1st IEEE International conference on Innovations in High-Speed Communication and Signal Processing (IEEE-IHCSP) 4-5 March, 2023

Detection And Classification of Lung Cancer CT Images

Using Mask R-CNN Based Generated Mask Method
1st Sucheta Bhardwaj 2nd Ebtasam Ahmad Siddiqui 3rd Vijayshri Chaurasia
2023 1st International Conference on Innovations in High Speed Communication and Signal Processing (IHCSP) | 979-8-3503-4595-7/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/IHCSP56702.2023.10127160

Senior Firmware Engineer ECE Department ECE Department

Motherson Innovation Maulana Azad National Institute of Maulana Azad National Institute of
Germany Technology, Bhopal, India Technology, Bhopal, India
sucheta.bhardwaj@motherson.com ebtasam.bh27@gmail.com vijayshree21@gmail.com

4th Madhu Shandilya 5th Mamta Patankar 6th Ana Kumar

ECE Department ECE Department ECE Department
Maulana Azad National Institute of Maulana Azad National Institute of Gautam Buddha University
Technology, Bhopal, India Technology, Bhopal, India Greater Noida, India
madhu_shandilya@yahoo.in patankarmamta@gmail.com anakumar59@gmail.com

Abstract — In the medical field, computer vision systems, and
especially image diagnostics, provide a wide range of useful tools.
Computed tomography (CT) scans are the gold standard for
identifying a wide variety of medical disorders, from bone
fractures to lung cancer to heart disease (CT). One of the top four
mortality rate disease in the world is lung cancer. The lung areas
are divided up for clinical diagnostics after being defined. This
study suggests combining supervised and unsupervised machine
learning techniques with the CNN and model specialization using
R-CNN for lung area mapping to separate the lungs in CT images
automatically. Accuracy of 99.21%, sensitivity of 99.33%, and
specificity of 98.97% were achieved by our approach to lung tissue
classification using a combination of a Mask Region -
Convolutional Neural Network (MR-CNN) and a support vector
machine. We checked our results against the work of other
scientists to be sure we weren't missing anything. Our solution
outperformed other state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy
and speed.
Keywords — Computed Tomography, Classification,
processing, Feature selection, Performance parameters
I. INTRODUCTION
Smoking, occupational exposure, immune system
abnormalities, and air pollution are all factors that might lead to
respiratory infections, according to the World Health
Organization [1]. Lung cancer, tuberculosis (TB), and chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are the three most
common lung disorders [4] that have a major societal effect
(COPD). COPD, the fifth most common cause of respiratory
impairment, mostly affects those over 45, or around 10% of the
global population [5]. COPD is the third-leading cause of death
globally and will continue to rise to third place by 2030 [6].
Over 150 chronic pulmonary disorders are included under the
lung infections (LI) [7]. Brought on by inflammation of the lung
tissues, also has grave implications. Early recognition is crucial
for effective therapy. An accurate and speedy diagnosis is
necessary to treat lung-related disorders effectively.
In the last several decades, the CT scan has been one of the most
important advances in clinical devices used to improve medical
diagnosis. Additionally, Deep Learning has been used in the
creation of computer vision systems, Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN), and Digital Image Processing (DIP)
strategies for automating the identification of lung regions. The
combination of robust ANNs and deep learning techniques has
made it possible to segment the lungs automatically and semi-
automatically, a significant advancement in computer vision.
II. RELATED WORK
In the literature, many classification techniques based on
ACM have been suggested. Based on ACM [7] and FGAC, the
preparatory works are displayed in this part and are utilized for
comparison in the findings and discussion section. Gradient
vectors are the foundation of the GVF that Xu and Jerry L
developed [8] to create the curve if the boundaries are poorly
defined. Li and Scott's Vector Field Convolution (VFC) [8]
considers that external energy might constitute a convolution
process. VFC offers benefits over GVF in terms of
Pre-
computational cost due to its lower price. The AMC Crisp uses
Hounsfield units to create image analysis ranges inspired by
lung tissue density (HU). The technique uses heuristics based
on understanding the HU intensity ranges. Although the
approach is novel for density analysis, it suffers from
topological changes in the picture and has limits when the initial
curve is generated in decentralized parts [20].
According to Barros [21], the classifier Optimum Path Forest
served as inspiration for the approach known as Optimum Path
Snakes (OPS) (OPF). By acting as an explorer point in this
manner, each curve point may examine its surroundings and
choose the best course for evolution. When objects of interest
are close, the gradient that surrounds their edges exhibits high
sensitivity to the initialization to FGAC. It leads to an
unfavorable categorization. Efficient training of the network is
very important, effective machine learning methods are used in
In view of above, this paper proposes an adaptable method for
localizing the relevant region. Our approach is based on a new
pixel categorization method called Mask R-CNN that analyses
local areas using Convolutional Neural Networks depending on
the region. Efficient weight updation methods d uring training
of the ANN is used in [25]-[31]. Some of the contrast
enhancements of the image samples are used in [32], [33].
Classification of the image samples by the deep learning

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 1st IEEE International conference on Innovations in High-Speed Communication and Signal Processing (IEEE-IHCSP) 4-5 March, 2023
methods is an emerging area. Lung cancer and Breast cancer
diagnosis is performed in [34]-[36].
III. METHODOLOGY
In this study, we proposed using Mask RCNN to classify CT
images of the lung. Both the training and testing datasets
utilized are freely available to the public. Once training is
complete, the network is trained using the available training
data using the suggested Mask R-CNN method [16-18]. Fig. 1
displays Mask-structural RCNN's layout.
A. Mask R-CNN
CNN is a deep learning technique for data classification that
employs a fully connected layer and a sequence of operations
[20]. Classification, convolution, pooling, ReLu, padding,
dropout, and entirely connected layers are only some of the
common kinds of layers included in the deep learning
framework, often known as CNN architecture. Pre-trained
networks and the AlexNet deep learning architecture have
allowed CNN-model picture classification applications to make
great strides forward. With the rise in popularity of deep
learning-based designs, the regional-convolutional neural
network (R-CNN) [19] was created by integrating the region
proposal into the CNN's original architecture. The R-CNN
design only requires object boxes to be generated once per
picture, which greatly sped up the training and testing processes
[21]. Increased model speed was achieved by using a larger
region proposal network (RPN) for selective search in Faster R-
CNN [22]. The Mask R-CNN deep learning model [23] is one
of the best image classification methods because it uses the
mask to identify the object's pixels rather than boxes. As can be
shown in Fig. 1, the Mask R-CNN architecture performs very
well when it comes to selecting patterns as targets. Just like
Faster R-CNN, Mask R-CNN is built in two phases. Before
deciding what category, an object belongs to, RPNs (likely
regions for object recognition) are determined. The last step in
these two stages is to choose a backbone structure. These
skeletons arrange the information geographically before
transmitting it to the fully linked layer. We can classify on the
whole interconnected layer. In order to identify important areas,
Mask R-CNN aligns the area of a layer of interest with the
classifications made by a neural network (ROI-align). ROI-
align is quicker than ROI-pooling since it does not need to
compute costs for each individual region. The average cross
entropy between the predicted and target masks is calculated
using Eq. M-mask. Faster R-CNN-based multi-task loss [24] is
M-Mask R-CNN. The base-level ROI M-mask is provided. The
Mbox loss is computed using the proposed bounding boxes
from the sliding window of the feature map [17, 18].
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑅𝑅−𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 𝑀𝑀𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑀𝑀𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
During training and testing, inspect and assess the mask R-
CNN model. This loss function combines the loss functions for
classification, classification, and the created mask. Mclass and
Mbox, the category and bounding-box losses, are the same as
those described in [18]. Binaries were used to produce the mask
values; therefore, the mask loss function. If the region belongs
to the kth ground truth class, Mask is the average binary cross-
entropy loss that only includes the kth mask as follows:
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𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −
1
∑𝑎𝑎=1 ∑𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏=1 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 log(Ṕ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎) + (1 − 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) log(1 − Ṕ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎)
𝑥𝑥 2
(2)
In this case, the ab) cell label in the true mask of the n-th area
is substituted with the predicted value Pab of the corresponding
cell in the mask learnt for the ground-truth class k. This
demonstrates that the created deep learning model was trained
adequately without experiencing overfitting issues [19].
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
This section explains both the setup of the studies and their
outcomes. Two steps are taken to show the results. Our
technique suggests that the results and explanation of the
models make up the first stage. The second phase involves
comparing our top model to two related pieces of work. In
addition to classification measures, the results are reported in
computing cost. Several experimental activities were conducted
in this study to confirm the effectiveness of the suggested
method for lung classification in CT images. Measurement
measures were used to verify practical efforts' outcomes and
conclusions, which were then examined.
A. Dataset and Augmentation
The LIDC-IDRI dataset was used for this paper's study (The
Lung Image Database Consortium). Four seasoned thoracic
radiologists annotated the images, designating the lesions as
according to their size, falling into one of three categories
(nodule 3mm, non-nodule 3mm, or nodule 3mm). From a pool
of 6889 CT scans with nodules that we randomly choose from
LIDC-IDRI, we used 1325 CT scans as test sets and 5564 as
training sets for our experiments. Intensity inhomogeneity and
lesion border blur in CT images may make lung nodule
classification challenging.
In order to address the issues, the Laplacian operator employs
Laplace feature dimension reduction to refine the feature of the
lung nodules. As the kernels traverse each picture
independently in stride=1, the junction's drastically elevated
grey level sharpens the edges of nodules.
B. Results
The Mask + SVM model is among the supervised techniques
because it produces superior classification outcomes. However,
models built using unsupervised approaches are excellent. High
accuracy is both desired and necessary in medical analyses.
However, while working with classification jobs, it's essential
to pay attention to the sensitivity results because they're more
expected than results with higher specific values. The results of
Mask + Bayes, Mask + SVM, and Mask + GMMs inaccurately
classified some lung locations in CT images as non-pulmonary
regions because to lower specificity values. Therefore, it is
probable that in certain instances, some pulmonary nodules in a
(1) certain area weren't taken into account and were labelled as
non-pulmonary areas throughout the classification procedure.
Additionally, several significant standard deviation values were
also discovered; for instance, when comparing the accuracy, the
Mask + Bayes model was 3.42 standard deviations higher than
the Mask + K means model, at 11.11 standard deviations.
498
 1st IEEE International conference on Innovations in High-Speed Communication and Signal Processing (IEEE-IHCSP) 4-5 March, 2023

Fig.1. Architecture of proposed Mask- RCNN

Table 1. U AND

Metrics Approaches

Mask R-CNN Mask + Bayes Mask + K - means Mask + EM Mask + SVM

Accuracy 97.82 98.41 98.72 98.94 99.21
Sensitivity 96.17 96.18 97.79 98.97 99.33
Specificity 95.03 94.23 97.69 98.11 98.97
F-1 Score 95.21 94.78 97.34 98.62 99.24
FPR 0.0045 0.0051 0.0035 0.0031 0.0024
FNR 0.0038 0.0047 0.0044 0.0028 0.0019

After the initial phase of this investigation, it was evident and
well-defined that the optimal strategy relied the Mask + K-
means approach was more effective than unsupervised
approaches, superior to Mask-RCNN and other models for the
classification of lung CT images.
The Mask + K-means approach produced the most significant
metric values across the board, with a sensitivity of 96.58 %
compared to Mask + SVM's sensitivity of 96.69, accuracy of
97.68 %, specificity of 97.11 %, etc. When compared to the
average deviation values for the sensitivity metric, the standard
deviation numbers for the other metrics of the Mask + SVM
were lower. This led to the next stage being decided upon being
the Mask + K-means model.
By comparing Mask + K-means to two comparable studies that
were created and attempted. The second phase of this study was
validating an active contour-based technique for categorizing
lung CT images using Mask + K-means. There was a total of
36 lung pictures analyzed for this study.
Table 1 shows the performance parameters with their
formulas that we calculate using two different datasets. In these
parameters, here are the seven metrics we calculate: accuracy,
sensitivity, specificity, precision, F-1 Score, false positive rate
(FPR), and false negative rate (FNR). You can see the results of
our suggested Mask R-CNN using the SVM technique on two
distinct datasets (LIDC-IDRI and LUNA 16) in Table 3.
In all data sets, we measure four performance metrics:
accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F-1 Score. In the
LIDC_IDRI datasets, we take 888 images; after augmentation,
we have 4440 images; on the second dataset, the LUNA 16
dataset, we have 921 images, and after augmentation, we have
4605 images. After evaluating performance parameters, we see
that the LIDC-IDRI dataset gives the best performance in all
performance parameters. Table 4 shows performance results
based on different K–fold validations.
In this K-fold validation, we see that ten-fold validation gives
the best results in all performance parameters. Fig 2 compares
our proposed Mask R-CNN with the SVM method with existing
R-CNN methods. The graph indicates Mask R-CNN with SVM
classifies pictures best among all algorithms and offers the best
results in performance criteria like as accuracy, sensitivity,
specificity, and F-1 Score. In Figure 3, we compare our
suggested Mask R-CNN with the SVM technique to another R-
CNN approach, and we see that the ROC curve for our method
is more favorable. When combined with the SVM technique,
the suggested Mask R-CNN achieves an AUC of 0.9942, the
highest of any R-CNN-related approach. In this last phase, we
used our preferred approach (Mask + K-means) on the same set
of 36 lung CT scans used in the previous study.

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TABLE II. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF OUR PROPOSED METHOD ON DIFFERENT DATASETS

Datasets Performance parameters
Images Augmented Images Accuracy Sensitivity Specificity F-1 Score
LIDC-IDRI 888 4440 99.21% 99.33% 98.97% 99.24%

LUNA 16 921 4605 98.38% 98.87% 98.11% 97.89%

TABLE III. RESULT BASED ON K-FOLD VALIDATION

K-Fold Accuracy Sensitivity Specificity

5 93.21% 94.91% 91.25%
10 99.21% 99.33% 98.97%
15 98.97% 96.53% 96.39%
20 98.57% 95.83% 95.47%

Fig.3. ROC curve analysis for Mask R-CNN with SVM method
Fig.2. Comparison Graph of proposed method with existing
with existing R-CNN methods
methods of R-CNN

Mask R-CNN and SVM, the combination of Mask R-CNN and

V. CONCLUSION
In this work, we offer an improved method for automated
lung classification using computed tomography (CT) pictures.
Using ML masks with R-CNN. As the lungs are imaged during
a clinical CT scan while the respiratory system is functioning,
different-sized pictures of the lungs (CT slices) are produced
due to the inflating and deflating process. This poses a problem
for lung classification. In our method, we employed a clustering
strategy in conjunction with supervised and unsupervised lung
area mapping approaches, as well as transfer learning, erosion,
and dilatation at the Mask R-CNN network's output, and a
kernel factor to guide the network. For deep learning-based
models, the amount of data is crucial, and the outcomes are
closely related to the data used as the models' input. By
drastically lowering the amount of pictures required by the
neural model's interactions during training, our strategy
achieved excellent classification results. Additionally, our
automated method differs from many cutting-edge models that
employ semi-automatic models for lung classification or
preprocessing phases to enhance the quality of their outputs. To
determine which would perform best, we merged various
configurations of the suggested methodology, altering the
kernels between supervised and clustering approaches. After
K-means produced the greatest results. Accuracy (99.21%), and
Sensitivity (99.33%), Specificity (98.97%), F-Score (99.24%),
FPR (0.0024), and FNR (0.0019). Out of the five configurations
we suggested, the most successful results for segmenting lungs
in computed tomography images were obtained using the Mask
R-CNN and K-means setup.
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