PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION REVIEWER

Communication  often determines the level of trust and

trustworthiness
 exchange of ideas, feelings, or
meanings between two or more Paralanguage
persons
 aspects of the voice apart from speech
Communication Process
Closeness or personal space (proxemics)
 series of actions on the part of the
sender and the receiver of the message  determines the level of intimacy
 varies very much by culture
Purposive Communication
Facial expression
 writing, speaking, and presenting to
different audiences and for various  very hard to control consciously
purpose (blinking, smiling)
 broad facial expressions show strong
emotions (anger, fear)
Elements of the Communication process Psychological changes
1. sender  are almost impossible to control
2. medium consciously
3. receiver  very important indicator of mental
4. message state
5. feedback

According to James Humes…

Two types of communication
 the art of communication is the
Verbal communication language of leadership
 the use of words to share information
with other people
 it is a mistake to believe that
Nonverbal communication communication is a simple process
 through the use of body language
 effective communication can breach
peace, spark revolutions, and affect
Types of Nonverbal communication change in government

Body movements (kinesics)

 often the easiest element of nonverbal

communication Communication Models
Aristotle’s Model

 mainly focused on speaker and speech

Posture  elements: speaker, speech, occasion,
audience, and effect
 how you stand or sit  speaker should adjust their messages
according to their particular audience
Eye contact
and the occasion
Shannon-Weaver’s Model
  also known as “Mathematical Theory
of Communication”
 developed the effective
communication between sender and
receiver
 noise, the factor affecting the
communication process
 elements: sender, encoder, channel,
decoder, receiver, feedback
Osgood-Schramm’s Model
 plays attention to the role of the
interpreter (first model of
communication)
 (semantic noise – when the sender and
the receiver may apply different
meanings to same message)
 elements: message, decoder,
interpreter, encoder
 different field of experience of the
sender and the receiver (second model
of communication)
 the field of experience may constitute
“culture, social background, beliefs,
experiences, values, and rules”
Eugene White’s Stages of Oral
Communication
 it is possible to begin at any of the
stages outlined in his model
 it is a circular model, means that oral
communication is a continuous
process with no real beginning or end
 concept of feedback, the most
important contribution from Eugene
White’s Model
Thinking
 a desire, feelings, or an emotion
provides a communicator a stimulus to
communicate a need
Symbolizing
 before a communicator can utter a
sound
Expressing
 the communicator then use their vocal
mechanism to produce the sounds of
language accompanied by their facial
expression, gestures, and body stance
Transmitting
 the sound wave (spread at 1000 ft per
second)
 light waves travel at a speed of 186
000 miles per second
Receiving
 when sound waves make an impact
upon the listener’s ears after which the
resulting nerve impulses reach the
brain via the auditory nerve
Decoding
 the communicator interprets the
language symbols they receives and
think further
Feedback
 the communicator may show overt
behavior or they may not show any
behavior at all
Monitoring
 while the communicator watches for
the sign or understanding of their
message among their listener; the
communicator is receiving and
decoding messages about themselves
from their audience in order to adjust
to the particular situation
Globalization
 a process of interaction and integration
among people, companies, and
governments of different nations
  a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by
information technology
Bias-free language
 a language that is sensitive to people’s
sex, race, age, physical condition, etc.
 does not discriminate
 includes all readers in a fair
Biased language
 words or phrases that are considered
prejudice, offensive, and hurtful
Racism
 a form of discrimination against a
person of different race
Sexism
 refers to prejudice and discrimination
based on sex or gender
Classism
 a form of prejudice against a person or
people because of their social class
Ageism
 a form of discrimination against other
people because of their age
Disabilities
 discrimination in this area often arises
because of lack of understanding and
awareness
Barriers of Communication
1. The use of jargons
2. Emotional Factors
3. Entertaining distractions
4. Difference in perspective
5. Physical disabilities
Physical barriers to nonverbal
communication
 Language differences
 Expectations and prejudice
 Cultural differences
Multi-cultural setting
 in order to understand the message,
you need to expose yourself to
different cultures
 a reality in most industries at present
that we have to accept
Intercultural Communication
 refers to the effective communication
between people of different cultural
background
Variations of Intercultural communication
Interracial communication
 the interaction among people of
different race
Inter-ethnic communication
 the interaction among people who
have different ethnic groups
International communication
 the interaction between persons
representing different political
structures
Intra-cultural communication
 the interaction that includes all forms
of communication among members of
the same racial, ethnic, and subculture
groups
Factors that may affect Intercultural
Communication
Cultural Identity
  refers to what you have absorbed from  refer to how people present
your surroundings from childhood up themselves and how they dress up
to the present
Paralanguage
 this includes your attitude, values, and
beliefs  refers to the factors of speech such as
accent, pitch, range, volume, etc, that
Walls that could block the communication
alters the meaning of the message
process
Facial Expressions and Eye Contact
1. ethnocentrism
2. discrimination  refers to how we move our facial
3. stereotyping muscles to send messages
4. cultural blindness
5. cultural imposition Gestures and Body Stance
6. tone differences
 refer to the body movements you use
to send message

Racial Identity

 refers to the place or country where Types of Communication

the person was born or the race that
Intrapersonal Communication
has a greater influence on his
personality  use when we talk to or communicate
with ourselves
Social Class
Interpersonal Communication
 refers to the status hierarchy of the
person in the society  use when we talk with another person
or a group of people
Gender and Role Identity

 gender refers to your perception of the

roles of men and women in the society Different Interpersonal Communication
 role refers to the part or character you
Dyadic communication
play in society
 occurs when two people communicate
Age
face to face
 refers to the age group where you
Small group communication
belong
 occurs when three or more individuals,
Individual Personality
connected with mutual objectives, are
 refers to your distinct personality and communication
self-reverence as molded by the
Public communication
different contributing factors of your
growing up years  occurs when a person delivers a
speech in public setting
Proxemics

 refers to the use of space that people

feel it necessary to set between
themselves and others
Mass communication
Clothing and Appearance
 called one is to many
 uses the media as its medium to
communicate to mass audience