Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch.

1.
(a) Amylase is a polymer of smaller molecules.

Name the type of smaller molecule.

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(b) Name the three parts of the human digestive system that produce amylase.

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(c) Explain how amylase breaks down starch.

Answer in terms of the ‘lock and key theory’.

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A student investigated the effect of temperature on the activity of amylase.

The figure below shows the apparatus used.

This is the method used.

1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above.
2. After 5 minutes, pour the starch solution into the amylase solution and mix.
3. Remove one drop of the starch-amylase mixture and place onto a spotting tile.
4. Immediately add two drops of iodine solution to the starch-amylase mixture
on the spotting tile.
5. Record the colour of the iodine solution added to the starch-amylase mixture.
6. Repeat steps 3 to 5 every minute until the iodine solution stays yellow-brown.
7. Repeat steps 1 to 6 using water at different temperatures.

(d) Name two control variables the student used in the investigation.

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2 ________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(e) Why did the student leave the starch solution and amylase solution for 5 minutes before
mixing them?

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The table below shows the results of the investigation.

Time taken until iodine

Temperature in °C solution stays
yellow-brown in minutes

5 did not become yellow-brown

20 5

35 2

50 7

65 14

80 did not become yellow-brown

(f) What conclusion can be made about the effect of temperature on amylase activity between
20 °C and 65 °C?

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(1)

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 (g) Explain the results at 5 °C and at 80 °C.

Use the table above.

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(h) The student investigated the effect of temperature on amylase activity.

Describe how the student could extend the investigation to determine the effect of a
different factor on amylase activity.

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(2)
(Total 17 marks)

The circulatory system is composed of the blood, blood vessels and the heart.
2.
(a) Urea is transported in the blood plasma.

Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(b) Some athletes train at high altitude.

Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm3 of blood.

Explain why having more red blood cells per cm3 of blood is an advantage to an athlete.

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(3)

(c) Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?

Tick two boxes.

Aorta

Coronary artery

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

Vena cava

(2)

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Figure 1 shows the three types of blood vessel.

Figure 1

(d) Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium?

Tick one box.

(1)

(e) Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein.

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(3)

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(f) Heart rate is controlled by a group of cells. This group of cells act as a pacemaker.

Figure 2 shows a section through the heart.

Draw an X on Figure 2 to show the position of the pacemaker.

Figure 2

(1)

(g) A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker.

What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?

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(1)
(Total 13 marks)

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 Explain how the human circulatory system is adapted to:
3.
• supply oxygen to the tissues

• remove waste products from tissues.

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(Total 6 marks)

The circulatory system contains arteries and veins.

4.
(a) (i) Describe how the structure of an artery is different from the structure of a vein.

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(ii) A comparison is made between blood taken from an artery in the leg and blood taken
from a vein in the leg.

Give two differences in the composition of the blood.

1. ____________________________________________________________

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2. ____________________________________________________________

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(2)

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 (b) During operations patients can lose a lot of blood. Patients often need blood transfusions to
keep them alive.

The text shows information about a new artificial blood product.

Suggest two possible advantages of using the new artificial blood, instead of using human
blood for a transfusion in humans.

1. _________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________

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(2)
(Total 6 marks)

A small animal called an axolotl lives in water. The axolotl has a double circulatory system.
5.
(a) Define the term double circulatory system.

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(1)

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Figure 1 shows the double circulatory system of the axolotl.

Figure 1

(b) The heart of the axolotl has only one ventricle.

Label the ventricle on Figure 1.

(1)

(c) Explain why having only one ventricle makes the circulatory system less efficient than
having two ventricles.

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(2)

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Figure 2 shows an axolotl.

Figure 2

(d) Explain why an axolotl may die in water with a low concentration of oxygen.

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(4)

If a gill of an axolotl is removed, a new gill will grow in its place.

Scientists hope to use information on how axolotls grow new gills to help with regenerating
human tissue.

(e) Name the type of cell that divides when a new gill grows.

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(1)

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 (f) Name one condition that could be treated using regenerated human tissue.

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(g) Suggest one reason why an axolotl is a suitable animal for research in the laboratory.

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(h) An axolotl may not be a suitable animal to study when researching regeneration in human
tissue.

Suggest one reason why.

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(1)
(Total 12 marks)

The figure below shows the internal structure of the human heart.
6.
One of the heart valves is labelled.

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Sometimes a valve in the heart can start to leak.

(a) Explain why a person with a leaking heart valve has difficulty exercising.

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(4)

A patient with a leaking heart valve may have the valve replaced.

A study compared two different types of replacement heart valve:

• mechanical valves

• biological valves from pigs.

The data used in the study was collected from female patients aged 50–69.

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The following table shows the data.

Type of replacement heart valve

Mechanical Biological

Number of patients given the valve 2852 1754

Number of patients who died from heart-related

180 178
problems after valve replacement

Percentage of patients alive after 5 years 91 89

Percentage of patients needing a second valve

2.2 5.2
replacement within 6 years

Percentage of patients who had a blood clot on the brain

5.8 0.1
after surgery

(b) Give one conclusion about the death of patients from heart-related problems after a valve
replacement.

Include calculations to support your answer.

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(3)

(c) One risk of mechanical valves is that blood clots can form on the surface of the valve.

Name the component of the blood that starts the process of blood clotting.

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(1)

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(d) Evaluate the use of mechanical replacement heart valves and biological replacement heart
valves.

Use information from the table above and your own knowledge.

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(6)
(Total 14 marks)

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 The diagram below shows the human digestive system.
7.

(a) Label the stomach and pancreas on the diagram.

(1)

(b) Many people suffer from stomach ulcers caused by a species of bacteria called
Helicobacter pylori.

The stomach is lined with a protective lining of mucus.

Helicobacter pylori are acid-tolerant bacteria which can damage this mucus lining.

Suggest how an infection with Helicobacter pylori might result in a stomach ulcer
developing.

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(2)

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(c) Helicobacter pylori can also cause stomach cancer.

Describe how a person infected with Helicobacter pylori could also develop liver cancer.

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(3)

(d) Gluten is a form of protein found in some grains.

Describe the test you would use to find out if protein is present in food.

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(2)

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 (e) Coeliac disease is a disease of the digestive system.

It damages the lining of the small intestine when foods that contain gluten are eaten.

When people with coeliac disease eat foods that contain gluten:
1. their immune system forms antibodies to gluten
2. these antibodies attack the lining of the small intestine
3. this causes inflammation in the intestines and damages the villi.

Symptoms of coeliac disease include poor growth.

Suggest why a person with coeliac disease might have this symptom.

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(4)
(Total 12 marks)

Figure 1 shows a cross section of a leaf.

8.
Figure 1

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(a) Which cell is most transparent?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

A B C D

(1)

(b) Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell?

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Plants lose water through their leaves.

(c) Name the cells in a leaf that control the rate of water loss.

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(d) Water is taken in by the roots, transported up the plant and lost from the leaves.

Which scientific term describes this movement of water?

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(e) Which change would decrease the rate of water loss from a plant’s leaves?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Increased humidity

Increased light intensity

Increased density of stomata

Increased temperature

(1)

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(f) Compare the structure and function of xylem tissue and phloem tissue.

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(6)

Figure 2 shows the total volume of water lost from a plant over 6 hours.

Figure 2

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(g) Determine the rate of water loss at 12:00

Use the tangent on the graph above.

Give your answer:

• in cm3 per minute
• in standard form.

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Rate of water loss = _______________ cm3 per minute

(4)

(h) The rate of water loss at midnight was much lower than at 12:00

Explain why.

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(2)
(Total 17 marks)

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 A student carried out an investigation using leaf epidermis.
9.
This is the method used.

1. Peel the lower epidermis from the underside of a leaf.

2. Cut the epidermis into six equal sized pieces.
3. Place each piece of lower epidermis into a different Petri dish.
4. Add 5 cm3 of salt solution to the six Petri dishes. Each Petri dish should have a different
concentration of salt solution.
5. After 1 hour, view each piece of epidermis under a microscope at ×400 magnification.
6. Count and record the total number of stomata present and the number of open stomata
that can be seen in one field of view.

The student’s results are shown in the table.

Concentration of Number of Number of open Percentage (%)

salt solution in stomata in field stomata in field of open stomata
mol / dm3 of view of view in field of view

0.0 7 7 100

0.1 8 8 100

0.2 7 6 X

0.3 9 6 67

0.4 10 4 40

0.5 9 2 22

(a) Calculate value X in the table above.

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X = ____________________ %
(1)

(b) Give one conclusion from the results in the table above.

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(1)

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(c) How could the student find out what concentration of salt solution would result in half of the
stomata being open?

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(1)

(d) The student measured the real diameter of the field of view to be 0.375 mm.

Calculate the number of open stomata per mm2 of leaf for the epidermis placed in 0.4 mol /
dm3 salt solution.

Use information from the table above.

Take π to be 3.14

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Number of open stomata = ____________________ per mm2

(3)

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 (e) The diagram below shows two guard cells surrounding a closed stoma and two guard cells
surrounding an open stoma.

When light intensity is high potassium ions are moved into the guard cells.

Describe how the movement of potassium ions into the guard cells causes the stoma to
open.

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(4)
(Total 10 marks)

Water moves from a plant to the atmosphere through the leaves.

10.
(a) How is the volume of water lost from the leaves controlled?

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(1)

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(b) Describe the transport of water through a plant from the roots to the atmosphere.

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(3)

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A student investigated the volume of water lost from two plants of different species.

Both plants were kept together.

Figure 1 shows the student’s results.

Figure 1

(c) Suggest one reason for the difference in the rate of water loss from the two plants in the
first 2.5 hours.

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(1)

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 Both plants were moved to a different place at 2.5 hours.

(d) Calculate the rate of water loss per hour in plant B from 2.5 hours to 3 hours.

Give your answer to 2 significant figures.

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Rate of water loss = _______________________ cm3/hour

(3)

(e) Suggest two reasons why the rate of water loss in both plants changed after 2.5 hours.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Water and carbon dioxide are exchanged between leaves and the atmosphere through pores
11. called stomata.

(a) Name the cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata.

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(1)

Water moves through a plant in the transpiration stream.

(b) Describe two differences between the transpiration stream and translocation.

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(2)

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(c) Which environmental conditions would cause the rate of transpiration to be greatest in a
plant?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Cold with low humidity

Cold with high humidity

Warm with low humidity

Warm with high humidity

(1)

The figure below shows information about the mean width of the stomata in a plant.

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(d) The changes in the mean width of the stomata in normal conditions are an advantage to
the plant.

Explain how.

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(4)

(e) The changes in the mean width of the stomata in low atmospheric carbon dioxide are
different from the changes in normal conditions.

Explain how the difference helps the plant to survive in low atmospheric carbon dioxide.

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(2)
(Total 10 marks)

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 Plants exchange substances with the environment.
12.
(a) Plant roots absorb water mainly by osmosis.
Plant roots absorb ions mainly by active transport.

Explain why roots need to use the two different methods to absorb water and ions.

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(4)

(b) What is meant by the transpiration stream?

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(3)

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(c) Students investigated the loss of water vapour from leaves.

The students:

• cut some leaves off a plant

• measured the mass of these leaves every 30 minutes for 180 minutes.

The graph shows the students’ results.

(i) The rate of mass loss in the first 30 minutes was 7 milligrams per gram of leaf per
minute.

Calculate the rate of mass loss between 30 minutes and 180 minutes.

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Rate of mass loss = _______________ milligrams per gram of leaf per minute
(2)

(ii) The rate of mass loss between 0 and 30 minutes was very different from the rate of
mass loss between 30 and 180 minutes.

Suggest an explanation for the difference between the two rates.

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(2)
(Total 11 marks)

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