11.07.

23

D en ta l a n a to m y ,
How to indentify a tooth
m o rp h o lo g y a n d Incisors
e v o l u t io n a r y a s p e c t s • Group
• Flat, spatulate, blade-
shape. Dentine patches
have rectangular or
2023 square shape.
Ann Margvelashvili
• Sidedness
Tbilisi State University • The distal corner is more
Georgian National Museum rounded than the mesial,
Part II root tip and the axis of
the root is tilted distally

1 2

How to indentify a tooth How to indentify a tooth

Canines Premolars
• Group • Group
• Conical. Dentine • Round, bicuspids, can be

mesial
patches are

distal
single- or double-rooted.

distal
mesial
mesial
diamond shaped.
Roots are longer • Sidedness
mesial

than in any other • Lingual cusp is smaller

distal

mesial

mesial
than the buccal cusp and
distal

teeth. UP3
is placed more mesially.
• Sidedness Root is tilted distally
• Mesial occlusal
edge is shorter than

distal
mesial

mesial
distal
the distal one, axis mesial
of the root is tilted
distally
LP3

3 4

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How to identify a tooth

Molars
• Group
• Multi-cusped and multi-
rooted: 3 roots on upper
molars and 2 roots on
lower ones. 4 cusps on
upper molars and 5 cusps
on lower.
• Sidedness
• Protocone/id is the
largest cusp.
• Metaconid (lower teeth)
is the highest

5 6

Is the tooth deciduous Function & Diet

or permanent?
Distinguishing features of • Insectivores
deciduous dentition:
• Frugivores
1. Smaller size.
2. Thinner enamel. • Folivores
3. Shorter, thinner and more
divergent roots that are often
resorbed. White&Folkens

4. More bulbous in shape.

5. Bulging out above the
cervicoenamel line more
prominently.
6. 1st molars are very different in
shape.

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Function & Diet Function & Diet

• Insectivores • Frugivores
• Short pointed front teeth (to kill and immobilize the prey). • Long, protruding front teeth.
• Steep, transversely oriented shearing blades on posterior dentition • Low and blunt molars Papio ursinus

Tarsius syrichta

epicpictures.org
http://planete.simiesque.free.fr profimedia.si

9 10

Function & Diet Function and Diet

Gorilla

• Folivores Orangutan

• Small front teeth.

• Sharp cutting edges on post-canine teeth for extensive mastication.

Colobus guereza

http://planete.simiesque.free.fr

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Orangutan

Function asnd Diet

Chimpanzee Human

13 14

Diet Diet

A: Lophocebus albigena; B: Homo erectus; C: Homo habilis; D: Gorilla gorillas

Ungar&Sponheimer 2011
Ungar, Grine & Teaford 2010

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Tooth-Food “death match” Tooth-Food “death match”

• Enamel prisms (Hydroxiapatite crystals bundle to form prisms -
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) • Enamel prism oriantation
Prism size: 5μm
(0.005mm)

Zeygerson et. al.2000 Raue et. al. 2012

17 18

Enamel thickness in Hominoids

• (a) Area of the enamel
cap.
• (b) Thin line indicates
enamel dentine
junction (EDJ).
• (c) Dentine area under
the enamel cap
hemmed by both
lines.

Pampush et. al. 2013

19 20

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Enamel thickness in Hominoids Life of Tooth

• (a) Area of the enamel • Growth
cap.
• (b) Thin line indicates
enamel dentine
junction (EDJ). • Calcification
• (c) Dentine area under
the enamel cap

Tim
hemmed by both
lines. •Eruption

e
•Tooth wear
Pampush et. al. 2013

21 22

Tooth development Tooth formation stages

Action and interaction of ectoderm and underlying

mesenchyme

Abigail Tucker & Paul Sharpe

Nature Reviews Genetics 5, 499-508 (July 2004)

23 24

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Tooth Tooth
formation formation

Jernvall & Thesleff & 2012 Thesleff & Tummer 2009

25 26

Shape, size and position of teeth Shape, size and position of teeth
• Mammalian molars develop in anterior to posterior direction. • The last teeth to form, will be the first to be lost.
• Relative size of the adjacent teeth allows us to predict the
presence and size of additional teeth . Permanent molars
Permanent molars
Deciduous molars
• It is unlikely that a large M2 is followed by a very small M3 Deciduous molars

• It is unknown how molar initiation or size is regulated

X

Last teeth to form X

Posterior
Anterior

Tooth loss

Premolars Premolars

Kavanagh et al 2007 Transition to tooth loss

M odified from Lucas 2004

27 28

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Paleoanthropology
• Study of human evolution

Teeth and Human Evolution

http://www.blogos.org/gotquestions/christians-
evolution.htmlv

29 30

https://www.history.com/news/humans-evolution-neanderthals-denisovans

31
http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-family-tree

31 32

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Evolution of the human skull

33 34

Teeth and human evolution Teeth in human evolution

• Reduction in number of teeth/M3s especially
• Reduction in tooth size
• Reduction in dental and alveolar arch length
• Simplification of dental morphological complex

15mm

Early Homo Modern human Modern human Early homo

35 36

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Teeth in human evolution Teeth in human evolution

A. anamensis H. erectus
• Australopiths and Paranthropus have smaller anterior teeth and huge
posterior.
• H. erectus and H. habilis have bigger anterior teeth, more spatulate
incisors and reduced posterior ones.
• Later species of genus Homo reduced both, anterior and posterior
teeth.

Bailey & Wood 2007

Lucas 2004

37 38

Teeth in human evolution Paranthropus and modern human

Modern human Early homo

https://phys.org/news/2011-05-nuts-nutcracker-early-human-relative.html

39 40

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Paranthropus Shape

Lewin &Foley 2005 Fig. 8.9

41 42

CP3 complex CP3 complex

43 44

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CP3 today CP3 today

45 46

Dmanisi pathologies Health & Habits

Tooth-picking
Local infections
Hypercemetosis

Margvelashvili et al, 2016, AJPA

47
Margvelashvili et. al. 2013

47 48

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Toothpick and local infections Toothpick

• Dmanisi • Dmanisi

Margvelashvili et al, 2013, 2016

49 50

49 50

Health and habits Fractures zygomatic arch and TMD

• D4500 & D2600
Caries

Lordkipanidze et al, 2013

52
Margvelashvili et. al. 2016

51 52

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Edentulism
• D4500 • D3444 & D3900

Lordkipanidze et al, 2013

53 54

53 54

Edentulism Labial scratches

• Dmanisi • A: D2735
• B: D2600
16 mm

Lordkipanidze et al, 2005

Margvelashvili et al, 2016 Margvelashvili et al, 2016

55 56

55 56

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Teeth and language Labiodentals

30 years old/Lower Paleolithic 40 years ols / Bronz age

30 years old/Mesolithicლითი Blasi et al, 2019

58

57 58

Australian Hunter-Gatherers Labiodentals

59 60

59 60

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Part III
• Wednesday, 12 July
• 11:30

61

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