bonding sl paper 2 [49 marks]

Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, FeS.

1a. Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity. [1 mark]

1b. Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving two of its [2 marks]
chemical properties.
 Iron (II) sulfide, FeS, is ionically bonded.

1c. Describe the bonding in this type of solid. [2 marks]

1d. State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion. [1 mark]

1e. Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the [1 mark]
sulfide ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.
1f. Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, [1 mark]
covalent and metallic.

The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to
form iron (III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.

1g. Write the equation for this reaction. [1 mark]

1h. Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur. [1 mark]

1i. Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns. [1 mark]
1j. Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the [2 marks]
metal harder.

Iron (II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen sulfide, H2S.

2a. Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of hydrogen sulfide. [1 mark]

2b. Predict the shape of the hydrogen sulfide molecule. [1 mark]

 In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide acts as an acid.

2c. State the formula of its conjugate base. [1 mark]

2d. Saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm−3 [1 mark]
and a pH of 4.0. Demonstrate whether it is a strong or weak acid.

2e. Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in saturated aqueous hydrogen [1 mark]
sulfide.
2f. A gaseous sample of nitrogen, contaminated only with hydrogen sulfide, [3 marks]
was reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution at constant
temperature. The volume of the gas changed from 550 cm3 to 525 cm3.
Determine the mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide in the sample, stating one
assumption you made.

The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic
table.

3a. Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al. [2 marks]

+
3b. Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na+. [2 marks]

3c. State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3+. [2 marks]

3d. Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical [3 marks]

conductivity.
3e. Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of [2 marks]
sulfur dichloride, SCl2.

3f. Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl2 and H2O. [3 marks]
3g. Consider the following equilibrium reaction: [3 marks]
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO3 (g)
State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume
of the reaction container at a constant temperature.

Some physical properties of molecular substances result from the different types
of forces between their molecules.

4a. Explain why the hydrides of group 16 elements (H2O, H2S, H2Se and [2 marks]
H2Te) are polar molecules.
4b. The graph shows the boiling points of the hydrides of group 16 elements.[2 marks]

Explain the increase in the boiling point from H 2S to H2Te.

4c. Lewis structures show electron domains and are used to predict [2 marks]
molecular geometry.
Deduce the electron domain geometry and the molecular geometry for the NH2−
ion.
 Lewis (electron dot) structures are useful models.

5a. Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structures of PF3 and PF4+ and use the [4 marks]
VSEPR theory to deduce the molecular geometry of each species.

5b. Predict with a reason, whether the molecule PF 3 is polar or non-polar. [1 mark]

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