Ch-1-Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chemical Reaction→ The chemical reaction is the process by which two or more substances react
with each other to form a new substance with different properties.
The changes, which determine the chemical reaction has taken place.
(i) Change in state (ii) Change in colour (iii) Evolution of gas
(iv) Change in temperature (v) Formation of a precipitate
CATIONS:
Monovalent cations Divalent cations Trivalent cations Tetravalent cations
+ 2+ 3+ 4
H (Hydrogen) Ca (Calcium) Al (Aluminum) Pb (lead)
+ 2+ 3+
Na (Sodium) Fe (Ferrous) Fe (Ferric)
+ 2+ 3+
Li (Lithium) Ba (Barium) Cr (Chromium ion
or chromic)
+ 2+
K (Potassium) Hg (Mercuric)
+ 2+
Ag (Silver) Mg (Magnesium)
+ 2+
NH4 (Ammonium) Cu (Cupric)
Cu+(Cuprous) 2+
Pb (Lead)
2+
Zn (Zinc)
ANIONS:
Monovalent anions Divalent anions Trivalent anions Tetravalent anions
- 2- 3- 4-
Cl (Chloride) O (oxide) P (Phosphide) C (Carbide)
- 2- 3-
Br (Bromide) S (Sulphide) N (Nitride)
- 2- 3-
I (Iodide) CO3 (Carbonate) PO4 (Phosphate)
- 2-
OH (Hydroxide) SO4 (Sulphate)
- 2-
HCO3 (Bicarbonate) SO3 (Sulphite)
- 2-
NO3 (Nitrate) CrO4 (Chromate)
- 2-
NO2 (Nitrite) Cr2O7 (Dichromate)
-
CH3COO (Acetate)
Types of chemical reaction
Combustion: AB + O2 → Oxide of A & B.
Combination: A + B → AB
Decomposition: AB → A + B
Displacement: A + BC (aq) → AC (aq) + B
Double Displacement AB (aq) + CD (aq) → AD (aq) + CB
Redox Reaction AO + B → BO + A
Combination reaction: A reaction in which a single product is formed from two or more reactants is
known as a combination reaction.
2 Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2 MgO (White ash)
(Magnesium) (Oxygen) (Magnesium oxide) :(basic) turns Red litmus blue

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CaO (s) + H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)
(Quick lime) (slaked lime)
→The chemical formula for marble is also CaCO3.
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)
(slaked lime) (calcium carbonate)
→ eg. Burning of coal: C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g)
→ eg Formation of water: H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O (l)
Exothermic reaction: An exothermic process releases heat, and the temperature of the immediate
surroundings is rise.
Reaction in which heat is evolved. C (s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + Heat
→ eg Burning of natural gas (Methane): CH4 (g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
C6H12O6 (aq) + 6O2 (aq) → 6CO2 + 6H2O (l) + energy
(glucose)
→The decomposition of vegetable matter into compost is also an example of an exothermic reaction.
Decomposition reaction.
→When single reactant breaks down to give simpler products. This is a decomposition reaction
A. Thermal decomposition/Thermolysis - splitting of the compound in presence of heat

2FeSO4 (s). Fe2 O3 (s) + SO2 (g) + SO3(g)

(Ferrous Sulphate) (Ferric oxide) (Sulphur dioxide) (Sulphur trioxide)
(green) (brown)
B. Electrical decomposition/Electrolysis-splitting of compound in presence of electricity

C. Photolysis-splitting of compound in presence of light →White silver chloride turns grey in

sunlight. This is due to the decomposition of silver chloride into silver and chlorine by light.

The above reactions are used in black-and-white photography.

Endothermic reaction: An endothermic process absorbs heat and cools the surroundings.
Page no-10 Activity
Ba(OH)2+ 2NH4Cl → BaCl2+ 2NH3+2H2O(Bottom of test tube become cold, endothermic reaction)]
Displacement reaction.

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 Eg. Pb (s) + CuCl2 (aq) → PbCl2 (aq) + Cu (s)

Double Displacement reaction:

BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) → BaSO4 (s) + 2 NaCl (aq)
(Barium Chloride) (Sodium Sulphate) (Barium Sulphate) (Sodium Chloride)
(White precipitate)
Pb(NO3)2 + 2 KI (aq) → PbI2 ( ↓ ) + 2 KNO3 (aq)
Precipitation reaction: An insoluble solid known as precipitate is formed during a double
displacement reaction. Such reactions are also known as precipitation reactions.
Neutralization Reaction: The reaction in which an acid reacts with a base to form salt
and water by an exchange of ions is called Neutralization Reaction.
Example: NaOH + HCl→ NaCl + H2O
Redox reaction:
Oxidation Reaction: In this reaction, addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen takes place.
2 Mg(s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s);
2 Cu + O2 → 2 CuO (Black ) (Copper (II) Oxide)
Reduction Reaction: In this Reaction addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen takes place. CuO(s)
+ H2 (g) →Cu(s) + H2 O (l)
Redox Reaction: Reaction involving both oxidation and reduction simultaneously.
CuO (s)+ H2 → Cu(s) + H2 O (l).
.→ Oxidizing Agent: It is the substance which gives oxygen or gains hydrogen.
Or it the substance which is reduced itself and oxidizes other.
CuO (s)+ H2 → Cu(s) + H2 O (l).
→ Reducing Agent: It is the substance which gives hydrogen or gains oxygen.
Or it the substance which is oxidized itself and reduces other.
CuO (s)+ H2 → Cu(s) + H2 O (l).
Corrosion and Rancidity.
Corrosion: Process of slowly reacting up of metals due to attack of atmospheric gases like O2, CO2 etc.
Rusting – Iron when reacts with oxygen and moisture forms red substance called rust.

Rust(hydrated Iron (III)oxide)

Prevention: Painting, Galvanization, oiling greasing.
Corrosion of Aluminium has advantage, since Al2O3 formed as a result of corrosion act as protective
layer.
Rancidity→ → It can be prevented by using various methods such as by adding antioxidants to the
food materials, storing food in air tight container and by flushing out air with nitrogen.
Anti-oxidant: It is a substance (or chemical) which prevents oxidation. Anti-oxidants are actually
reducing agent.
Two ways to prevent oxidation:
Nitrogen in chips packets, keeping food in air-tight containers.