UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

CARNOT CYCLE
Carnot's theorem, developed in 1824 also
called Carnot's rule, is a principle that specifies limits
on the maximum efficiency any heat engine can obtain

The Carnot’s engine is nothing but one mole of an

ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder, fitted with a weight
less and friction less piston. There are two reservoirs,
one at high temperature Th (source) other at low
temperature Tc (sink). Now the following cyclic
process consisting of four steps is performed.
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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

CARNOT CYCLE

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

For the ideal case of the Carnot cycle, efficiency can

be written

Derivation of efficiency of Carnot engine is required.

Please prepare… 3
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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations

Maxwell’s Relations can be deduced from four TdS
equations

1. dU = TdS - PdV
2. dH = TdS + VdP
3. dF = -PdV - SdT
4. dG = VdP - SdT

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

dU = TdS – PdV or (dU/dS)V = T

Differentiating w.r.t V now keeping ‘S’ constant
d2U/dVdS = (dT/dV)S
dU = TdS – PdV or (dU/dV)S = -P
Differentiating w.r.t S now keeping ‘V’ constant
d2U/dSdV = -(dP/dS)V
As U is perfect differential so d2U/dVdS = d2U/dSdV

(dT/dV)S = - (dP/dS)V ------ (1)

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

dH = TdS + VdP or (dH/dS)P = T

Differentiating w.r.t P now keeping ‘S’ constant
d2H/dPdS = (dT/dP)S
(dH/dP)S = V
Differentiating w.r.t S now keeping ‘P’ constant
d2H/dSdP = (dV/dS)P
As U is perfect differential so d2H/dVdS = d2H/dSdV

(dT/dP)S = (dV/dS)P --------------- (2)

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 UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Maxwell’s thermodynamic relations

(dT/dV)S = - (dP/dS)V ------ (1)

(dT/dP)S = (dV/dS)P --------------- (2)

(dP/dT)V = (dS/dV)T --------------- (3)

(dV/dT)P = - (dS/dP)T --------------- (4)

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UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT, KOLKATA

Thank You

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