Example 1 The building shown in below is to be built in a sloped terrain in Ambo.

The details
of the terrain and the position of the building are shown in the figure. The building is meant for a
lathe shop inside of which has no partition walls. Six windows of 2.5m * 2.75m size are provided
in each of the longer sides. Two windows of 2.0m * 2.75m size and one door of 2.5m * 3m are
provided in each of the shorter sides of the building. Elevation of the existing ground level at the
building site is 1720m.Calculate the wind load acting on the middle truss in the roof truss assembly.
The trusses are spanning in the short direction of the building at 3m centers. The shape of the roof
truss is also shown in the figure.
 1.6 m

4.5 m
30 m

12 m
Elevation

12 m
Plan

30 m
Side elevation

1.6 m

12 m
Truss

Wind
30 m
200 m

500 m
Terrain detail with position of the building
(1) Basic value of wind velocity for Ethiopia vref, o = 22 m/sec
(2) Reference wind velocity vref = CDIR CTEM CALT vref, o = 1 * 1 * 1 * 22 = 22 m/sec
CDIR = CTEM = CALT = 1 → shall be taken as per EBCS 1
(3) Reference wind pressure qref
To calculate the air density, the altitude is considered at the mid height of the building.
 The altitude = 1720 m + (4.5+1.6)/2 = 1723.05m
For an altitude of 1500 m → Air density ρ = 1.0 kg/m3
For an altitude of 2000 m → Air density ρ = 0.94 kg/m3
For an altitude of 1723.05 m → Air density ρ = 0.9732 kg/m3 (interpolated value)
Reference wind pressure qref = ½ ρ vref2 = ½ * 0.9732 * 222 = 235.5 N/m2
(4) External wind pressure we = qref Ce (ze) Cpe
Exposure coefficient Ce (ze):
 7 KT 
Ce (ze) = Cr ( z ) * Ct ( z ) 1 
2 2

 Cr ( z ) * Ct ( z ) 
KT = Terrain Factor = 0.22 (for terrain category III)
Z 
Cr (z ) = Roughness Coefficient = KT ln   for Z > Zmin
 Zo 
= Cr ( zmin ) for Z < Zmin
In our problem, Ambo can be considered as a sub urban area and therefore the
terrain category falls as category III
For terrain category III, Zmin = 5 m, Zo=0.3
Z = Reference height - can be taken as the overall height of the building = 6.1 m
Z 
Therefore, Z >Zmin; Cr (z ) = KT ln   =
 Zo 
𝑍𝑂 0.3
𝐾𝑇 = 0.19 ∗ [𝑍 ] ∇0.07 =0.19 ∗ [0.05] ∇0.07=0.22
𝑂,𝐼𝐼

6.1
Then, Cr (z ) = 0.22 ∗ 𝑙𝑛 [0.3] = 0.66

Ct (z ) = Topography Coefficient:

Φ = Upwind slope H/Lu in the wind direction = 30/500 = 0.06

Le = Effective length of upwind slope = Lu, if 0.05 < Φ < 0.3
The topography affected zone is marked in the diagram shown below.
s = A factor to be obtained by interpolation from the value of s = 1.0 at the crest
of escarpment and the value s = 0 at the boundary of the topography affected
zone.
 S=0 S=0 Boundary of topography
affected zone

S=1 0.5 Le =
250 m
Wind
H = 30 m
200 m

0.75 Le = 375 m S=0

Lu = Le = 500 m

Here s = 0.4667 (Horizontally interpolated value)

Therefore, Ct = 1 + 2s Φ = 1 + 2(0.4667)(0.06) = 1.056
 7 KT 
Ce(ze) = Cr ( z ) * Ct ( z ) 1 
2 2

 C r ( z ) * Ct ( z ) 
= 0.662*1.0562(1+7*0.22/0.66*1.056)
=1.56
External pressure coefficient Cpe: for 00

e = b or 2h which e/4 = 3.05m F

Ever is smaller.
b = 30 m;
2h = 2*6.1 = 12.2m
Hence e = 12.2 m
α = Tan-1(1.6/6) 23.9 m
G H J I 30 m
= 15°
Area F = 3.721 m2
Area G = 29.158 m2
Area H = 143.4 m2 e/4 = 3.05m
F
2
Area I = 143.4 m
Area J = 36.6 m2

e/10 = 1.22 m 4.78m 4.78m

1.22m
Values of Cpe are given in table A4 in appendix A, for different values of pitch angle α and for
zone area above 10 m2 and zone area below 1 m2.
In the areas of different zones above, area F is in between 1 m2 and 10 m2.
For this area F, Cpe is determined from the figure A1 of appendix A.
Cpe for Area F = Cpe1 + (Cpe10 - Cpe1) log10A; for area F, Cpe1 = -2.0 & Cpe10 = -0.9
Cpe for Area F = -2.0 + (-0.9 – (-2.0)) log103.721 = -0.5136
All the other areas are more than 10 m2, therefore, Cpe for all other areas = Cpe10
Internal pressure coefficient Cpi:
Internal pressure coefficient Cpi for buildings without internal partitions is based on the value

ΣArea of openings at the leeward and wind parallel side

= (6*2.5*2.75) + (4*2.0*2.75) + (2*2.5*3.0) = 78.25m2
ΣArea of openings at the windward, leeward and wind parallel side
= 78.25 + (6*2.5*2.75) =119.5m2
78.25
 = 0.6548; For μ = 0.6548, the value of Cpi from figure A11, = -0.125
119.5
The summary of the Cpe and Cpi values are shown below in a table.
Zone F G H I J
Area (m2) 3.721 143.4 143.4 36.6

Cpe (-ve) -0.5136 -0.8 -0.3 -0.4 -1.0

Cpe (+ve) 0.2 0.2 0.2 ------ -----
Cpi -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125
(Cpe - Cpi) +ve 0.325 0.325 0.325 0.125 0.125
(Cpe - Cpi) -ve

In the problem it is asked to calculate the wind load on the roof truss which is at the middle of the
roof truss assembly. The middle truss is spanned across the zones G, H, I and J. Out of the zones,
0coefficient for G is critical; hence the load on roof truss is considered based on the critical value.
Went = We – Wi = qref Ce (z) [Cpe – Cpi] = 0.2355 * 1.56 * [-0.8 – (-0.125)] = -0.247kN/m2
This Went acts on the roof covering, which is supported by purlins. Purlins are supported by the
truss. Consider purlins to be supported at each and every joint of the principal rafter of the truss.
The figure below shows the load transfer path.

Purlins

Roof truss

Roof covering

Center to center distance between

6.21 m the purlins = 6.21/4 = 1.5524 m

Center to center distance between the truss = 3m

Load transferred to the purlin from the roof covering = - 0.247 * 1.5524 = -0.383 kN/m
Load transferred over the intermediate joints of principal rafter of truss = -0.383*3
= -1.15 KN
Load transferred over the end joints of principal rafter of truss = -1.15/2 = -0.575kN
These loads are perpendicular to the principal rafter of the truss.
Example 2: A twenty storey RC framed building has plan dimensions 15 m X 30 m. Height of
the building is 70 m. Estimate its fundamental period of vibration.

The fundamental period of vibration T1 = C1 H3/4

C1 = 0.075; H = 70 m
T1 = C1 H3/4 = 0.075 (70) 3/4 = 1.82 sec.
Example 3: A four storey building has an elevation shown in figure and is located in Ambo.
Determine the lateral forces and storey shears on an inner frame due to earthquake using the
following data.

Bay width = 6 m center to center

Frame spacing = 5 m center to center
Height of ground floor =4m
Height of other floors = 3.5 m
Floor thickness including
Finishes = 15 cm
Outer columns = 25 cm x 30 cm – 2 numbers
Inner columns = 25 cm x 40 cm – 3 numbers
Girder below floor slab = 25 cm x 40 cm
Live load = 3 kN/m2
There is no wall in this frame. Consider that the second floor is utilized fully for storage purposes.

Solution:
Weight at ground floor
At any floor, half of the weight of walls and columns below it and half of that above it are lumped
at this level along with the weight of the floor and girder.
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3
Weight of floor slab = 0.15 * 5.75*4.75* 4 * 25 = 409.6875kN
Weight of Girder = ((0.25 * 0.4 * 24 * 2*25) + (0.25*0.4*5*5*25)) = 182.2 KN
Weight of outer columns = 0.25 * 0.3 * {(4 + 3.5)/2}* 25 * 4= 28.2 KN
Weight of inner columns = 0.25 * 0.4 * {(4 + 3.5)/2}* 25 * 6= 56.25 KN
Total = 676.34 KN
Weight at first floor
Weight of floor slab = 0.15 * 5.75*4.75* 4 * 25 = 409.6875kN
Weight of Girder = ((0.25 * 0.4 * 24 * 2*25) + (0.25*0.4*5*5*25)) = 182.2 KN
Weight of outer columns = 0.25 * 0.3 * 3.5 * 25 * 4= 26.2 KN
Weight of inner columns = 0.25 * 0.4 * 3.5 * 25 * 6= 52.5 KN
Total = 670.59 KN
Weight at second floor
25 % of live load = 0.25 * 3 * 24 * 4 = 72 KN
Weight at second floor = 670.59 + 72 = 742.59KN
Weight at roof
Weight of roof slab = 0 .15 * 5.75*4.75* 4 * 25 = 409.6875kN
Weight of Girder = ((0.25 * 0.4 * 24 * 2*25) + (0.25*0.4*5*5*25)) = 182.2 KN
Weight of outer columns = 0.25 * 0.3 * 3.5/2 * 25 * 4= 13.2kN
Weight of inner columns = 0.25 * 0.4 * 3.5/2 * 25 * 6= 26.25 KN
Total = 631.34 KN
Weight of the columns in the foundation
= (2 * 2 * 0.25 * 0.3 * 25) + (2 * 6 * 0.25 * 0.4 * 25) =45 KN

Total weight of the building per frame

W = 676.34 + 670.59 + 742.59 + 631.34 + 45= 2765.846KN

Base shear: Fb = Sd (T1) W

Sd (T) = αβγ
α = α0I
α0 for zone 1 (Ambo) = 0.03
I from table2.4 = 1.0 (ordinary buildings)
α = 0.03 * 1.0 = 0.03
β = 1.2 S/T2/3
T1 = C1 H3/4
C1 = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
H = 14.5 m
T1 = 0.075 (14.5) ¾ = 0.56 sec
Considering subsoil class B, Site coefficient S = 1.2

β = 1.2 (1.2)/ (0.56)2/3 = 2.12 < 2.5 Hence OK

Take β = 2.12
γ = γ0 kD kR kW ≤ 0.70
γ0 for frame system = 0.2
kD = 1.5 (considering medium ductile)
kR = 1 (considering regular structure)
kW = 1 (for frame structure)
γ = 0.2 * 1.5 * 1 * 1 = 0.3
Sd (T) = αβγ = 0.03 * 2.12 * 0.3 = 0.019

Base shear = 0.019* W = 0.0636 *2765.846 = 52.77kN

Distribution of base shear to storey
Ft = 0.07 T1 Fb = 0.07 * 0.56 * 55.77 = 2.07kN
Fi = (Fb – Ft) Wi hi
 Σ Wj hj
Example 4. A one storey residential building has an elevation shown in figure and is located in Ambo.
Determine the lateral forces and story shears. Using the following data.
Floor and top RC roof thickness including finish = 15cm
Dimensions of column = 25x25cm
The dimensions of beams on the first floor and at the ground = 25x30cm
The dimensions of beams at the roof level = 25x25cm
There are walls supported by all the beams in ground and first story’s in the frame.
Parapet walls are provided for the roof
The building is constructed on deep deposit of medium dense sand.

Front View End View

 A

S1 S2
3.5m

S3 S4 3m

4m 5m

1 2 3

FIRST FLOOR
 Center of mass calculation

W
i
Descript Unit
Length Width Depth Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi *
ion wt.
TOP Y
ROOF i

Slab as
9.25 6.75 0.15 25 234.1 4.5 3.25 1053.63 760.957
SLAB a whole

BEAM
3.250 0.250 0.250 25 5.078 0 4.75 0.00 24.1211
S 1AB

1BC 2.750 0.250 0.250 25 4.297 0 1.5 0.00 6.44531

2AB 3.250 0.250 0.250 25 5.078 4 4.75 20.31 24.1211

2BC 2.750 0.250 0.250 25 4.297 4 1.5 17.19 6.44531

3AB 3.250 0.250 0.250 25 5.078 9 4.75 45.70 24.1211

3BC 2.750 0.250 0.250 25 4.297 9 1.5 38.67 6.44531

A12 3.750 0.250 0.250 25 5.859 2 6.5 11.7188 38.0859

B12 3.750 0.250 0.250 25 5.859 2 3 11.7188 17.5781

C12 3.750 0.250 0.250 25 5.859 2 0 11.7188 0

A23 4.750 0.250 0.250 25 7.422 6.5 6.5 48.2422 48.2422

B23 4.750 0.250 0.250 25 7.422 6.5 3 48.2422 22.2656

C23 4.750 0.250 0.250 25 7.422 6.5 0 48.2422 0

PARAP
6.500 0.250 0.900 14 20.48 0 3.25 0 66.5438
ETS 1

3 6.500 0.250 0.900 14 20.48 9 3.25 184.275 66.5438

A 9.000 0.250 0.900 14 28.35 4.5 6.5 127.575 184.275

C 9.000 0.250 0.900 14 28.35 4.5 0 127.575 0

 TOTAL 399.8 1794.82 1296.19

Calculation center of mass Xm and Ym

For top roof
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi = 1794.82 / 399.8= 4.49m
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi = 1296.19 / 399.8= 3.24m

FIRST
FLOO
Unit
R and DESIGN Lngth Width Depth Wi Xi Yi Wi*Xi Wi*Yi
wt.
Groun ATION
d floor
Slab as a 1053.6
9.25 6.75 0.15 25 234.1 4.5 3.25 760.957
SLAB whole 3
BEAM
3.250 0.250 0.300 25 6.094 0 4.75 0.00 28.9453
S 1AB

2.750 0.250 0.300 25 5.156 0 1.5 0.00 7.73438

1BC

3.250 0.250 0.300 25 6.094 4 4.75 24.38 28.9453

2AB

2.750 0.250 0.300 25 5.156 4 1.5 20.63 7.73438

2BC

3.250 0.250 0.300 25 6.094 9 4.75 54.84 28.9453

3AB

2.750 0.250 0.300 25 5.156 9 1.5 46.41 7.73438

3BC
14.062
3.750 0.250 0.300 25 7.031 2 6.5 45.7031
A12 5
14.062
3.750 0.250 0.300 25 7.031 2 3 21.0938
B12 5
14.062
3.750 0.250 0.300 25 7.031 2 0 0
C12 5
57.890
4.750 0.250 0.300 25 8.906 6.5 6.5 57.8906
A23 6
57.890
4.750 0.250 0.300 25 8.906 6.5 3 26.7188
B23 6
 57.890
4.750 0.250 0.300 25 8.906 6.5 0 0
C23 6
COLU
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 0 6.5 0 28.9453
MNS A1
17.812
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 4 6.5 28.9453
A2 5
40.078
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 9 6.5 28.9453
A3 1

2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 0 3 0 13.3594

B1
17.812
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 4 3 13.3594
B2 5
40.078
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 9 3 13.3594
B3 1

2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 0 0 0 0

C1
17.812
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 4 0 0
C2 5
40.078
2.850 0.250 0.250 25 4.453 9 0 0
C3 1
WALL
6.75 0.250 2.75 14 64.97 0 3.25 0 211.148
S 1ABC
259.87
6.75 0.250 2.75 14 64.97 4 3.25 211.148
2ABC 5
584.71
6.75 0.250 2.75 14 64.97 9 3.25 211.148
3ABC 9
72.187
3.75 0.250 2.75 14 36.09 2 6.5 234.609
A12 5
297.17
4.75 0.250 2.75 14 45.72 6.5 6.5 297.172
A23 2
72.187
3.75 0.250 2.75 14 36.09 2 3 108.281
B12 5
297.17
4.75 0.250 2.75 14 45.72 6.5 3 137.156
B23 2
72.187
3.75 0.250 2.75 14 36.09 2 0 0
C12 5
 297.17
4.75 0.250 2.75 14 45.72 6.5 0 0
C23 2
TOTA 3542.0
796.1 2559.98
L 9
BELOW THE
GROUND FLOOR

COLUMNS A1 1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 0 6.5 0 15.2344

A2 1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 4 6.5 9.375 15.2344

21.093
1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 9 6.5 15.2344
A3 8

B1 1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 0 3 0 7.03125

B2 1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 4 3 9.375 7.03125

21.093
1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 9 3 7.03125
B3 8

C1 1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 0 0 0 0

C2 1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 4 0 9.375 0

21.093
1.5 0.25 0.25 25 2.344 9 0 0
C3 8
91.406
21.09 66.7969
TOTAL 3

Calculation center of mass Xm and Ym

For First floor
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi
= 3542.09/ 796.1 = 4.45m
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi
= 2559.98 / 796.1= 3.22m
Calculation center of mass Xm and Ym
For Ground floor
Xm = ΣWi Xi / ΣWi
= 3542.09 + (91.4/2) / 796.1+ (21.09/2) = 4.45m
Ym = ΣWi Yi / ΣWi
= 2559.98 + (66.8/2) / 796.1+ (21.09/2) = 3.22m
Total weight of the structure
W = 399.8 + 796.1 + 796.1 + 21.09/2 = 2002.5 kN
Design spectrum (Page 10, Art.1.4.2.2 (4) to (7) – EBCS 8)
Sd(T) = αβγ
Where α = the ratio of design bedrock acceleration to the acceleration
of gravity g and is given by α = α0I
Where α0 = the bedrock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on the seismic zone
Bedrock acceleration ratio α0
Zone 4 3 2 1

α0 0.10 0.07 0.05 0.03

α0 for zone 4 (Awassa) = 0.1

I from table 2.4 = 1.0 (ordinary buildings)
α = 0.1 * 1.0 = 0.1
β = 1.2 S/T2/3
T1 = C1 H3/4
C1 = 0.075 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames
H = 3 + 3 + 1.5 = 7.5 m
T1 = 0.075 (7.5)¾ = 0.3399 sec
Considering subsoil class B, Site coefficient S = 1.2
β = 1.2 (1.2)/(0.3399)2/3 = 2.956 But should be < 2.5
Take β = 2.5
γ = γ0 kD kR kW ≤ 0.70
γ0 for frame system = 0.2
kD = 1.5 (considering medium ductile)
kR = 1 (considering regular structure)
kW = 1 (for frame structure)
γ = 0.2 * 1.5 * 1 * 1 = 0.3
Sd(T) = αβγ = 0.1 * 2.5 * 0.3 = 0.075
Base shear = Sd(T) * W = 0.075 * 2002.5 = 150.2 kN
Distribution of base shear to storey
Ft = 0.07 T1 Fb = 0.07 * 0.3399 * 150.2
= 3.57 kN
Fi = (Fb – Ft) Wi hi
Σ Wi hi

Floor Weight (kN) Level(m) Wi hi Fi (kN)

Ground 806.65 1.5 1210 22.77

First 796.1 4.5 3582.45 67.42

Roof 399.8 7.5 2998.5 56.43
7791