Digital Image

Processing
Lecture 2
By : Dr. Vibha Tiwari
What is an analog image?
PAL system
• In PAL system used for TV transmission we have 625 lines;, and 25
frames per second;
• suppose the bandwidth of the video signal, is 4 megahertz.
• so sampling frequency will be, 8 megahertz,as per the Nyquist sampling
theorem,
• to count the number of pixels per frame
= 8 megahertz/ 25 frames per second
=320000. digital pixels per frame,
• This is approximately the 512 x 512.
• So that means, the image size will be 512 x 512.
• The image is represented by M cross N.
• This is the size of the image. M number of rows and N number of columns.
Representation of a Digital Image
 Image sampling and quantization

• In order to process the image, it must be saved on computer.

• The image output of most sensors (eg: Camera) is continuous voltage waveform.

• But computer deals with digital images not with continuous images, thus: continuous images
should be converted into digital form.

continuous image (in real life)  digital (computer)

 key stages in digital image processing

Sampling : related to coordinates values

(Nyquist frequency)

Quantization : related to intensity values

Image sampling and quantization
Image Sampling and Quantization
Image sampling and quantization
continuous image (in real life)  digital (computer)

To do this we use Two processes:

sampling and quantization.

 Remember that:

the image is a function f(x,y),

􀂁 x and y are coordinates

􀂁 F: intensity value (Amplitude)

Sampling: digitizing the coordinate values

Quantization: digitizing the amplitude values
Thus, when x, y and f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call the image a digital image.
How does the computer digitize the
continuous image?
How does the computer digitize the continuous image?

Ex:
scan a line such as AB from the continuous image, and represent the
gray intensities.
How does the computer digitize the continuous image?

Sampling: digitizing coordinates

Quantization: digitizing intensities Gray-level scale that
divides gray-level into 8
discrete levels

Quantization:
converting each
sample gray-
level value into
discrete digital
quantity.

sample is a small white square, located by a vertical tick

mark as a point x,y
How does the computer digitize the continuous image?

Now:
the digital scanned line AB
representation on computer:

The continuous image VS

the result of digital image
after sampling and
quantization
 y (intensity values)

a b
c d
Generating a digital image. (a)
Continuous image. (b) A
scaling line from A to B in the
continuous image, used to
illustrate the concepts of
sampling and quantization. (c)
sampling and quantization. (d)
Digital scan line.

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

 a b

(a) Continuous image

projected onto a sensor array.
(b) Result of image sampling
and quantization.

© 2002 R. C. Gonzalez & R. E. Woods

0 0 0 75 75 75 128 128 128 128

0 75 75 75 128 128 128 255 255 255

75 75 75 200 200 200 255 255 255 200

128 128 128 200 200 255 255 200 200 200

128 128 128 255 255 200 200 200 75 75

175 175 175 225 225 225 75 75 75 100

175 175 100 100 100 225 225 75 75 100

75 75 75 35 35 35 0 0 0 35

35 35 35 0 0 0 35 35 35 75

75 75 75 100 100 100 200 200 200 200

What is a Digital Image ?
Coordinate Conversion