QUESTION; Human physiological limits

Human physiological limits refer to the maximum or minimum levels of various physiological
parameters or functions that the human body can sustain without causing harm or dysfunction.
These limits can vary among individuals and are influenced by factors such as genetics, age,
training, and environmental conditions. Here are some key physiological limits:
1. Maximum Heart Rate (MHR): The theoretical maximum heart rate is often estimated
using the formula 220 minus age. This represents the fastest rate at which the heart can beat and
is often used as a guideline for exercise intensity.
2. Temperature Regulation: The body has limits on its ability to regulate temperature.
Extreme heat or cold can push these limits and lead to conditions like heatstroke or hypothermia.
3. Respiratory Limits: The respiratory system has limits on the volume of air that can be
inhaled or exhaled in a given period. Respiratory rate and lung capacity are factors that influence
these limits.
4. Metabolic Limits: The body has limits on the rate at which it can metabolize nutrients
and produce energy. This includes the maximum rate of energy expenditure during exercise.
5. Sensory Limits: The sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc.) have limits on their ability to
perceive stimuli, such as the upper and lower limits of audible frequencies or the range of visible
light.

QUESTION ; Changing interactions and new diseases

The term "changing interactions" in the context of health and diseases often refers to the
evolving relationships between humans, the environment, and pathogens. These interactions are
influenced by various factors, including globalization, climate change, urbanization, and socio-
economic developments.
Changing Interactions:
1. Globalization:
The ease of travel and global trade can lead to the rapid spread of infectious diseases across
borders.
2. Urbanization:
Growing urban populations may create environments favorable to the transmission of certain
diseases.
 3. Climate Change:
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can affect the distribution of disease vectors
(e.g., mosquitoes) and alter the geographic range of diseases. Changes in rainfall patterns can
also impact water quality and contribute to the spread of waterborne diseases.
4. Antibiotic Resistance :
Widespread and inappropriate use of antibiotics in human and animal health can contribute to the
development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.
New Diseases:
1. Zoonotic Diseases:
The spillover of diseases from animals to humans can lead to the emergence of novel infections.
Examples include HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and COVID-19.
2. Vector-Borne Diseases:
Climate change and globalization can influence the distribution of disease vectors, impacting the
prevalence of diseases like malaria, dengue etc.
3. Rise of Chronic Diseases:
Shifts in diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle factors contribute to the increasing prevalence
of non-communicable diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers.