PGS (6marks) SET-2

1.list out important point pf airline reservation

ans:
Flight Selection: Passengers need to select the desired flight based on their travel dates,
destination, and preferred departure and arrival times. They should consider factors such as
layovers, flight duration, and airline preferences.

Ticket Booking: Once the flight is selected, passengers need to book their tickets. This involves
providing personal information such as names, contact details, and passport information (for
international travel). Payment for the tickets is also required at this stage.

Seat Selection: Passengers may have the option to choose their seats during the reservation
process. Seat selection preferences can vary based on factors like legroom, proximity to the aisle
or window, and seat class (economy, business, or first class).

Special Requests: Passengers can make special requests during the reservation process. This
includes requests for meals, special dietary requirements, wheelchair assistance, or any other
specific needs they may have during the flight.

Baggage Allowance: Passengers should be aware of the baggage allowance for their flight,
including the maximum weight and dimensions allowed for both carry-on and checked baggage.
Exceeding the baggage limits may result in additional fees.

Check-in: Passengers are typically required to check-in for their flight within a specific
timeframe before departure. This can usually be done online, through a mobile app, or at the
airport. It is essential to complete the check-in process to secure the boarding pass.

2.what are the two types of aircraft

ans:
Fixed-wing aircraft: These are aircraft that achieve lift through the motion of their wings fixed in
position. Fixed-wing aircraft include airplanes and gliders. Airplanes are further categorized into
various types such as commercial airliners, military fighters, cargo planes, and private aircraft.
Gliders, on the other hand, are unpowered aircraft that rely on natural air currents to maintain
flight.

Rotary-wing aircraft: These are aircraft that generate lift and propulsion through rotating wings,
typically referred to as rotor blades. The primary example of rotary-wing aircraft is the helicopter.
Helicopters have a vertically oriented main rotor that generates lift and a tail rotor to counteract
the torque produced by the main rotor. They are capable of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL),
hover, and backward and sideways flight.
3.write about baggage weight allowance
ans:
Weight Limitations: Airlines typically have specific weight limits for both carry-on and checked
baggage. The weight limits may vary depending on the airline, the type of ticket purchased
(economy, business, or first class), and the destination or route of travel. Passengers are advised
to check the baggage weight restrictions of their specific airline and ticket type before packing.

Carry-on Baggage: Carry-on baggage refers to the luggage that passengers can bring with them
into the cabin of the aircraft. Airlines usually have a maximum weight limit for carry-on bags,
which is typically lighter than the limit for checked baggage. This restriction is primarily for
safety reasons, as heavier bags could pose a risk during takeoff, landing, or in case of
turbulence. In addition to weight restrictions, airlines also enforce size limits to ensure that
carry-on bags fit within the overhead compartments or under the seat in front of the passenger.

Checked Baggage: Checked baggage refers to the luggage that passengers hand over to the
airline during the check-in process. This luggage is stored in the aircraft's cargo hold. Airlines
have specific weight limits for checked baggage, and passengers are usually allowed to check in
multiple bags, each with its own weight limit. Exceeding the weight limit may result in additional
fees or restrictions imposed by the airline.

Excess Baggage Fees: If a passenger's baggage exceeds the weight allowance specified by the
airline, they may be subject to excess baggage fees. These fees vary depending on the airline
and the excess weight. It is essential for passengers to be aware of these fees and to plan their
packing accordingly to avoid any additional costs.

Frequent Flyer Programs and Exceptions: Some airlines offer exceptions or additional baggage
allowances for passengers who are members of their frequent flyer programs or have achieved a
certain tier status. These privileges may include higher weight limits, additional bags, or even
waived excess baggage fees. Passengers who frequently fly with a particular airline should
familiarize themselves with the benefits provided by the airline's loyalty program.

Special Baggage Items: Certain types of baggage, such as sporting equipment, musical
instruments, or medical equipment, may have specific weight allowances or require special
handling. Passengers should check with their airline regarding any additional requirements or
restrictions for such items

4.roles and responsibility of ground managers

ans:
Ground managers play a crucial role in the smooth functioning of airports and airlines. They are
responsible for overseeing various operations and ensuring that everything runs efficiently. Here
are six key roles and responsibilities of ground managers:
Supervising Ground Operations: Ground managers are responsible for supervising and
coordinating ground operations at airports. They oversee activities such as baggage handling,
check-in procedures, boarding, aircraft servicing, and ramp operations. They ensure that all
tasks are carried out effectively, on time, and in compliance with safety regulations.
Managing Staff: Ground managers are responsible for managing and organizing the staff
involved in ground operations. They assign duties, monitor performance, provide training and
support, and handle any issues or conflicts that may arise. They ensure that the workforce is
adequately trained, motivated, and capable of delivering high-quality services.

Ensuring Safety and Security: Ground managers have a crucial responsibility to maintain safety
and security standards at the airport. They ensure that all operations are conducted in
compliance with aviation safety regulations and protocols. They oversee security screenings,
baggage checks, and adherence to security procedures to ensure the safety of passengers,
employees, and aircraft.

Customer Service: Ground managers are responsible for providing excellent customer service to
passengers. They ensure that check-in procedures are smooth and efficient, assist passengers
with their inquiries and concerns, and handle any customer service issues that may arise. They
strive to provide a positive and satisfactory experience for passengers throughout their journey.

Communication and Coordination: Ground managers serve as a vital link between various
departments and stakeholders at the airport. They facilitate effective communication and
coordination among ground staff, airline personnel, airport authorities, and other service
providers. They ensure that all parties work together seamlessly to achieve operational efficiency
and resolve
any issues that may arise.

Problem-solving and Crisis Management: Ground managers are skilled in problem-solving and
crisis management. They are prepared to handle unforeseen circumstances, such as flight
delays, equipment malfunctions, or severe weather conditions. They make quick decisions,
implement contingency plans, and ensure minimal disruption to operations while prioritizing the
safety and well-being of passengers and staff

5.write about cargo documentation

ans:
Bill of Lading (B/L): The bill of lading is a crucial document in cargo documentation for
shipments made by sea. It serves as a contract between the shipper (exporter) and the carrier
(shipping line). The B/L contains information about the goods being shipped, the origin and
destination, the names of the consignor and consignee, and the terms and conditions of the
shipment. It also acts as a receipt of goods and is often required for customs clearance.
Air Waybill (AWB): The air waybill is the primary document for air cargo shipments. It serves as a
contract between the shipper (consignor) and the airline (carrier). The AWB contains information
similar to the bill of lading, such as the details of the shipment, the parties involved, and the
terms and conditions. It also serves as a receipt of goods and provides instructions for the
handling and delivery of the cargo.

Commercial Invoice: The commercial invoice is a document provided by the shipper (exporter) to
the buyer (importer). It contains detailed information about the goods, including the description,
quantity, unit price, total value, and terms of sale. The commercial invoice is essential for
customs clearance, as it helps determine the value of the goods and assess any applicable
duties and taxes.

Packing List: The packing list provides a detailed breakdown of the contents of each package or
container in a shipment. It includes information such as the item description, quantity, weight,
and dimensions. The packing list helps verify the accuracy of the cargo during inspection, aids in
handling and storage, and assists in customs clearance.

Certificates and Licenses: Depending on the nature of the goods being shipped, various
certificates and licenses may be required for customs clearance and compliance with
international regulations. Examples include certificates of origin, phytosanitary certificates for
agricultural products, dangerous goods declarations, and export/import licenses. These
documents ensure that the goods meet specific requirements and can be legally transported
across borders.

Customs Documentation: Customs documentation plays a vital role in cargo transportation. It

includes documents such as the customs declaration, which provides detailed information about
the goods being imported or exported, including their value, classification, and origin. Other
customs-related documents may include permits, licenses, and certificates required by the
customs authorities of the importing or exporting country.