for floodway,
excavation pit. embankment protection and pipe culverts and the rock is of such
quality as will prevent erosion, part of the toe wall may be eliminated
3 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, the bottom of all
in the rock strata as directed and the toe wall shall be keyed into the
excavations shall be covered with a 75mm minimum depth of lean
rock strata in a satisfactory marmer. The minimum thickness of the
(blinding) concrete Class 15 to serve as a working platform.
key shall be as shown on Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer.
4 Foundation pits or trenches shall be of sufficient size and
5 Precast concrete pipes and metal pipes shall be installed in
provide minimum sufficient working space to permit construction of
trenches cut into previously constructed and compacted embankment
structures or structure footings of the full width and length shown on
or from top of sub-grade. Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings,
the Drawings.
trench width shall not be greater than the external diameter of the
5 Where footings are constructed using formwork, the pipe plus 500 mm on each side.
excavations shall generally not extend more than 500 mm beyond the
6 In the case of metal pipes, the bottom of the trench shall be
maximum dimension on each side of the proposed footing unless
shaped to a template so that at least 10% of the overall height of pipe
additional working space is clearly required and approved by the
or arch will be in contact with the bottom of the trench as excavated.
Engineer. Any unauthorized overwidth of excavation beyond the
Recesses shall be excavated to receive any parts of the pipe which
lateral limits or depths shown on the drawings or approved by the
extend below the outside perimeter. Where rock, hardpan or other
Engineer shall be backfilled with selected fill or lean concrete as
unyielding material is encountered it shall be removed below design
directed by the Engineer at the Contractor's expense.
grade or as ordered by the Engineer for a depth of at least 200 mm
6 Where footings are located, in or adjacent to firm, original and backfilled as specified.
ground and where formwork is not required or ordered, any
7 Trenches for cast in-situ pipes shall be cut into previously
unauthorized overdepth excavation below the approved elevation of
constructed and compacted embankment from top of sub-grade or
base of footing shall be backfilled with blinding concrete.
embankment height or twice the nominal span of the pipe whichever
7 Where excavation to rock foundation is required, the is less. Trench width shall not be greater than the external diameter
excavation shall proceed in such a marmer as to allow the solid rock or span of pipe plus 500 mm on each side when external forms are
to be exposed and prepared in horizontal beds or properly serrated used, or the external span of pipe including protection plus 100 mm
for receiving the concrete. All loose and disintegrated rock and thin on each side when external forms are not used.
strata shall be removed.
8 When excavation is required for installation of ducts, the
8 When unstable material or other unsuitable material is Contractor shall notifY the Engineer upon completion of the
encountered below foundation elevation, the Contractor shall excavation. No duct shall be laid until the depth and cross section of
excavate such material and replace it with suitable backfill material the excavation has been approved.
or concrete to the depth as directed by the Engineer.
9 Over-width or over-depth excavation for precast concrete
pipes shall be made good at the Contractor's expense by provision of
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along the base of the wall under the sheathing, as shown on the 2 Structural excavation is measured by cubic meter of material
Drawings. excavated for the major structures hauled away and disposed of as
directed, or stockpiled. Measurement of structural excavation shall
6 Backfill material for culverts, pipe culverts and miscellaneous
be from original ground levels or ground levels after removal of all
( structures within 300 mm of any part of the structure shall be Class
A-1 -a, A-1-b or A-2-4. The 200 mm minimum thickness of sub-
unclassified highway excavation. Limits shall not be greater than
vertical planes 500 mm from the maximum dimension, on each side
grade layer shall consist of approved sub-grade material placed and
of the footing or other controlling portion of the structure. Where
compacted to I 00% maximum density as specified under Sub-
structures are constructed against natural ground or rock, excavation
section 2.6 - 'Sub-grade Construction'. The backfill shall be
limits shall be the dimensions of the structure as shown on the
completed to the level of the original ground or to the top elevation
Drawings. Bottom limits shall be the ordered foundation levels. Only
of any adjacent embankment
material excavated from its original position shall be measured for
7 Backfilling around and over pipe culverts shall not commence payment No measurements shall be made of structural excavation in
until headwalls and wingwalls have been constructed and attained embankments previously constructed by the Contractor.
the specified 28-day strength.
3 Additional excavation in unstable material or other unsuitable
8 Water used for compaction of backfill around metal pipes and material encountered below foundation level shall be measured as
reinforced concrete structures shall be from an approved source and part of the unclassified structural excavation.
shall not contain more than 0.5% combined chlorides and sulphates
4 Structural Excavation under Water shall be measured by cu.m.
nor contain other potentially harmful minerals.
of material excavated for the major structures, hauled away and
9 Wben pipes or other structures temporarily extend above the disposed of as directed, or stockpiled on or in the vicinity of the
grade of the partially constructed embankment, the Contractor shall Works, and the excavated areas backfilled, completed and accepted.
( construct the fill over the structure of sufficient depth to protect the
5 Unauthorized overdepth and overwidth excavation in soil and
structure from any damage resulting from construction or other
rock and the backfill material including blinding concrete required in
traffic.
such cases, shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall be
10 The Contractor shall complete the backfill around box culverts considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be deemed to
to the level of the original ground line and to the full width of be included in the rates for structural excavation.
excavation area. If the top of culvert extends above the original
6 Structural excavation in any material or under water for box
ground line the Contractor shall continue the backfill to the top of
culverts Jess than one sq.m. in external cross section, and structural
culvert and for a width of 3 m on each side of the culvert for the full
excavation for pipe culverts, underdrains (subsoil drains), pits,
width of roadway embankment If the embankment is in place at the
catchbasins, manholes, inlets, energy dissipaters, slope protection,
time of backfilling, the Contractor shall backfill around the culvert to
fence posts, guardrail posts, lighting columns, sign posts, signal
the top of embankment
supports and all other minor structures, shall not be measured for
11 Backfill around pipe culverts shall be completed to the level of direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs
original ground line and to the full width of excavation area. If the of which will be deemed to be included in the rates and prices for the
top of the culvert extends above the original ground line the relevant items.
Contractor shall continue the backfill to the top of culvert for a width
7 Unless specified otherwise in the special specifications,
of 1.5 times the maximum external width of the culvert on each side
temporary cofferdams, temporary support system, bailing, drainage,
of the culvert centerline to the full width of the roadway
dewatering, pumping, sheeting, concrete blinding layers and all other
embankment If the embankment is in place at the time of
Temporary Works shall not be measured for direct payment, but
backfilling, the Contractor shall backfill around the culvert to the top
shall be considered as subsidiary work the costs of which will be
of culvert or as shown on the Drawings.
deemed to be included in the rates for structural excavation.
12 Any existing roadway pavement cut through, damaged or
8 Backfilling to structural excavation shall not be measured
removed during excavation for pipe culvert installation shall be
separately but is considered as subsidiary work the cost of which are
reinstated, after pipe installation and trench backfilling, using
deemed to be included in the rates for structural excavation.
approved base and surfacing course materials at least equivalent to
those in the original pavement Materials and construction shall 9 Any blinding concrete used at the bottom of excavations, as
conform to the relevant requirements Sections 3 and 4 of this shown on the Drawings or as instructed by the Engineer shall be
specification. measured and paid for in accordance with the relevant method of
measurement under Clause 5.1.5 of Section 5 'Concrete and
13 Miscellaneous structures other than pipe culverts shall be
Concrete Structures'.
backfilled in accordance with the methods specified. Compaction of
backfill when structures are outside the roadway right -of-way or in
2.7.5 Basis of Pa)'ment
approach roads, minor roads or similar areas, shall be to 90% of
maximum density as determined by AASHTO T 180 (Method D). 1 The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various
2.7.4 Method of Measurement items in the Bill of Quantities , which rate shall be full compensation
for equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting, hauling, placing,
All structural excavation, of whatever type, shall be measured
and for other items necessary for the proper completion of the work
as 'unclassified' which shall be deemed to include all materials
encountered of any nature, including silts, clays, sand, gravel and
granular materials and fractured, jointed and solid rock.
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as instructed. Local soft spots shall be compacted by tamping in 4 Surface grading shall be carried out to restore all un-surfaced
bedding material. areas and any adjoining areas disturbed to provide a level, smooth
13 The bottoms of trenches shall be accurately graded to provide surface.
uniform bearing and support for the bottom quadrant of each section 5 The Contractor shall proceed with restoration of surfaces as
of the pipe. Bell holes shall be excavated to the necessary size at soon after completion of other work as is practicable, but in no case
each joint or coupling to eliminate point bearing. Any material that more than 10 days after backfilling of trenches and other excavated
may cause point bearing shall be removed. areas. Restoration shall be completed within 20 days from the start of
14 The Contractor shall report to the Engineer any unsuitable or restoration.
weak ground material that may be found below the indicated
excavation levels before executing any trimming of the excavation, 2.8.4 Method of Measurement
pipe laying, concreting, or other work. Where, in the judgment of the Trench excavation and backfill shall be paid for per cu.m.
Engineer the bottom of the trench is unsuitable, such material shall measured in horizontal layers for the different depth categories
be removed to the width and depth ordered by the Engineer. The shown in the Bill of Quantities. Trench length shall be measured
trench shall then be made up by backfilling with approved material. between outer surfaces of manholes or chambers. Trench width shall
15 Where rock is encountered, the trench shall be excavated to be as specified or shown on Drawings. Depth of excavation shall be
150 mrn below bed level and replaced with granular material, the depth of every horizontal layer. Excavation for bedding is
concrete, or blinding grade as directed. included as trench excavation.
2 Rates for trench excavation and backfill shall include for:
2.8.3.2 Backfilling i. Excavating in any material encountered including rock.
( Trenches shall not be backfilled at joints until after that section
ii. Blasting, barring, wedging or other quarrying methods
for rock excavation.
of the pipeline has successfully passed the specified tests.
iii. Excavation at any level irrespective if water is
Initial backfill or surround up to a level of 300 mrn above top of the
( pipe, shall be placed and hand compacted in 150 mrn layers. The IV.
encountered or not.
Excavating curved on plan.
backfill shall be brought up evenly on both sides of the pipe for the v. Allowance for working space.
full length of the pipe. Care shall be taken to ensure thorough vi. Increase in bulk for excavating.
( compaction of the fill under the haunches of the pipe. vii. Keeping excavations free from water.
2 Suitable backfill shall be placed and well compacted in layers viii. Leveling, compacting, trimming and grading bottoms
not exceeding 150 mrn thick after compaction. Heavy compactors and trimming sides and bottoms of excavation.
shall not be used until there is 600 mrn cover over pipes. ix. Supporting the sides of excavation.
3 Unless otherwise specified each layer shall be compacted to at x. Filling with material as specified and compacting
least 95% maximum density for cohesionless soils and 90% around pipes and beds multiple handling of excavated
maximum density for cohesive soils. material and excavation from borrows and transporting
about the Site.
4 Backfilling trenches for pipes with concrete beds and or
x1. Segregation of the various classes of excavated spoil
surrounds shall not start before 24 hours after placing concrete.
and stock piling as may be directed by the Engineer.
Heavy compactors shall not be used and traffic shall not be allowed
xii. Disposal of surplus excavated material including
before the elapse of 72 hours after placing the concrete.
depositing and consolidating where directed on Site or
5 When the backfill material is too wet from rain or excessive removing from Site and depositing at a tip to be
application of water, no compaction shall be done. In this case the provided and paid for by the Contractor.
work shall be suspended until the previously placed and new xiii. Pipe bedding, initial backfill or gravel, and final
materials have dried sufficiently to permit proper compaction. Other backfill.
measures shall be taken if necessary to obtain proper compaction. xiv. Filling over-excavation with material as specified
6 Temporary crossing are to be provided over trenches to xv. Consolidation of primary backfill (initial backfill)
prevent construction traffic damaging pipes after backfilling. material using water or hand tamping.
xvi. Compaction of secondary backfill (main backfill)
2.8.3.3 Restoration of Surfaces material.
Restoration of asphalt, concrete, gravel pavements and the xvii. Reinstatement of unpaved surfaces. (Reinstatement of
likes shall be of materials and thickness to match the existing paved surfaces shall be made and paid for according to
pavement. Materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with Sections 4 or 12 as appropriate)
local authority requirements and as directed by the Engineer.
2.8.5 Basis of Payment
2 Restoration of pavement shall be done according to the
existing pavement quality and level to ensure that new pavement The amount of completed and accepted work, measured as
matches the existing to provide uniform surface with the existing provided for above, will be paid for at the unit rates for the various
profile. items in the Bill of Quantities, which rate shall be full compensation
3 Grassed areas shall be restored by spreading approved fertile for equipment, tools, labor, materials, transporting, hauling, placing,
soil over affected area after backfilling. Seeding, fertilizers and water and for other items necessary for the proper completion of the work.
shall be applied until grass is restored to its former condition.
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